SA/SNZ TR IEC 63222.100:2024
Power quality management, Part 100: Impact of power quality issues on electrical equipment and power system
Standard objective is to collect relevant information on power quality impacts from, e.g. CIGRE reports, case studies, research findings, etc., in order to uncover the mechanisms of how electrical equipment/installations/system are impacted by power quality disturbances, as well as to fully understand the guidelines for power quality management.
This document is identical with, and has been reproduced from, IEC TR 63222-100:2023, Power quality management — Part 100: Impact of power quality issues on electrical equipment and power system.
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SA/SNZ TR IEC 63222.100:2024 Power quality management Impact of power quality issues on electrical equipment and power system
Preface
National Foreword
FOREWORD
INTRODUCTION
1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms and definitions
4 General impacts of power quality issues
4.1 General
4.2 Harmonic distortion
4.3 Voltage unbalance
4.4 Voltage deviation
4.5 Frequency deviation
4.6 Flicker and rapid voltage change
4.7 Voltage dip
4.8 Transient over-voltages
4.9 Voltage swell
5 Continuous power quality disturbances impact
5.1 The impact of voltage deviation
5.1.1 General
5.1.2 Impact on equipment
5.1.3 Impact on power system
5.2 The impact of frequency deviation
5.2.1 General
5.2.2 Impact on electrical equipment
5.3 The impact of voltage unbalance
5.3.1 General
5.3.2 Impact on electrical equipment
5.3.3 Impact on power system
5.3.4 Impact on electrical equipment
5.3.5 Impact on power system
5.3.6 Impact on electrical equipment
5.3.7 Impact on electrical equipment
6 Discontinuous power quality disturbances impact
6.1 The impact of voltage dip and short time interruptions
6.1.1 General
6.1.2 Impact on power system equipment
6.1.3 Effects on end users' devices
6.1.4 Useful impacts assessment indices
6.2 The impact of voltage swell
6.2.1 General
6.2.2 Impact on power system
6.2.3 Effects on some electrical equipment
6.3 The impact of transient over-voltage
6.3.1 General
6.3.2 Impact on power system equipment
6.3.3 Effects on some electrical equipment
Annex A (informative) Case analysis: Voltage deviation impact on power loss
Annex B (informative) Case analysis: Voltage unbalance impact
Annex C (informative) Case analysis: flicker and rapid voltage change impact
Annex D (informative) Case analysis: Harmonic, inter-harmonic and the high frequency component impact
Annex E (informative) Case: Voltage dip impact
Annex F (informative) Case: Voltage swell impact
Annex G (informative) Case: Transient over-voltage impact
Bibliography
Figure 1 — The influence of under-voltage deviation on transmission loss
Figure 2 — Derating factor for motors operating with phase voltage unbalance
Figure 3 — Percentage changes in torques of induction motor
Figure 4 — Standard drive with DC-link LC filter under 5 % grid voltage amplitude unbalanced condition
Figure 5 — Proportion of neutral line additional loss (%)
Figure 6 — Neutral shift vector diagram
Figure 7 — Capacitor current value under different voltage fluctuations condition
Figure 8 — Current waveform and spectrum, transformer derating due to current harmonic losses up to 2 kHz
Figure 9 — Effect of harmonics on power loss
Figure 10 — Effect of harmonics on temperature rise
Figure 11 — Effect of harmonics on expected useful life
Figure 12 — ITIC (CBEMA) curve for equipment connected to 120 V 60 Hz systems
Figure 13 — Region of uncertainty for sensitivity curves of equipment
Figure A.1 — Equivalent circuit diagram of low voltage distribution network
Figure A.2 — The relationship between the ratio of constant impedance load to constant power load and voltage deviation in the connected system when the additional copper loss is 0
Figure A.3 — U-I curves of four LED lamps
Figure A.4 — P-U curves of four LED lamps
Figure B.1 — Guowan #2 station
Figure B.2 — Voltage curve of Guowan #2 station on January 27
Figure B.3 — Three - phase power curve of Guowan #2 station on January 27
Figure B.4 — Simulation model
Figure B.5 — Losses vs. unbalance factor
Figure C.1 — Energy efficiency indexes of A phase when the frequency of am wave is 8,8 Hz
Figure C.2 — Energy efficiency indexes of A phase when the amplitude modulation is 10 % (based on 50Hz system)
Figure C.3 — Motor lifetime estimation with load torque gradually increase subject to 10 % voltage magnitude change and different modulation frequency
Figure C.4 — Motor lifetime estimation with load torque gradually increase subject to 10 % voltage magnitude change and different modulation frequency
Figure C.5 — The compassion of motor lifetime between voltage fluctuations condition and normal condition
Figure C.6 — Motor lifetime estimation with light load subject to various voltage fluctuations
Figure C.7 — Motor lifetime estimation with heavy load subject to various voltage fluctuations
Figure C.8 — Three-dimensional diagram of copper loss of A phase stator
Figure C.9 — Three-dimensional diagram of copper loss of A phase rotor
Figure C.10 — Three-dimensional diagram of iron loss of A phase
Figure C.11 — Three-dimensional diagram of energy efficiency of A phase
Figure D.1 — Test setup
Figure D.2 — Tripping time with distortion current (each test for each order harmonic with 20% distortion)
Figure D.3 — Recording kWh consumption at HT consumer metering installation
Figure D.4 — Effect of harmonics on resistance (R)
Figure D.5 — Effect of harmonics on inductance (L)
Figure D.6 — Effect of harmonics on power loss
Figure D.7 — Effect of harmonics on temperature rise
Figure D.8 — Effect of harmonics on expected lifetime
Figure E.1 — VTC (voltage tolerance curve) under different POW
VTC (voltage tolerance curve) under different PAJ
Figure E.3 — Voltage tolerance curve of each PLC
Figure E.4 — Voltage tolerance curves of P1 and P3 at different starting phases
Figure E.5 — Voltage tolerance curve of P1 at different supply voltages
Figure E.6 — The relation curve between different harmonic phases and Udc
Figure E.7 — When THD is 5 % and 10 %, the voltage tolerance curve of P3 of different sub-harmonics is tested at 0° of harmonic phase
Figure E.8 — Voltage dip sensitivity curve of R1 relay at the starting point of 0°-360°
Figure E.9 — The maximum normal operating duration curve of R1 relay obtained at voltage dip starting point from 0° to 360°
Figure E.10 — Sensitivity curves of 8 relays obtained at voltage dip starting point of 0° and 90°
Figure E.11 — Critical voltage difference
Figure E.12 — VTC under voltage dips with/without harmonics
Figure E.13 — Sensitivity curves of R1 and R4 relays influenced by operation voltage before voltage dip occurring at voltage dip starting point 0°/90°
Table 1 — reference information of voltage deviation impacts
Table 2 — reference documents on impact of frequency deviation
Table 3 — reference documents on the impact of voltage unbalance
Table 4 — Effect of voltage unbalance on motors at full load
Table 5 — Line loss and additional loss increase under three-phrase current unbalance
Table 6 — Reference documents on the impact of flicker and RVC
Table 7 — Reference documents on impact of harmonic and inter-harmonic
Table 8 — The actual measured capacitance value change rate
Table 9 — Reference documents on impact of voltage dip and short time interruption
Table 10 — reference documents on impact of voltage swell
Table 11 — Reference documents for impact evaluation of transient over-voltages
Table A.1 — Test object parameters
Table A.2 — Raw data of fluorescent lamp under AC power supply
Table B.1 — Simulation results of output voltage
Table B.2 — Load distribution (L1, L2 and L3) and unbalance index D (%) for the 6 KVA network
Table B.3 — Load distribution (L1, L2 and L3) and unbalance index D (%) for the 18 KVA network
Table B.4 — Load distribution (L1, L2 and L3) and unbalance index D (%) for the 180 KVA network
Table C.1 — The variation trend of motor energy efficiency ηη with voltage fluctuation (%)
Table D.1 — Test 1 THD=20 %
Table E.1 — Tested ACC
Table E.2 — Tested PLC equipment
Table E.3 — Number and type of low voltage relay
Table E.4 — Successive dips testing information
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SA/SNZ TR IEC 63222.100:2024 Power quality management Impact of power quality issues on electrical equipment and power system
Preface
National Foreword
FOREWORD
INTRODUCTION
1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms and definitions
4 General impacts of power quality issues
4.1 General
4.2 Harmonic distortion
4.3 Voltage unbalance
4.4 Voltage deviation
4.5 Frequency deviation
4.6 Flicker and rapid voltage change
4.7 Voltage dip
4.8 Transient over-voltages
4.9 Voltage swell
5 Continuous power quality disturbances impact
5.1 The impact of voltage deviation
5.1.1 General
5.1.2 Impact on equipment
5.1.3 Impact on power system
5.2 The impact of frequency deviation
5.2.1 General
5.2.2 Impact on electrical equipment
5.3 The impact of voltage unbalance
5.3.1 General
5.3.2 Impact on electrical equipment
5.3.3 Impact on power system
5.3.4 Impact on electrical equipment
5.3.5 Impact on power system
5.3.6 Impact on electrical equipment
5.3.7 Impact on electrical equipment
6 Discontinuous power quality disturbances impact
6.1 The impact of voltage dip and short time interruptions
6.1.1 General
6.1.2 Impact on power system equipment
6.1.3 Effects on end users' devices
6.1.4 Useful impacts assessment indices
6.2 The impact of voltage swell
6.2.1 General
6.2.2 Impact on power system
6.2.3 Effects on some electrical equipment
6.3 The impact of transient over-voltage
6.3.1 General
6.3.2 Impact on power system equipment
6.3.3 Effects on some electrical equipment
Annex A (informative) Case analysis: Voltage deviation impact on power loss
Annex B (informative) Case analysis: Voltage unbalance impact
Annex C (informative) Case analysis: flicker and rapid voltage change impact
Annex D (informative) Case analysis: Harmonic, inter-harmonic and the high frequency component impact
Annex E (informative) Case: Voltage dip impact
Annex F (informative) Case: Voltage swell impact
Annex G (informative) Case: Transient over-voltage impact
Bibliography
Figure 1 — The influence of under-voltage deviation on transmission loss
Figure 2 — Derating factor for motors operating with phase voltage unbalance
Figure 3 — Percentage changes in torques of induction motor
Figure 4 — Standard drive with DC-link LC filter under 5 % grid voltage amplitude unbalanced condition
Figure 5 — Proportion of neutral line additional loss (%)
Figure 6 — Neutral shift vector diagram
Figure 7 — Capacitor current value under different voltage fluctuations condition
Figure 8 — Current waveform and spectrum, transformer derating due to current harmonic losses up to 2 kHz
Figure 9 — Effect of harmonics on power loss
Figure 10 — Effect of harmonics on temperature rise
Figure 11 — Effect of harmonics on expected useful life
Figure 12 — ITIC (CBEMA) curve for equipment connected to 120 V 60 Hz systems
Figure 13 — Region of uncertainty for sensitivity curves of equipment
Figure A.1 — Equivalent circuit diagram of low voltage distribution network
Figure A.2 — The relationship between the ratio of constant impedance load to constant power load and voltage deviation in the connected system when the additional copper loss is 0
Figure A.3 — U-I curves of four LED lamps
Figure A.4 — P-U curves of four LED lamps
Figure B.1 — Guowan #2 station
Figure B.2 — Voltage curve of Guowan #2 station on January 27
Figure B.3 — Three - phase power curve of Guowan #2 station on January 27
Figure B.4 — Simulation model
Figure B.5 — Losses vs. unbalance factor
Figure C.1 — Energy efficiency indexes of A phase when the frequency of am wave is 8,8 Hz
Figure C.2 — Energy efficiency indexes of A phase when the amplitude modulation is 10 % (based on 50Hz system)
Figure C.3 — Motor lifetime estimation with load torque gradually increase subject to 10 % voltage magnitude change and different modulation frequency
Figure C.4 — Motor lifetime estimation with load torque gradually increase subject to 10 % voltage magnitude change and different modulation frequency
Figure C.5 — The compassion of motor lifetime between voltage fluctuations condition and normal condition
Figure C.6 — Motor lifetime estimation with light load subject to various voltage fluctuations
Figure C.7 — Motor lifetime estimation with heavy load subject to various voltage fluctuations
Figure C.8 — Three-dimensional diagram of copper loss of A phase stator
Figure C.9 — Three-dimensional diagram of copper loss of A phase rotor
Figure C.10 — Three-dimensional diagram of iron loss of A phase
Figure C.11 — Three-dimensional diagram of energy efficiency of A phase
Figure D.1 — Test setup
Figure D.2 — Tripping time with distortion current (each test for each order harmonic with 20% distortion)
Figure D.3 — Recording kWh consumption at HT consumer metering installation
Figure D.4 — Effect of harmonics on resistance (R)
Figure D.5 — Effect of harmonics on inductance (L)
Figure D.6 — Effect of harmonics on power loss
Figure D.7 — Effect of harmonics on temperature rise
Figure D.8 — Effect of harmonics on expected lifetime
Figure E.1 — VTC (voltage tolerance curve) under different POW
VTC (voltage tolerance curve) under different PAJ
Figure E.3 — Voltage tolerance curve of each PLC
Figure E.4 — Voltage tolerance curves of P1 and P3 at different starting phases
Figure E.5 — Voltage tolerance curve of P1 at different supply voltages
Figure E.6 — The relation curve between different harmonic phases and Udc
Figure E.7 — When THD is 5 % and 10 %, the voltage tolerance curve of P3 of different sub-harmonics is tested at 0° of harmonic phase
Figure E.8 — Voltage dip sensitivity curve of R1 relay at the starting point of 0°-360°
Figure E.9 — The maximum normal operating duration curve of R1 relay obtained at voltage dip starting point from 0° to 360°
Figure E.10 — Sensitivity curves of 8 relays obtained at voltage dip starting point of 0° and 90°
Figure E.11 — Critical voltage difference
Figure E.12 — VTC under voltage dips with/without harmonics
Figure E.13 — Sensitivity curves of R1 and R4 relays influenced by operation voltage before voltage dip occurring at voltage dip starting point 0°/90°
Table 1 — reference information of voltage deviation impacts
Table 2 — reference documents on impact of frequency deviation
Table 3 — reference documents on the impact of voltage unbalance
Table 4 — Effect of voltage unbalance on motors at full load
Table 5 — Line loss and additional loss increase under three-phrase current unbalance
Table 6 — Reference documents on the impact of flicker and RVC
Table 7 — Reference documents on impact of harmonic and inter-harmonic
Table 8 — The actual measured capacitance value change rate
Table 9 — Reference documents on impact of voltage dip and short time interruption
Table 10 — reference documents on impact of voltage swell
Table 11 — Reference documents for impact evaluation of transient over-voltages
Table A.1 — Test object parameters
Table A.2 — Raw data of fluorescent lamp under AC power supply
Table B.1 — Simulation results of output voltage
Table B.2 — Load distribution (L1, L2 and L3) and unbalance index D (%) for the 6 KVA network
Table B.3 — Load distribution (L1, L2 and L3) and unbalance index D (%) for the 18 KVA network
Table B.4 — Load distribution (L1, L2 and L3) and unbalance index D (%) for the 180 KVA network
Table C.1 — The variation trend of motor energy efficiency ηη with voltage fluctuation (%)
Table D.1 — Test 1 THD=20 %
Table E.1 — Tested ACC
Table E.2 — Tested PLC equipment
Table E.3 — Number and type of low voltage relay
Table E.4 — Successive dips testing information
SA/SNZ TR IEC 63222.100:2024
Online Library subscription information
Online library subscriptions provide a cost-effective solution for organisations of any size to access the latest standards, offering 24/7 access to a personalised catalogue. The service ensures subscribers have have the most up-to-date version of selected standards, incluing automatic updates for any amendments or versions. Pricing is dependent on the chosen standards and the number of concurrent users, with discounts applied from the standards PDF price. For customised subscriptions or further inquiries, contact the Online Library team.