ISO/IEC 9075-2:2023
Information technology — Database languages SQL — Part 2: Foundation (SQL/Foundation)
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Contents
Tables
Figures
Foreword
Introduction
1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms and definitions
3.1 Definitions taken from ISO/IEC 10646:2020
3.2 Definitions taken from ISO/IEC 14651:2020
3.3 Definitions taken from ISO 8601-1:2019
3.4 Definitions taken from XQuery and XPath Functions and Operators 3.1
3.5 Definitions provided in this document
4 Concepts
4.1 Notations and conventions
4.1.1 Notations
4.1.2 Use of terms
4.2 Data types
4.2.1 General introduction to data types
4.2.2 Naming of predefined types
4.2.3 Host language data types
4.2.4 Data type terminology
4.2.5 Properties of distinct
4.3 Character strings
4.3.1 Introduction to character strings
4.3.2 Comparison of character strings
4.3.3 Operations involving character strings
4.3.3.1 Regular expression syntaxes
4.3.3.2 Operators that operate on character strings and return character strings
4.3.3.3 Other operators involving character strings
4.3.3.4 Operations involving large object character strings
4.3.4 Character repertoires
4.3.5 Character encoding forms
4.3.6 Collations
4.3.7 Character sets
4.3.8 Universal character sets
4.4 Binary strings
4.4.1 Introduction to binary strings
4.4.2 Binary string comparison
4.4.3 Operations involving binary strings
4.4.3.1 Operators that operate on binary strings and return binary strings
4.4.3.2 Other operators involving binary strings
4.5 Numbers
4.5.1 Introduction to numbers
4.5.2 Characteristics of numbers
4.5.3 Operations involving numbers
4.6 Boolean types
4.6.1 Introduction to Boolean types
4.6.2 Comparison and assignment of Booleans
4.6.3 Operations involving Booleans
4.6.3.1 Operations on Booleans that return Booleans
4.6.3.2 Other operators involving Booleans
4.7 Datetimes and intervals
4.7.1 Introduction to datetimes and intervals
4.7.2 Datetimes
4.7.3 Intervals
4.7.4 Operations involving datetimes and intervals
4.8 JSON types
4.8.1 Introduction to JSON types
4.8.2 Comparison and assignment of JSON values
4.8.3 Operations involving JSON values
4.9 User-defined types
4.9.1 Introduction to user-defined types
4.9.2 Distinct types
4.9.3 Structured types
4.9.3.1 Introduction to structured types
4.9.3.2 Observer functions and mutator functions
4.9.3.3 Constructors
4.9.3.4 Subtypes and supertypes
4.9.4 Methods
4.9.5 User-defined type comparison and assignment
4.9.6 Transforms for user-defined types
4.9.7 User-defined type descriptor
4.10 Row types
4.11 Reference types
4.11.1 Introduction to reference types
4.11.2 Operations involving references
4.12 Collection types
4.12.1 Introduction to collection types
4.12.2 Arrays
4.12.3 Multisets
4.12.4 Collection comparison and assignment
4.12.5 Operations involving arrays
4.12.5.1 Operators that operate on array values and return array elements
4.12.5.2 Operators that operate on array values and return array values
4.12.5.3 Operators that operate on array values and return numbers
4.12.6 Operations involving multisets
4.12.6.1 Operators that operate on multisets and return multiset elements
4.12.6.2 Operators that operate on multisets and return multisets
4.12.6.3 Operators that operate on multiset values and return numbers
4.13 Data conversions
4.14 Domains
4.15 Columns, fields, and attributes
4.16 Periods
4.16.1 Introduction to periods
4.16.2 Operations involving periods
4.17 Tables
4.17.1 Introduction to tables
4.17.2 Base tables
4.17.2.1 Introduction to base tables
4.17.2.2 Regular persistent base tables
4.17.2.3 System-versioned tables
4.17.2.4 Temporary tables
4.17.3 Derived tables
4.17.4 Transient tables
4.17.5 Unique identification of tables
4.17.6 Table updatability
4.17.7 Table descriptors
4.17.8 Syntactic analysis of derived tables and cursors
4.17.9 Referenceable tables, subtables, and supertables
4.17.10 Operations involving tables
4.17.11 Range variables
4.17.12 Identity columns
4.17.13 Base columns and generated columns
4.17.14 Grouped tables
4.17.15 Windowed tables
4.18 Data analysis operations
4.18.1 Introduction to data analysis operations
4.18.2 Group functions
4.18.3 Window functions
4.18.4 Aggregate functions
4.18.5 Row pattern measures
4.19 Row pattern matching
4.19.1 Introduction to row pattern matching
4.19.2 Matching rows with a pattern
4.19.3 Row pattern matching illustrated
4.19.4 Row pattern partitioning
4.19.5 Row ordering
4.19.6 Row pattern measure columns
4.19.7 Number of rows per match
4.19.8 Skipping rows after matching
4.20 Row patterns
4.21 Unions of row pattern variables
4.22 Defining Boolean conditions
4.23 Scalar expressions in row pattern matching
4.23.1 Introduction to scalars in row pattern matching
4.23.2 Running vs. final semantics
4.23.3 Row pattern navigation operations
4.23.4 Row pattern classifier function
4.23.5 Row pattern match number function
4.24 Determinism
4.25 Integrity constraints
4.25.1 Overview of integrity constraints
4.25.2 Checking of constraints
4.25.3 Table constraints
4.25.3.1 Introduction to table constraints
4.25.3.2 Unique constraints
4.25.3.3 Referential constraints
4.25.3.4 Table check constraints
4.25.4 Domain constraints
4.25.5 Assertions
4.26 Functional dependencies
4.26.1 Overview of functional dependency rules and notations
4.26.2 General rules and definitions
4.26.3 Known functional dependencies in a base table
4.26.4 Known functional dependencies in a viewed table
4.26.5 Known functional dependencies in a transition table
4.26.6 Known functional dependencies in
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Contents
Tables
Figures
Foreword
Introduction
1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms and definitions
3.1 Definitions taken from ISO/IEC 10646:2020
3.2 Definitions taken from ISO/IEC 14651:2020
3.3 Definitions taken from ISO 8601-1:2019
3.4 Definitions taken from XQuery and XPath Functions and Operators 3.1
3.5 Definitions provided in this document
4 Concepts
4.1 Notations and conventions
4.1.1 Notations
4.1.2 Use of terms
4.2 Data types
4.2.1 General introduction to data types
4.2.2 Naming of predefined types
4.2.3 Host language data types
4.2.4 Data type terminology
4.2.5 Properties of distinct
4.3 Character strings
4.3.1 Introduction to character strings
4.3.2 Comparison of character strings
4.3.3 Operations involving character strings
4.3.3.1 Regular expression syntaxes
4.3.3.2 Operators that operate on character strings and return character strings
4.3.3.3 Other operators involving character strings
4.3.3.4 Operations involving large object character strings
4.3.4 Character repertoires
4.3.5 Character encoding forms
4.3.6 Collations
4.3.7 Character sets
4.3.8 Universal character sets
4.4 Binary strings
4.4.1 Introduction to binary strings
4.4.2 Binary string comparison
4.4.3 Operations involving binary strings
4.4.3.1 Operators that operate on binary strings and return binary strings
4.4.3.2 Other operators involving binary strings
4.5 Numbers
4.5.1 Introduction to numbers
4.5.2 Characteristics of numbers
4.5.3 Operations involving numbers
4.6 Boolean types
4.6.1 Introduction to Boolean types
4.6.2 Comparison and assignment of Booleans
4.6.3 Operations involving Booleans
4.6.3.1 Operations on Booleans that return Booleans
4.6.3.2 Other operators involving Booleans
4.7 Datetimes and intervals
4.7.1 Introduction to datetimes and intervals
4.7.2 Datetimes
4.7.3 Intervals
4.7.4 Operations involving datetimes and intervals
4.8 JSON types
4.8.1 Introduction to JSON types
4.8.2 Comparison and assignment of JSON values
4.8.3 Operations involving JSON values
4.9 User-defined types
4.9.1 Introduction to user-defined types
4.9.2 Distinct types
4.9.3 Structured types
4.9.3.1 Introduction to structured types
4.9.3.2 Observer functions and mutator functions
4.9.3.3 Constructors
4.9.3.4 Subtypes and supertypes
4.9.4 Methods
4.9.5 User-defined type comparison and assignment
4.9.6 Transforms for user-defined types
4.9.7 User-defined type descriptor
4.10 Row types
4.11 Reference types
4.11.1 Introduction to reference types
4.11.2 Operations involving references
4.12 Collection types
4.12.1 Introduction to collection types
4.12.2 Arrays
4.12.3 Multisets
4.12.4 Collection comparison and assignment
4.12.5 Operations involving arrays
4.12.5.1 Operators that operate on array values and return array elements
4.12.5.2 Operators that operate on array values and return array values
4.12.5.3 Operators that operate on array values and return numbers
4.12.6 Operations involving multisets
4.12.6.1 Operators that operate on multisets and return multiset elements
4.12.6.2 Operators that operate on multisets and return multisets
4.12.6.3 Operators that operate on multiset values and return numbers
4.13 Data conversions
4.14 Domains
4.15 Columns, fields, and attributes
4.16 Periods
4.16.1 Introduction to periods
4.16.2 Operations involving periods
4.17 Tables
4.17.1 Introduction to tables
4.17.2 Base tables
4.17.2.1 Introduction to base tables
4.17.2.2 Regular persistent base tables
4.17.2.3 System-versioned tables
4.17.2.4 Temporary tables
4.17.3 Derived tables
4.17.4 Transient tables
4.17.5 Unique identification of tables
4.17.6 Table updatability
4.17.7 Table descriptors
4.17.8 Syntactic analysis of derived tables and cursors
4.17.9 Referenceable tables, subtables, and supertables
4.17.10 Operations involving tables
4.17.11 Range variables
4.17.12 Identity columns
4.17.13 Base columns and generated columns
4.17.14 Grouped tables
4.17.15 Windowed tables
4.18 Data analysis operations
4.18.1 Introduction to data analysis operations
4.18.2 Group functions
4.18.3 Window functions
4.18.4 Aggregate functions
4.18.5 Row pattern measures
4.19 Row pattern matching
4.19.1 Introduction to row pattern matching
4.19.2 Matching rows with a pattern
4.19.3 Row pattern matching illustrated
4.19.4 Row pattern partitioning
4.19.5 Row ordering
4.19.6 Row pattern measure columns
4.19.7 Number of rows per match
4.19.8 Skipping rows after matching
4.20 Row patterns
4.21 Unions of row pattern variables
4.22 Defining Boolean conditions
4.23 Scalar expressions in row pattern matching
4.23.1 Introduction to scalars in row pattern matching
4.23.2 Running vs. final semantics
4.23.3 Row pattern navigation operations
4.23.4 Row pattern classifier function
4.23.5 Row pattern match number function
4.24 Determinism
4.25 Integrity constraints
4.25.1 Overview of integrity constraints
4.25.2 Checking of constraints
4.25.3 Table constraints
4.25.3.1 Introduction to table constraints
4.25.3.2 Unique constraints
4.25.3.3 Referential constraints
4.25.3.4 Table check constraints
4.25.4 Domain constraints
4.25.5 Assertions
4.26 Functional dependencies
4.26.1 Overview of functional dependency rules and notations
4.26.2 General rules and definitions
4.26.3 Known functional dependencies in a base table
4.26.4 Known functional dependencies in a viewed table
4.26.5 Known functional dependencies in a transition table
4.26.6 Known functional dependencies in