ISO 8178-1:2020
Reciprocating internal combustion engines — Exhaust emission measurement — Part 1: Test-bed measurement systems of gaseous and particulate emissions
This document specifies the measurement methods for gaseous and particulate exhaust emissions from reciprocating internal combustion (RIC) engines on a test bed, necessary for determining one weighted value for each exhaust gas pollutant. Various combinations of engine load and speed reflect different engine applications (see ISO 8178‑4).
This document is applicable to RIC engines for mobile, transportable and stationary use, excluding engines for motor vehicles primarily designed for road use. This document can be applied to engines used, for example, for earth-moving machines, generating sets and for other applications.
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Foreword
Introduction
1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms and definitions
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms
4.1 General symbols
4.2 Symbols for fuel composition
4.3 Symbols and abbreviated terms for the chemical components
4.4 Abbreviated terms
5 General measurement principles
5.1 Principle of emission measurement
5.1.1 Mass of constituent
5.2 Exhaust sampling and dilution
5.2.1 General sampling requirements
5.2.2 Gas sampling
5.2.3 Raw sampling for gaseous emissions
5.2.4 Dilute sampling for gaseous emissions
5.2.5 Dilution system
5.2.6 Dilute sampling for particulate emissions
5.3 Measurement instruments
5.3.1 General
5.3.2 Data recording and control
5.3.3 Performance specifications for measurement instruments
6 Engine and ambient related measurement equipment
6.1 Dynamometer specification
6.2 Speed and torque sensors
6.2.1 Shaft work
6.2.2 Speed sensors
6.2.3 Torque sensors
6.2.4 Engine accessories
6.3 Pressure transducers, temperature sensors, and dew point sensors
6.4 Flow related measurements
6.4.1 Fuel flow
6.4.2 Intake air flow
6.4.3 Raw exhaust flow
6.4.4 Indirect exhaust flow
6.4.5 Dilution air and diluted exhaust flow meters
6.4.6 Sample flow meter for batch sampling
6.4.7 Use of gas dividers
7 Determination of the gaseous components
7.1 General specifications
7.2 Gas drying
7.3 Analysers
7.3.1 General
7.3.2 Carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2) analysis
7.3.3 Oxygen (O2) analysis
7.3.4 Hydrocarbon (HC) analysis
7.3.5 Non-methane hydrocarbon (NMHC) analysis
7.3.6 Oxides of nitrogen (NOx) analysis
7.3.7 Sulphur dioxide (SO2) analysis
7.3.8 Ammonia (NH3) analysis
7.3.9 Dinitrogen oxide (N2O) analysis
7.3.10 Formaldehyde (HCHO) analysis
7.3.11 Methanol (CH3OH) analysis
7.3.12 Air-to-fuel measurement
7.4 Measurement system
7.4.1 General
7.4.2 Analytical system
7.4.3 Ammonia analysis
7.4.4 Methane analysis
7.4.5 Methanol analysis
7.4.6 Formaldehyde analysis
8 Particulate determination
8.1 Particulate mass
8.1.1 Particulate Sampling probes (PSP)
8.1.2 Transfer tubes
8.1.3 Pre-classifier
8.1.4 Particulate sampling filters
8.1.5 Weighing chamber and analytical balance specifications
8.2 Particle number
8.2.1 Sampling
8.2.2 Compensating for particle number sample flow — Full flow dilution systems
8.2.3 Compensating for particle number sample flow — Partial flow dilution systems
8.2.4 Correction of PM measurement
8.2.5 Proportionality of partial flow dilution sampling
8.3 Particulate dilution sampling system equipment
8.3.1 General
8.3.2 Partial flow dilution system
8.3.3 Full-flow dilution system
8.3.4 Particulate sampling system
8.4 Particle number measurement equipment
8.4.1 System overview
8.4.2 General requirements
8.4.3 Specific requirements
8.4.4 Typical system description
9 Calibration and verification
9.1 Calibration and performance checks
9.1.1 General
9.1.2 Summary of calibration and verification
9.1.3 Verifications for accuracy, repeatability, and noise
9.1.4 Linearity check
9.1.5 Continuous gas analyser system-response and updating-recording verification
9.1.6 Response time verification for compensation type analysers
9.2 Analytical gases
9.2.1 General
9.2.2 Gas specifications
9.2.3 Concentration and expiration date
9.2.4 Gas transfer
9.3 Vacuum-side leak verification
9.3.1 Scope and frequency
9.3.2 Measurement principles
9.3.3 Low-flow leak test
9.3.4 Dilution-of-span-gas leak test
9.3.5 Vacuum-decay leak test
9.4 NO2-to-NO converter conversion verification
9.4.1 Scope and frequency
9.4.2 Measurement principles
9.4.3 System requirements
9.4.4 Procedure
9.5 Calibration and set up of gaseous measurements
9.5.1 Scope and frequency
9.5.2 Calibration
9.5.3 HC FID response optimization
9.5.4 HC FID CH4 response factor determination
9.5.5 HC FID methane (CH4) response verification
9.5.6 Non-stoichiometric raw exhaust FID O2 interference verification
9.5.7 Efficiency of the Non-Methane Cutter (NMC)
9.5.8 CO and CO2 Measurements
9.5.9 NOx Measurement
9.5.10 Methanol response factor
9.6 Calibration of the particulate mass measuring system
9.6.1 General
9.6.2 Checking the partial flow conditions
9.6.3 PM balance verifications and weighing process verification
9.7 Calibration of the particle number measuring system
9.7.1 Calibration of the particle number counter
9.7.2 Calibration/Validation of the volatile particle remover
9.7.3 Particle number system check procedures
9.8 Calibration of the CVS full flow dilution system
9.8.1 General
9.8.2 Calibration of the Positive Displacement Pump (PDP)
9.8.3 Calibration of the Critical Flow Venturi (CFV)
9.8.4 Calibration of the subsonic venturi (SSV)
9.8.5 CVS and batch sampler verification (Propane check)
9.8.6 Periodic calibration of the partial flow PM and associated raw exhaust gas measurement systems
9.9 Calibration of the dynamometer
9.9.1 Torque calibration
9.10 Calibration of temperature, pressure and dew point sensors
9.11 Flow-related measurements
9.11.1 Fuel flow calibration
9.11.2 Intake air flow calibration
9.11.3 Exhaust flow calibration
Annex A (normative) 1980 international gravity formula
Annex B (normative) Determination of system equivalence
Annex C (normative) Carbon flow check
Annex D (normative) Statistical formulae
Annex E (informative) Examples of partial flow dilution systems
Annex F (informative) Examples of exhaust gas analysis system
Bibliography
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Foreword
Introduction
1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms and definitions
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms
4.1 General symbols
4.2 Symbols for fuel composition
4.3 Symbols and abbreviated terms for the chemical components
4.4 Abbreviated terms
5 General measurement principles
5.1 Principle of emission measurement
5.1.1 Mass of constituent
5.2 Exhaust sampling and dilution
5.2.1 General sampling requirements
5.2.2 Gas sampling
5.2.3 Raw sampling for gaseous emissions
5.2.4 Dilute sampling for gaseous emissions
5.2.5 Dilution system
5.2.6 Dilute sampling for particulate emissions
5.3 Measurement instruments
5.3.1 General
5.3.2 Data recording and control
5.3.3 Performance specifications for measurement instruments
6 Engine and ambient related measurement equipment
6.1 Dynamometer specification
6.2 Speed and torque sensors
6.2.1 Shaft work
6.2.2 Speed sensors
6.2.3 Torque sensors
6.2.4 Engine accessories
6.3 Pressure transducers, temperature sensors, and dew point sensors
6.4 Flow related measurements
6.4.1 Fuel flow
6.4.2 Intake air flow
6.4.3 Raw exhaust flow
6.4.4 Indirect exhaust flow
6.4.5 Dilution air and diluted exhaust flow meters
6.4.6 Sample flow meter for batch sampling
6.4.7 Use of gas dividers
7 Determination of the gaseous components
7.1 General specifications
7.2 Gas drying
7.3 Analysers
7.3.1 General
7.3.2 Carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2) analysis
7.3.3 Oxygen (O2) analysis
7.3.4 Hydrocarbon (HC) analysis
7.3.5 Non-methane hydrocarbon (NMHC) analysis
7.3.6 Oxides of nitrogen (NOx) analysis
7.3.7 Sulphur dioxide (SO2) analysis
7.3.8 Ammonia (NH3) analysis
7.3.9 Dinitrogen oxide (N2O) analysis
7.3.10 Formaldehyde (HCHO) analysis
7.3.11 Methanol (CH3OH) analysis
7.3.12 Air-to-fuel measurement
7.4 Measurement system
7.4.1 General
7.4.2 Analytical system
7.4.3 Ammonia analysis
7.4.4 Methane analysis
7.4.5 Methanol analysis
7.4.6 Formaldehyde analysis
8 Particulate determination
8.1 Particulate mass
8.1.1 Particulate Sampling probes (PSP)
8.1.2 Transfer tubes
8.1.3 Pre-classifier
8.1.4 Particulate sampling filters
8.1.5 Weighing chamber and analytical balance specifications
8.2 Particle number
8.2.1 Sampling
8.2.2 Compensating for particle number sample flow — Full flow dilution systems
8.2.3 Compensating for particle number sample flow — Partial flow dilution systems
8.2.4 Correction of PM measurement
8.2.5 Proportionality of partial flow dilution sampling
8.3 Particulate dilution sampling system equipment
8.3.1 General
8.3.2 Partial flow dilution system
8.3.3 Full-flow dilution system
8.3.4 Particulate sampling system
8.4 Particle number measurement equipment
8.4.1 System overview
8.4.2 General requirements
8.4.3 Specific requirements
8.4.4 Typical system description
9 Calibration and verification
9.1 Calibration and performance checks
9.1.1 General
9.1.2 Summary of calibration and verification
9.1.3 Verifications for accuracy, repeatability, and noise
9.1.4 Linearity check
9.1.5 Continuous gas analyser system-response and updating-recording verification
9.1.6 Response time verification for compensation type analysers
9.2 Analytical gases
9.2.1 General
9.2.2 Gas specifications
9.2.3 Concentration and expiration date
9.2.4 Gas transfer
9.3 Vacuum-side leak verification
9.3.1 Scope and frequency
9.3.2 Measurement principles
9.3.3 Low-flow leak test
9.3.4 Dilution-of-span-gas leak test
9.3.5 Vacuum-decay leak test
9.4 NO2-to-NO converter conversion verification
9.4.1 Scope and frequency
9.4.2 Measurement principles
9.4.3 System requirements
9.4.4 Procedure
9.5 Calibration and set up of gaseous measurements
9.5.1 Scope and frequency
9.5.2 Calibration
9.5.3 HC FID response optimization
9.5.4 HC FID CH4 response factor determination
9.5.5 HC FID methane (CH4) response verification
9.5.6 Non-stoichiometric raw exhaust FID O2 interference verification
9.5.7 Efficiency of the Non-Methane Cutter (NMC)
9.5.8 CO and CO2 Measurements
9.5.9 NOx Measurement
9.5.10 Methanol response factor
9.6 Calibration of the particulate mass measuring system
9.6.1 General
9.6.2 Checking the partial flow conditions
9.6.3 PM balance verifications and weighing process verification
9.7 Calibration of the particle number measuring system
9.7.1 Calibration of the particle number counter
9.7.2 Calibration/Validation of the volatile particle remover
9.7.3 Particle number system check procedures
9.8 Calibration of the CVS full flow dilution system
9.8.1 General
9.8.2 Calibration of the Positive Displacement Pump (PDP)
9.8.3 Calibration of the Critical Flow Venturi (CFV)
9.8.4 Calibration of the subsonic venturi (SSV)
9.8.5 CVS and batch sampler verification (Propane check)
9.8.6 Periodic calibration of the partial flow PM and associated raw exhaust gas measurement systems
9.9 Calibration of the dynamometer
9.9.1 Torque calibration
9.10 Calibration of temperature, pressure and dew point sensors
9.11 Flow-related measurements
9.11.1 Fuel flow calibration
9.11.2 Intake air flow calibration
9.11.3 Exhaust flow calibration
Annex A (normative) 1980 international gravity formula
Annex B (normative) Determination of system equivalence
Annex C (normative) Carbon flow check
Annex D (normative) Statistical formulae
Annex E (informative) Examples of partial flow dilution systems
Annex F (informative) Examples of exhaust gas analysis system
Bibliography