AS/NZS 2772.2:2011

AS/NZS 2772.2:2011 RADIOFREQUENCY FIELDS - PRINCIPLES AND METHODS OF MEASUREMENT AND COMPUTATION-3 KHZ TO 300 GHZ

PREFACE

CONTENTS

FOREWORD

SECTION 1 SCOPE AND GENERAL

1.1 SCOPE

1.2 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS

1.3 DEFINITIONS

1.3.1 Antenna

1.3.2 Antenna aperture

1.3.3 Antenna array

1.3.4 Antenna directivity

1.3.5 Antenna-effective aperture or effective area

1.3.6 Antenna factor

1.3.7 Antenna gain (absolute gain in a given direction)

1.3.8 Antenna gain, partial (for a given polarization)

1.3.9 Antenna lobe

1.3.10 Antenna pattern

1.3.11 Basic restrictions

1.3.12 Compliance

1.3.13 Compliance boundary

1.3.14 Conductivity (σ)

1.3.15 Contact current (Ic)

1.3.16 Current density (J)

1.3.17 Current probe

1.3.18 Decibel (dB)

1.3.19 Diode

1.3.20 Dipole

1.3.21 Duty factor

1.3.22 Electric field strength (E)

1.3.23 Electromagnetic field (EMF)

1.3.24 EME, EMR

1.3.25 Equivalent plane wave power flux density (Seq)

1.3.26 Fixed RF source

1.3.27 Half-power beamwidth

1.3.28 Impedance (Z)

1.3.29 Incident power flux density (Sinc)

1.3.30 Integral antenna

1.3.31 Internal electric field strength (Eint)

1.3.32 Isotropic

1.3.33 Limb current (IL)

1.3.34 Linearity

1.3.35 Localized SAR

1.3.36 Magnetic field strength (H)

1.3.37 Mobile or portable radio communication device

1.3.38 Microwaves

1.3.39 Modulation

1.3.40 Multi-path transmission (radio propagation)

1.3.41 Occupational limits

1.3.42 Permittivity (ε)

1.3.43 Phantom

1.3.44 Polarization (radiated wave)

1.3.45 Power flux density (S)

1.3.46 Poynting vector (S)

1.3.47 Probe

1.3.48 Public limits

1.3.49 Radiation

1.3.50 Radiofrequency

1.3.51 Reactive field

1.3.52 Reference levels

1.3.53 Re-radiated field

1.3.54 RF emitter

1.3.55 RF exposure

1.3.56 RF field strength meter

1.3.57 RF personal monitor

1.3.58 Root mean square (rms)

1.3.59 Specific absorption (SA)

1.3.60 Specific absorption rate (SAR)

1.3.61 Standing wave

1.3.62 Uncertainty

1.3.63 Unperturbed field

1.3.64 Whole body average SAR

1.4 ACRONYMS AND SYMBOLS

SECTION 2 SUMMARY OF PROVISIONS

SECTION 3 GENERAL ASSESSMENT PROCESSES

3.1 GENERAL

3.2 ASSESSOR COMPETENCY

3.3 ASSESSMENT PROCESS OVERVIEW

3.4 DEFINITION OF ASSESSMENT TASK

3.5 DETERMINATION OF SOURCE AND PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT CHARACTERISTICS

3.6 DETERMINATION OF APPLICABLE EXPOSURE LIMITS

3.7 PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT

3.7.1 General

3.7.2 Safety requirements

3.7.3 RF exposure evaluation not required

3.8 CHOICE OF ASSESSMENT METHOD (MEASUREMENT OR COMPUTATION)

3.9 ASSESSMENT BY MEASUREMENT

3.9.1 General

3.9.2 Choice of measurement technique

3.9.3 Measurement procedures

3.9.4 Post-processing and finalizing results

3.10 ASSESSMENT BY COMPUTATION

3.10.1 General

3.10.2 Finalizing computation results

3.11 REPORTING OF RESULTS

SECTION 4 POST-PROCESSING

4.1 GENERAL

4.2 SPATIAL AVERAGING

4.3 SIMULTANEOUS EXPOSURE TO MULTIPLE FREQUENCY FIELDS

4.4 EXTRAPOLATION

SECTION 5 CALIBRATION AND VALIDATION

5.1 GENERAL

5.2 TEST INSTRUMENT CALIBRATION REQUIREMENTS

5.3 CALIBRATION LABORATORY REQUIREMENTS

5.4 RECOMMENDED INTERVALS OF CALIBRATION

5.5 PERIODIC CHECKING OF INSTRUMENTATION

5.6 VALIDATION OF COMPUTATIONAL TOOLS

5.7 CHECKING AND REVERIFICATION OF COMPUTATIONAL TOOLS

SECTION 6 UNCERTAINTY ESTIMATION

6.1 REQUIREMENT FOR UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS

6.2 REPORTING OF ASSESSMENT RESULTS AND UNCERTAINTY ANALYSES

6.3 THE ROLE OF UNCERTAINTY IN COMPLIANCE ASSESSMENTS

APPENDIX A - RF MEASUREMENT INSTRUMENTATION AND DESIRABLE PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS

A1 PERSONAL MONITORS

A2 E, H AND S BROADBAND MEASUREMENT INSTRUMENTATION

A2.1 Instrumentation for external field measurements

A2.2 Field strength power density meters

A2.3 Instrument types for external field measurements

A2.4 Diode rectifier

A2.5 Thermocouple devices

A2.6 Continuous film type devices

A2.7 Active antenna

A2.8 Displacement current sensors

A2.9 Electro-optical (photonic) sensors

A2.10 Combined electric and magnetic field probes

A2.11 Shaped-frequency response

A3 E, H AND S FREQUENCY SELECTIVE MEASUREMENT INSTRUMENTATION

A3.1 Receivers and spectrum analysers

A3.2 Spectrum analysers

A3.3 Portable spectrum analyser with broadband probe

A3.4 Tuneable field strength meters

A3.5 Calibrated antennas

A3.6 Coaxial cables

A4 CURRENT MEASUREMENT INSTRUMENTATION

A4.1 Current measurements

A4.2 Broadband instrumentation-Desirable performance characteristics

A5 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS

A5.1 Portability

A5.2 Durability

A5.3 Effects of temperature

A5.4 Display

A5.5 Adjustments

A5.6 Ease of use

A6 ELECTRICAL PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS

A6.1 Power supply

A6.2 Polarization factor

A6.3 Display units

A6.4 Dynamic range and frequency range

A6.5 Coupling and response to other radiations

A6.6 Shielding

A6.7 Out-of-band response

A6.8 Modulation

A6.9 Static electricity

A6.10 Recorder output

A6.11 Response time

A6.12 Special features

A6.13 Stability

APPENDIX B - FIELD REGIONS

APPENDIX C - MEASUREMENT

C1 GENERAL

C2 SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS

C3 SURVEY PRECAUTIONS

C4 LEAKAGE SURVEY PRECAUTIONS

C5 GENERAL MEASUREMENT CONSIDERATIONS

C6 FREQUENCY-SELECTIVE METHOD

C7 BROADBAND METHOD

C8 FACTORS INFLUENCING MEASUREMENT ACCURACY

C9 GENERAL MEASUREMENT PROCEDURES

C9.1 General

C9.2 General measurement approach

C9.3 Near-field measurement

C9.4 Leakage radiation

C10 ADDITIONAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR FREQUENCY-SELECTIVE MEASUREMENT

C10.1 General

C10.2 Frequency-selective system overview

C11 SPECTRUM ANALYSER CONSIDERATIONS

C12 ANTENNAS AND CABLES

C13 CURRENT MEASUREMENTS

C13.1 General

C13.2 Induced and contact current limits

C13.3 Limb current measurements

C13.4 Contact current measurements

C14 TOUCH AND LIMB CURRENT MEASUREMENTS

C14.1 General

C14.2 Freestanding measurements

C14.3 Measurements while making contact with RF energized conductors

APPENDIX D - UNCERTAINTY ESTIMATES

D1 GENERAL APPROACH

D2 EXAMPLE INFLUENCE QUANTITIES FOR E AND H FIELD MEASUREMENTS

D2.1 General

D2.2 Calibration uncertainty of measurement equipment

D2.3 Frequency response of the field probe

D2.4 Isotropicity variation of the field probe

D2.5 Temperature and humidity response of the instrument

D2.6 Linearity deviation of the field probe

D2.7 Mismatch uncertainty

D2.8 Mental averaging of meter fluctuations for modulated sources

D2.9 Uncertainty due to power variation in the RF source

D2.10 Uncertainty due to variation in the location of the field probe

D2.11 Uncertainty due to field scattering from the measurer

D2.12 Uncertainty due to field scattering from the environment

D3 EXAMPLE INFLUENCE QUANTITIES FOR E AND H FIELD CALCULATIONS

D3.1 General

D3.2 Accuracy of the modelling technique

D3.3 Radiated power of the antenna

D3.4 Gain of the antenna

D3.5 Scattering effects from nearby objects and the ground

D4 EXAMPLE UNCERTAINTY ASSESSMENT SHEETS

D5 REFERENCE DOCUMENTS

APPENDIX E - RF COMPUTATIONAL TOOLS

E1 INTRODUCTION

E2 APPLICABILITY

E3 CALCULATION METHODS

E3.1 Basic formulas

E3.2 Estimating far-fields

E3.3 Estimating radiating near-fields

E3.4 Scanning correction

E4 NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF FIELD VALUES AND SAR USING FULL WAVE TECHNIQUES

E4.1 Fields

E4.2 SAR

E5 VALIDATION

E5.1 General

E5.2 Internal checks

E5.3 External checks

E6 UNCERTAINTY

E6.1 General

E6.2 Ray tracing

E6.3 Full wave modelling

E7 REFERENCE MATERIAL

E8 OTHER USEFUL MATERIAL

APPENDIX F - FACTORS INFLUENCING MEASUREMENT ACCURACY

F1 GENERAL

F2 SPURIOUS RESPONSES

F3 LEAD PICK-UP

F4 THERMOELECTRIC LEAD EFFECT

F5 ELECTROSTATIC PICK-UP

F6 COUPLING INTO PROBES

F7 STATIC CHARGE FIELDS

F8 OUT-OF-BAND RESPONSES

F9 PULSE MODULATION

F10 PERTURBATION

F11 INSTRUMENTATION USAGE CONSIDERATIONS

APPENDIX G - OTHER HAZARDS AND SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS

G1 GENERAL

G2 PRECAUTIONS IN THE SURVEY PROCESS

G3 RADIATION SYSTEMS SURVEY PRECAUTIONS

G4 LEAKAGE SURVEY PRECAUTIONS

G5 HAZARDS NOT DIRECTLY ASSOCIATED WITH THE SURVEY

APPENDIX H - EXAMPLE RF MEASUREMENT OF AN RF WELDER

APPENDIX I - EXAMPLE MOBILE TELEPHONE BASE STATION ASSESSMENT

I1 GENERAL

I2 ASSESSMENT OVERVIEW

I2.1 Site operator information

I2.2 Site environment

I2.3 Exposure safety limits

I3 ASSESSMENT PLAN

I3.1 Pre-assessment review

I3.2 Select assessment method

I3.3 Complete the assessment plan

I3.4 General methodology-Field evaluation spatially averaged

I4 RESULTS

I4.1 Results summary-Desktop computer modelling

I4.2 Measurement Results summary

I4.3 Interpretation of Results

I5 ASSESSMENT REPORT-UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS SPATIALLY AVERAGED FIELD STRENGTH MEASUREMENT

I6 SAMPLE MEASUREMENT SCANS

I7 CONCLUSIONS