AS/NZS 2243.4:2018

AS/NZS 2243.4:2018 SAFETY IN LABORATORIES - IONIZING RADIATIONS

PREFACE

CONTENTS

FOREWORD

SECTION 1 SCOPE AND GENERAL

1.1 SCOPE

1.2 APPLICATION

1.3 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS

1.4 DEFINITIONS

1.4.1 Absorbed dose

1.4.2 Accident

1.4.3 Activity

1.4.4 Activity median aerodynamic diameter (AMAD)

1.4.5 Adequate protection

1.4.6 Aerodynamic diameter

1.4.7 ALARA principle

1.4.8 Annual dose

1.4.9 Annual limit on intake (ALI)

1.4.10 Becquerel (Bq)

1.4.11 Bremsstrahlung

1.4.12 Committed dose

1.4.13 Committed effective dose [E()]

1.4.14 Competent person

1.4.15 Constraint

1.4.16 Controlled area

1.4.17 Derived air concentration (DAC) for occupational exposure

1.4.18 Designated radiation area (DRA)

1.4.19 Deterministic effect (non-stochastic)

1.4.20 Dose

1.4.21 Dose equivalent

1.4.22 Effective dose

1.4.23 Emergency exposure situation

1.4.24 Environmental exposure

1.4.25 Environmental monitoring

1.4.26 Equivalent dose

1.4.27 External radiation

1.4.28 Flushing sink

1.4.29 Glove box

1.4.30 Gray (Gy)

1.4.31 Half-life

1.4.32 Hazard

1.4.33 Intervention

1.4.34 Ionizing radiation

1.4.35 Ionizing radiation apparatus

1.4.36 Justification

1.4.37 Leakage radiation

1.4.38 May

1.4.39 Monitoring

1.4.40 Nuclide

1.4.41 Occupationally exposed worker

1.4.42 Occupied area

1.4.43 Optimization of protection (and safety)

1.4.44 Planned exposure situation

1.4.45 Protective housing

1.4.46 Radiation laboratory

1.4.47 Radiation protection adviser (RPA)

1.4.48 Radiation weighting factor (wR)

1.4.49 Radioactive contamination

1.4.50 Radioactive material

1.4.51 Radioisotope laboratory

1.4.52 Radiological hazard

1.4.53 Radiological laboratory

1.4.54 Radionuclide

1.4.55 Radiotoxicity

1.4.56 Reference person

1.4.57 Representative person

1.4.58 Responsible person

1.4.59 Risk

1.4.60 Risk assessment

1.4.61 Sealed source

1.4.62 Shall

1.4.63 Should

1.4.64 Sievert (Sv)

1.4.65 Source

1.4.66 Stochastic effect

1.4.67 Supervised area

1.4.68 Tissue weighting factor (wT)

1.4.69 Unsealed source

1.4.70 Useful beam

1.4.71 Waste stream

SECTION 2 HAZARDS AND THEIR CONTROL

2.1 HAZARDS FROM IONIZING RADIATION

2.1.1 General

2.1.2 External hazards

2.1.3 Internal hazards

2.2 LEGISLATION

2.3 RISK ASSESSMENT

SECTION 3 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR RADIATION, RADIOISOTOPE AND RADIOLOGICAL LABORATORIES

3.1 GENERAL

3.2 PLANNING BRIEF

3.3 TYPES OF HAZARDS

3.4 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS

3.5 RADIOISOTOPE LABORATORY GRADING

SECTION 4 IONIZING RADIATION PROTECTION

4.1 GENERAL

4.2 DESIGNATED RADIATION AREA (DRA)

4.2.1 Controlled area

4.2.2 Supervised area

4.3 RADIATION WARNING SIGNS

4.4 LOCAL INSTRUCTIONS

4.5 SHIELDING

4.6 WORKING IN ISOLATION

4.7 SEALED SOURCES AND RADIATION-PRODUCING APPARATUS

4.7.1 General

4.7.2 Enclosed installations

4.7.3 Open installations

4.7.4 Sealed sources

4.7.5 X-ray analysis apparatus

4.7.6 Cabinet X-ray machines (other than X-ray analysis equipment)

4.7.7 Particle accelerators

4.8 UNSEALED RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS

4.8.1 General

4.8.2 Safe handling

4.8.3 Signage

4.8.4 Record keeping

4.8.5 Additional requirements

4.8.6 Entrances, exits and contamination monitoring

SECTION 5 STORAGE AND TRANSPORT

5.1 STORAGE OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS

5.2 TRANSPORT OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS

SECTION 6 MONITORING IONIZING RADIATION

6.1 GENERAL

6.2 MEMBERS OF THE PUBLIC

6.3 CALIBRATION OF MONITORING INSTRUMENTS

6.4 PERSONAL MONITORING

6.5 RADIATION DOSE RECORD

6.6 AREA MONITORING

6.6.1 External radiation

6.6.2 Surface contamination

6.6.3 Airborne contamination

6.6.4 Induced radioactivity

SECTION 7 RADIATION INCIDENTS

7.1 GENERAL

7.2 RESPONSE PROCEDURES

7.2.1 Introduction

7.2.2 Equipment

7.2.3 Reporting

7.2.4 Response procedures for persons exposed during a radiation incident

7.2.5 Response procedures for spillage or loss of a radioactive material

7.2.6 Response procedures for loss of a radioactive material

7.2.7 Response procedures for fire or explosion affecting areas where radioactive materials are kept or used

SECTION 8 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE WASTES

8.1 GENERAL

8.2 SOLID WASTE

8.3 LIQUID WASTE

8.4 AIRBORNE WASTE

8.5 OPTIONS FOR THE DISPOSAL OF SURPLUS SEALED SOURCES

8.5.1 Surplus sealed sources

8.5.2 Options

APPENDIX A - DOSE LIMITS

A1 GENERAL

A2 SYSTEM OF RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION

A2.1 Types of exposure situations

A2.2 Categories of exposure

A2.3 Principles of radiological protection

A3 APPLICATION OF DOSE LIMITS

A3.1 Recommended dose limits

A3.2 Occupationally exposed workers

A3.3 Members of the public

A3.4 Radiation dose constraints

A3.5 Emergency exposures

APPENDIX B - DERIVED RADIATION PROTECTION QUANTITIES

B1 GENERAL

B2 REPRESENTATIVE PERSON

B2.1 General

B2.2 Occupationally exposed worker

B2.3 Non-occupationally exposed worker

B2.4 Members of the public

B3 SURFACE CONTAMINATION

B4 EXTERNAL DOSE RATE AND OCCUPANCY

B5 INTERNAL DOSES

B5.1 Estimation of dose

B5.2 Annual limit on intake (ALI)

B6 DERIVED AIR CONCENTRATION (DAC)

B6.1 Definition

B6.2 Example

APPENDIX C - ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES

C1 GENERAL

C2 THE RESPONSIBLE PERSON

C3 RADIATION PROTECTION ADVISER (RPA)

C4 OCCUPATIONALLY EXPOSED WORKERS AND OTHER PERSONS

C5 NON-OCCUPATIONALLY EXPOSED PERSONS IN THE WORKPLACE

C5.1 Pregnant or breastfeeding female workers

C5.2 Young persons

C5.3 Members of the public

APPENDIX D - MEASUREMENT OF IONIZING RADIATIONS

D1 SCOPE

D2 GENERAL

D3 INSTRUMENT SELECTION

D4 INSTRUMENT SELECTION

D5 PERSONAL MONITORING

D5.1 General

D5.2 External dose

D5.3 Internal dose

D6 SOURCE MONITORING

D7 WORKPLACE MONITORING

D7.1 General

D7.2 Radioactive contamination on surfaces

D7.3 Airborne radioactive contamination

D7.4 Radioactive contamination in liquids

D8 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING

APPENDIX E - IONIZING RADIATION SYMBOLS

E1 SCOPE

E2 DESCRIPTION

E3 APPLICATIONS

E4 WORDING

APPENDIX F - MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE WASTE

F1 SCOPE

F2 CONCEPTS OF RADIOACTIVE WASTE MANAGEMENT

F3 DISPOSAL OF UNWANTED SEALED RADIOACTIVE SOURCES

F4 DISPOSAL OF UNSEALED SOLID RADIOACTIVE WASTE

F5 DISPOSAL OF AQUEOUS LIQUID WASTE

F6 DISPOSAL OF ANIMALS CONTAINING RADIOISOTOPES

APPENDIX G - REFERENCED AND RELATED DOCUMENTS

G1 SCOPE

G2 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS

G3 REFERENCED PUBLICATIONS

G4 RELATED DOCUMENTS