ISO 8178-4:2017
Reciprocating internal combustion engines — Exhaust emission measurement — Part 4: Steady-state and transient test cycles for different engine applications
ISO 8178-4:2017 specifies the test cycles, the test procedures and the evaluation of gaseous and particulate exhaust emissions from reciprocating internal combustion (RIC) engines coupled to a dynamometer. With certain restrictions, this document can also be used for measurements at site. The tests are carried out under steady-state and transient operation using test cycles which are representative of given applications.
ISO 8178-4:2017 is applicable to RIC engines for mobile, transportable and stationary use, excluding engines for on-road transport of passengers and goods. It may be applied to engines for non-road use, e.g. for earth-moving machines, generating sets and for other applications. For engines used in machinery covered by additional requirements (e.g. occupational health and safety regulations, regulations for power plants) additional test conditions and special evaluation methods may apply.
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Foreword
Introduction
1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms and definitions
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms
4.1 Quantities and units — Numbers
4.2 General symbols
4.3 Symbols and abbreviated terms for fuel composition
4.4 Symbols and abbreviated terms for chemical components
4.5 Abbreviated terms
5 Test conditions
5.1 Engine test conditions
5.1.1 Laboratory test conditions
5.1.2 Test validity
5.2 Engine power
5.2.1 Auxiliaries to be fitted
5.2.2 Auxiliaries to be removed
5.2.3 Determination of auxiliary power
5.2.4 Engine cycle work
5.3 Engine intake air
5.3.1 Introduction
5.3.2 Intake air restriction
5.3.3 Engines with charge air cooling
5.4 Engine exhaust system
5.4.1 Introduction
5.4.2 Exhaust restriction
5.4.3 Engine with exhaust after-treatment system
5.5 Specific test conditions
5.5.1 Engine with exhaust after-treatment system
5.5.2 Crankcase emissions
5.6 Cooling system
5.7 Lubricating oil
6 Test fuels
7 Test cycles
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Test speeds
7.2.1 Maximum test speed (MTS)
7.2.2 Rated speed
7.2.3 Intermediate speed
7.2.4 Idle speed
7.2.5 Test speed for constant speed engines
7.3 Torque and power
7.3.1 Torque
7.3.2 Power
7.4 Engine mapping
7.4.1 Engine mapping for transient cycles
7.4.2 Engine mapping for variable speed steady-state cycles
7.4.3 Engine mapping for constant-speed engines
7.5 Steady-state test cycles
7.5.1 Discrete mode test cycles
7.5.2 Ramped modal test cycles
7.5.3 Cycle types and applicability
7.6 Transient cycles
7.6.1 Introduction
7.6.2 Non-road transient cycle (NRTC)
7.6.3 Large spark-ignition non-road transient cycle
7.7 Test cycle generation
7.7.1 Generation of steady-state discrete-mode or RMC test cycles
7.7.2 Generation of NRTC and LSI-NRTC
8 Test run
8.1 General test sequence
8.2 Instrument validation for test
8.2.1 Validation of proportional flow control for batch sampling and minimum dilution ratio for PM batch sampling
8.2.2 Gas analyser range validation, drift validation and drift correction
8.2.3 PM sampling media (e.g. filters) preconditioning and tare weighing
8.3 Sample system decontamination and preconditioning
8.3.1 Verification of HC contamination
8.4 Pre-test procedures
8.4.1 Preparation of the sampling filters
8.4.2 Preconditioning
8.4.3 Engine cool down (NRTC)
8.4.4 Preparation of measurement equipment for sampling
8.4.5 Calibration of gas analysers
8.4.6 Adjustment of the dilution system
8.5 Engine starting and restarting
8.5.1 Engine start
8.5.2 Engine stalling
8.6 Test cycle running procedure
8.6.1 Test sequence for discrete steady-state test cycles
8.6.2 Ramped modal test cycles
8.6.3 Transient test cycle (NRTC and LSI-NRTC)
8.7 Post-test procedures
8.7.1 Verification of proportional sampling
8.7.2 Post-test PM conditioning and weighing
8.7.3 Analysis of gaseous batch sampling
8.7.4 Drift verification
9 Data evaluation and calculation
9.1 Gaseous emissions
9.1.1 General
9.1.2 Sampling for gaseous emissions
9.1.3 Data evaluation
9.1.4 Calculation of mass emission
9.1.5 Dry/wet correction
9.1.6 NOx correction for humidity and temperature
9.1.7 Cycle work and specific emissions
9.1.8 NH3 data evaluation
9.2 Particulate mass emission
9.2.1 General
9.2.2 Particulate sampling
9.2.3 Data evaluation
9.2.4 Calculation of mass emission
9.2.5 Effective weighting factor (steady-state discrete cycles only)
9.3 Adjustment for emission controls that are regenerated on an infrequent (periodic) basis
9.4 Particle number emission
9.4.1 Time alignment
9.4.2 Determination of particle numbers for transient and ramped modal cycles (RMC) with a partial flow dilution or raw gas sampling system
9.4.3 Determination of particle numbers for transient and ramped modal cycles (RMC) with a full flow dilution system
9.4.4 Determination of particle numbers for discrete-mode cycles with a partial flow dilution system
9.4.5 Determination of particle numbers for discrete-mode cycles with a full flow dilution system
9.4.6 Test result
9.4.7 Determination of particle number background
9.5 Specific requirements for dual-fuel engines
9.5.1 Emission test procedure requirements for dual-fuel engines
9.5.2 Determination of molar component ratios and ugas values for dual-fuel engines
10 Engine control area
10.1 General remarks
10.2 Control area for engines tested to cycles C1, C2, E1 and H
10.3 Control area for engines tested to cycles D1, D2, E2, G1, G2 and G3
10.4 Control area for engines tested to test cycle I
10.5 Control area for engines tested to E3 and E5 test cycle
10.5.1 Control area for CI marine engines
10.5.2 Control area for engines tested to the E4 test cycle
10.5.3 Control area for engines tested to the F cycle
Annex A (normative) Steady-state discrete-mode test-cycles
Annex B (normative) Steady-state ramped modal test cycles (RMCs)
Annex C (normative) Transient test cycles
Annex D (informative) Calculation of the exhaust gas mass flow and/or of the combustion air mass flow
Annex E (informative) Example programme for calculation of exhaust mass flows
Annex F (informative) Example of calculation procedure (raw/partial flow)
Annex G (normative) Installation requirements for equipment and auxiliaries
Annex H (normative) Molar based emission calculations
Bibliography
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Foreword
Introduction
1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms and definitions
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms
4.1 Quantities and units — Numbers
4.2 General symbols
4.3 Symbols and abbreviated terms for fuel composition
4.4 Symbols and abbreviated terms for chemical components
4.5 Abbreviated terms
5 Test conditions
5.1 Engine test conditions
5.1.1 Laboratory test conditions
5.1.2 Test validity
5.2 Engine power
5.2.1 Auxiliaries to be fitted
5.2.2 Auxiliaries to be removed
5.2.3 Determination of auxiliary power
5.2.4 Engine cycle work
5.3 Engine intake air
5.3.1 Introduction
5.3.2 Intake air restriction
5.3.3 Engines with charge air cooling
5.4 Engine exhaust system
5.4.1 Introduction
5.4.2 Exhaust restriction
5.4.3 Engine with exhaust after-treatment system
5.5 Specific test conditions
5.5.1 Engine with exhaust after-treatment system
5.5.2 Crankcase emissions
5.6 Cooling system
5.7 Lubricating oil
6 Test fuels
7 Test cycles
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Test speeds
7.2.1 Maximum test speed (MTS)
7.2.2 Rated speed
7.2.3 Intermediate speed
7.2.4 Idle speed
7.2.5 Test speed for constant speed engines
7.3 Torque and power
7.3.1 Torque
7.3.2 Power
7.4 Engine mapping
7.4.1 Engine mapping for transient cycles
7.4.2 Engine mapping for variable speed steady-state cycles
7.4.3 Engine mapping for constant-speed engines
7.5 Steady-state test cycles
7.5.1 Discrete mode test cycles
7.5.2 Ramped modal test cycles
7.5.3 Cycle types and applicability
7.6 Transient cycles
7.6.1 Introduction
7.6.2 Non-road transient cycle (NRTC)
7.6.3 Large spark-ignition non-road transient cycle
7.7 Test cycle generation
7.7.1 Generation of steady-state discrete-mode or RMC test cycles
7.7.2 Generation of NRTC and LSI-NRTC
8 Test run
8.1 General test sequence
8.2 Instrument validation for test
8.2.1 Validation of proportional flow control for batch sampling and minimum dilution ratio for PM batch sampling
8.2.2 Gas analyser range validation, drift validation and drift correction
8.2.3 PM sampling media (e.g. filters) preconditioning and tare weighing
8.3 Sample system decontamination and preconditioning
8.3.1 Verification of HC contamination
8.4 Pre-test procedures
8.4.1 Preparation of the sampling filters
8.4.2 Preconditioning
8.4.3 Engine cool down (NRTC)
8.4.4 Preparation of measurement equipment for sampling
8.4.5 Calibration of gas analysers
8.4.6 Adjustment of the dilution system
8.5 Engine starting and restarting
8.5.1 Engine start
8.5.2 Engine stalling
8.6 Test cycle running procedure
8.6.1 Test sequence for discrete steady-state test cycles
8.6.2 Ramped modal test cycles
8.6.3 Transient test cycle (NRTC and LSI-NRTC)
8.7 Post-test procedures
8.7.1 Verification of proportional sampling
8.7.2 Post-test PM conditioning and weighing
8.7.3 Analysis of gaseous batch sampling
8.7.4 Drift verification
9 Data evaluation and calculation
9.1 Gaseous emissions
9.1.1 General
9.1.2 Sampling for gaseous emissions
9.1.3 Data evaluation
9.1.4 Calculation of mass emission
9.1.5 Dry/wet correction
9.1.6 NOx correction for humidity and temperature
9.1.7 Cycle work and specific emissions
9.1.8 NH3 data evaluation
9.2 Particulate mass emission
9.2.1 General
9.2.2 Particulate sampling
9.2.3 Data evaluation
9.2.4 Calculation of mass emission
9.2.5 Effective weighting factor (steady-state discrete cycles only)
9.3 Adjustment for emission controls that are regenerated on an infrequent (periodic) basis
9.4 Particle number emission
9.4.1 Time alignment
9.4.2 Determination of particle numbers for transient and ramped modal cycles (RMC) with a partial flow dilution or raw gas sampling system
9.4.3 Determination of particle numbers for transient and ramped modal cycles (RMC) with a full flow dilution system
9.4.4 Determination of particle numbers for discrete-mode cycles with a partial flow dilution system
9.4.5 Determination of particle numbers for discrete-mode cycles with a full flow dilution system
9.4.6 Test result
9.4.7 Determination of particle number background
9.5 Specific requirements for dual-fuel engines
9.5.1 Emission test procedure requirements for dual-fuel engines
9.5.2 Determination of molar component ratios and ugas values for dual-fuel engines
10 Engine control area
10.1 General remarks
10.2 Control area for engines tested to cycles C1, C2, E1 and H
10.3 Control area for engines tested to cycles D1, D2, E2, G1, G2 and G3
10.4 Control area for engines tested to test cycle I
10.5 Control area for engines tested to E3 and E5 test cycle
10.5.1 Control area for CI marine engines
10.5.2 Control area for engines tested to the E4 test cycle
10.5.3 Control area for engines tested to the F cycle
Annex A (normative) Steady-state discrete-mode test-cycles
Annex B (normative) Steady-state ramped modal test cycles (RMCs)
Annex C (normative) Transient test cycles
Annex D (informative) Calculation of the exhaust gas mass flow and/or of the combustion air mass flow
Annex E (informative) Example programme for calculation of exhaust mass flows
Annex F (informative) Example of calculation procedure (raw/partial flow)
Annex G (normative) Installation requirements for equipment and auxiliaries
Annex H (normative) Molar based emission calculations
Bibliography