ISO/IEC 1989:2002
Information technology — Programming languages — COBOL
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Programming language COBOL
Copyright notice
Contents
Tables
Figures
Foreword
Introduction
1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Conformance to this International Standard
3.1 A conforming implementation
3.1.1 Acceptance of standard language elements
3.1.2 Interaction with non-COBOL runtime modules
3.1.3 Interaction between COBOL implementations
3.1.4 Implementordefined language elements
3.1.5 Processordependent language elements
3.1.6 Reserved words
3.1.7 Standard extensions
3.1.8 Nonstandard extensions
3.1.9 Substitute or additional language elements
3.1.10 Archaic language elements
3.1.11 Obsolete language elements
3.1.12 Externally-provided functionality
3.1.13 Limits
3.1.14 User documentation
3.1.15 Character substitution
3.2 A conforming compilation group
3.3 A conforming run unit
3.4 Relationship of a conforming compilation group to a conforming implementation
3.5 Relationship of a conforming run unit to a conforming implementation
4 Terms and Definitions
4.1 absolute item:An item in a report that has a fixed position on a page.
4.2 activated runtime element:A function, method, or program placed into the active state.
4.3 activating statement:A statement that causes the execution of a function, method, or program.
4.4 activating runtime element:The function, method, or program that executed a given activatin...
4.5 active state:The state of a function, method, or program that has been activated but has no...
4.6 alphabetic character (in the COBOL character repertoire):A basic letter or a space character.
4.7 alphanumeric character:Any coded character in an alphanumeric coded character set, whether ...
4.8 alphanumeric character position:The amount of physical storage required to store, or presen...
4.9 alphanumeric character set; alphanumeric coded character set:See alphanumeric coded charact...
4.10 alphanumeric coded character set; alphanumeric character set:A coded character set that th...
4.11 alphanumeric group item:Any group item except for:
4.12 argument:An operand specified in an activating statement that specifies the data to be pas...
4.13 assumed decimal point:A decimal point position that does not involve the existence of an a...
4.14 based data item:A data item established by association of a based entry with an actual dat...
4.15 based entry:A data description entry that serves as a template that is dynamically associa...
4.16 basic letter:One of the uppercase letters 'A' through 'Z' and the lowercase letters 'a' th...
4.17 bit:The smallest unit in a computer's storage structure capable of representing two distin...
4.18 bit data item:An elementary data item of category boolean and usage bit or a bit group item.
4.19 block; physical record:A physical unit of data that is normally composed of one or more lo...
4.20 boolean character:A unit of information that consists of the value zero or one. Each boole...
4.21 boolean data item:A data item capable of containing a boolean value.
4.22 boolean expression: One or more boolean operands separated by boolean operators.
4.23 boolean position:The amount of physical storage required to store, or presentation space r...
4.24 boolean value:A value consisting of a sequence of one or more boolean characters.
4.25 byte:A sequence of bits representing the smallest addressable character unit in the memory...
4.26 character (in a coded character set):A code value that constitutes the coded representatio...
4.27 character (in a screen item):A graphic character.
4.28 character (in COBOL character repertoire); COBOL character:A letter, digit, or special cha...
4.29 character (in computer storage):A single code value of a coded character set.
4.30 character boundary:The leftmost bit of an addressing boundary in the storage of the computer.
4.31 character position:The amount of physical storage required to store, or presentation space...
4.32 characterstring:A sequence of contiguous characters that form a COBOL word, a literal, or...
4.33 class (in object orientation):The entity that defines common behavior and implementation f...
4.34 class (of a data item):A designation for a set of data items having common attributes or a...
4.35 class (of data values):A designation for a set of data values that are permissible in the ...
4.36 class definition (in object orientation):A compilation unit that defines a class of objects.
4.37 clause:An ordered set of consecutive COBOL characterstrings whose purpose is to specify a...
4.38 COBOL character; character (in COBOL character repertoire):See character (in COBOL charact...
4.39 COBOL character repertoire:The repertoire of characters used in writing the syntax of a CO...
4.40 coded character set:A set of unambiguous rules that establishes a character set and the re...
4.41 combining character:A UCS member that is intended for combination with the preceding nonc...
4.42 common program:A program that, despite being directly contained within another program, ma...
4.43 compilation group:A sequence of one or more compilation units submitted together for compi...
4.44 compilation unit:A source unit that is not nested within another source unit.
4.45 composite sequence:A sequence of graphic characters consisting of a noncombining characte...
4.46 conditional statement:A statement for which the truth value of a specified condition is ev...
4.47 conformance (for object orientation):A unidirectional relation that allows an object to be...
4.48 conformance (for parameters):The requirements for the relationship between arguments and f...
4.49 control function:An action that affects the recording, processing, transmission, or interp...
4.50 cultural element:An element of data for computer use that may vary dependent on language, ...
4.51 currency sign:The COBOL character '$', used as the default currency symbol in a picture ch...
4.52 currency string:The set of characters to be placed into numeric-edited data items as a res...
4.53 currency symbol:The character used in a picture characterstring to represent the presence...
4.54 current record:The record that is available in the record area associated with a file.
4.55 current volume pointer:A conceptual entity that points to the current volume of a sequenti...
4.56 data item:A unit of data defined by a data description entry or resulting from the evaluat...
4.57 debugging line:A source line that is optionally compiled, depending on the setting of a de...
4.58 decimal point; decimal separator:The character used to represent the radix point. The defa...
4.59 decimal separator; decimal point:See decimal point.
4.60 declarative statement:A USE statement, which defines the conditions under which the proced...
4.61 deediting:The logical removal of all editing characters from a numeric-edited data item i...
4.62 delimited scope statement:Any statement that is terminated by its explicit scope terminator.
4.63 digit position:The amount of physical storage required to store, or presentation space req...
4.64 dynamic access:An access mode in which specific logical records may be obtained from or pl...
4.65 dynamic storage:Storage that is allocated and released on request during runtime.
4.66 end marker:A marker for the end of a source unit.
4.67 entry:A descriptive set of consecutive clauses terminated by a separator period.
4.68 entry convention:The information required to interact successfully with a function, method...
4.69 exception condition:A condition detected at runtime that indicates that an error or except...
4.70 exception object:An object that acts as an exception condition.
4.71 exception status indicator:A conceptual entity that exists for each exceptionname.
4.72 EXIT FUNCTION statement:an abbreviation for 'EXIT statement with the FUNCTION phrase'.
4.73 EXIT METHOD statement:an abbreviation for 'EXIT statement with the METHOD phrase'.
4.74 EXIT PARAGRAPH statement:an abbreviation for 'EXIT statement with the PARAGRAPH phrase'.
4.75 EXIT PERFORM statement:an abbreviation for 'EXIT statement with the PERFORM phrase'.
4.76 EXIT PROGRAM statement:an abbreviation for 'EXIT statement with the PROGRAM phrase'.
4.77 EXIT SECTION statement:an abbreviation for 'EXIT statement with the SECTION phrase'.
4.78 explicit scope terminator:A statement-dependent word that by its presence terminates the s...
4.79 extend mode:A mode of file processing in which records may be added at the end of a sequen...
4.80 extended letter:A letter, other than the basic letters, in the set of characters defined f...
4.81 external data:Data that belongs to the run unit and may be accessed by any runtime element...
4.82 external media format:A form of data suitable for presentation or printing, including any ...
4.83 external switch:A hardware or software device, defined and named by the implementor, that ...
4.84 factory object:The single object associated with a class, defined by the factory definitio...
4.85 file:A logical entity that represents a collection of logical records. There is one logica...
4.86 file connector:A storage area that contains information about a file and is used as the li...
4.87 file organization:The permanent logical file structure established at the time that a file...
4.88 file position indicator:A conceptual entity that either is used to facilitate exact specif...
4.89 file sharing:A cooperative environment that controls concurrent access to the same physica...
4.90 fixed file attribute:An attribute of a physical file that is established when the physical...
4.91 formal parameter:A dataname specified in the USING phrase of the procedure division heade...
4.92 function:An intrinsic or user-defined procedural entity that returns a value based upon th...
4.93 function prototype definition:A definition that specifies the rules governing the argument...
4.94 graphic character:A character, other than a control function, that has a visual representa...
4.95 graphic symbol:The visual representation of a graphic character or of a composite sequence...
4.96 grouping (in locale editing):The separation of digits into groups in number and currency f...
4.97 grouping separator:The character used to separate digits in numbers for ease of reading. T...
4.98 highorder end:The leftmost position of a string of characters or a string of bits.
4.99 io mode:A mode of file processing in which records can be read, updated, added, and deleted.
4.100 io status:A conceptual entity that exists for a file, that contains a value indicating t...
4.101 imperative statement:A statement that specifies an unconditional action or that is a deli...
4.102 index:A storage area or a register, the content of which refers to a particular element i...
4.103 indexed organization:The permanent logical file structure in which each record is identif...
4.104 inheritance (for classes):A mechanism for using the interface and implementation of one o...
4.105 inheritance (for interfaces):A mechanism for using the specification of one or more inter...
4.106 initial program:A program that is placed into the initial state every time the program is...
4.107 initial state:The state of a function, method, or program when it is first activated in a...
4.108 input mode:A mode of file processing in which records can only be read.
4.109 instance object:A single instance of an object defined by a class and created by a factor...
4.110 interface (of an object):The names of all the methods defined for the object, including i...
4.111 interface (the language construct):A grouping of method prototypes.
4.112 internal data:All data described in a source unit except external data and external file ...
4.113 invocation; method invocation:See method invocation.
4.114 key of reference:The key, either prime or alternate, currently being used to access recor...
4.115 letter:A basic letter or an extended letter.
4.116 locale:A facility in the user's information technology environment that specifies languag...
4.117 lock mode:The state of a file for which record locking is in effect that indicates whethe...
4.118 loworder end:The rightmost position of a string of characters or a string of bits.
4.119 MCS; message control system:See message control system.
4.120 message control system; MCS:A communication control system that supports the processing o...
4.121 method:A procedural entity defined by a method definition within, or inherited by, a clas...
4.122 method data:Data declared in a method definition.
4.123 method invocation; invocation:The request to execute a named method on a given object.
4.124 method prototype:A source element that specifies the information needed for invocation of...
4.125 national character:A character in a national character set.
4.126 national character position:The amount of physical storage required to store, or presenta...
4.127 national character set; national coded character set:See national coded character set.
4.128 national coded character set; national character set:A coded character set that the imple...
4.129 national data item:An elementary data item of class national or a national group item.
4.130 native alphanumeric character set:The computer's alphanumeric coded character set.
4.131 native arithmetic:A mode of arithmetic in which the techniques used in handling arithmeti...
4.132 native character set:An implementor-defined character set, either alphanumeric or nationa...
4.133 native collating sequence:An implementordefined collating sequence, either an alphanumer...
4.134 native national coded character set:The computer's national coded character set.
4.135 next record:The record that logically follows the current record of a file.
4.136 null:The state of a pointer indicating that it contains no address, or the state of an ob...
4.137 numeric character (in the rules of COBOL):A character that belongs to the following set o...
4.138 object:A unit consisting of data and the methods that act upon that data.
4.139 object data:Data defined:
4.140 object property; property:A name that may be used to qualify an object reference to get a...
4.141 object reference:An explicitly- or implicitly-defined data item that contains a reference...
4.142 open mode:The state of a file connector indicating input-output operations that are permi...
4.143 optional file:A file declared as being not necessarily present each time the runtime modu...
4.144 outermost program:A program, together with its contained programs, that is not contained ...
4.145 output file:A file that is opened in either the output mode or extend mode.
4.146 output mode:A mode of file processing in which a file is created and records can only be ...
4.147 physical file:A physical collection of physical records.
4.148 physical record; block:See block.
4.149 previous record:The record that logically precedes the current record of a file.
4.150 procedure:One or more successive paragraphs or sections in the procedure division.
4.151 procedure branching statement:A statement that causes the explicit transfer of control to...
4.152 processor:The computing system, both hardware and software, used for compilation of sourc...
4.153 program prototype definition:A definition that specifies the rules governing the class of...
4.154 property; object property:See object property.
4.155 random access:An access mode in which the value of a key data item identifies the logical...
4.156 record key:A data item within a record used to identify that record within an indexed file.
4.157 record lock:A conceptual entity that is used to control concurrent access to a given reco...
4.158 record locking:A facility for controlling concurrent access to records in a shared physic...
4.159 relative item:An item in a report whose position is specified relative to the previous item.
4.160 relative key:A data item that contains a relative record number.
4.161 relative organization:The permanent logical file structure in which each record's logical...
4.162 relative record number:The ordinal number of a record in a file whose organization is rel...
4.163 report:A printed output described in the report section and generated from those data des...
4.164 report writer:A comprehensive set of data clauses and statements that enable a print layo...
4.165 restricted pointer:A pointer data item that is restricted to data items of a specified ty...
4.166 run unit:One or more runtime modules that interact with one another and that function, at...
4.167 runtime element:The executable unit resulting from compiling a source element.
4.168 runtime module:The result of compiling a compilation unit.
4.169 sequential access:An access method in which logical records are either placed into a file...
4.170 sequential organization:The permanent logical file structure in which a record is identif...
4.171 sharing mode:The state of a file that indicates the mode of file sharing.
4.172 source element:A source unit excluding any contained source units.
4.173 source unit:A sequence of statements beginning with an identification division and finish...
4.174 standard arithmetic:A mode of arithmetic in which the techniques used in handling arithme...
4.175 standard intermediate data item:A temporary abstract decimal floating-point data item use...
4.176 static data:Data that has its last-used state when a runtime element is re-entered.
4.177 subclass:A class that inherits from another class. When two classes in an inheritance rel...
4.178 subject of the entry:The data item that is being defined by a data description entry.
4.179 subscript:A number used to refer to a specific element of a table, or in the case of the ...
4.180 superclass:A class that is inherited by another class.
4.181 surrogate pair:A coded character representation for a single abstract character of the UT...
4.182 type (for type declaration):A template that contains all the characteristics of a data it...
4.183 UCS; Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Character set.See Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Char...
4.184 Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Character Set; UCS.The coded character set defined by ISO/...
4.185 universal object reference:An object reference that is not restricted to a specific class...
4.186 unsuccessful execution:The attempted execution of a statement that does not result in the...
4.187 variableoccurrence data item:A table element that is repeated a variable number of times.
4.188 zero-length item: An item whose minimum permitted length is zero and whose length at execut...
5 Description techniques
5.1 General formats
5.1.1 Keywords
5.1.2 Optional words
5.1.3 Operands
5.1.4 Level numbers
5.1.5 Options
5.1.5.1 Brackets
5.1.5.2 Braces
5.1.5.3 Choice indicators
5.1.6 Ellipses
5.1.7 Punctuation
5.1.8 Special characters
5.1.9 Metaterms
5.2 Rules
5.2.1 Syntax rules
5.2.2 General rules
5.2.3 Argument rules
5.2.4 Returned value rules
5.3 Arithmetic expressions
5.3.1 Textually subscripted operands
5.3.2 Ellipses
5.4 Integer operands
5.5 Informal description
5.6 Hyphens in text
5.7 Verbal forms for the expression of provisions
Table 1 — Verbal forms
6 Reference format
6.1 Indicators
6.1.1 Fixed indicators
6.1.2 Floating indicators
6.1.2.1 Syntax Rules
6.2 Fixedform reference format
Figure 1 — Fixed-form reference format
6.2.1 Sequence number area
6.2.2 Indicator area
6.2.3 Program-text area
6.2.4 Continuation of lines
6.2.5 Blank lines
6.2.6 Comments
6.2.6.1 Comment lines
6.2.6.2 Inline comments
6.2.7 Debugging lines
6.3 Freeform reference format
6.3.1 Continuation of lines
6.3.2 Blank lines
6.3.3 Comments
6.3.3.1 Comment lines
6.3.3.2 Inline comments
6.3.4 Debugging lines
6.4 Logical conversion
7 Compiler directing facility
7.1 Text manipulation
7.1.1 Text manipulation elements
7.1.1.1 Compiler directing statements
7.1.1.2 Source text and library text
7.1.1.3 Pseudotext
7.1.1.4 Textwords
7.1.2 COPY statement
7.1.2.1 General format
7.1.2.2 Syntax rules
7.1.2.3 General rules
7.1.3 REPLACE statement
7.1.3.1 General format
7.1.3.2 Syntax rules
7.1.3.3 General Rules
7.2 Compiler directives
7.2.1 General format
7.2.2 Syntax rules
7.2.3 General rules
7.2.4 Conditional compilation
7.2.5 Compile-time arithmetic expressions
7.2.5.1 Syntax rules
7.2.5.2 General rules
7.2.6 Compile-time boolean expressions
7.2.6.1 Syntax rules
7.2.6.2 General rules
7.2.7 Constant conditional expression
7.2.7.1 Syntax Rules
7.2.7.2 General rules
7.2.7.3 Defined condition
7.2.7.3.1 General format
7.2.7.3.2 Syntax rules
7.2.7.3.3 General rules
7.2.8 CALL-CONVENTION directive
7.2.8.1 General format
7.2.8.2 General rules
7.2.9 DEFINE directive
7.2.9.1 General format
7.2.9.2 Syntax rules
7.2.9.3 General rules
7.2.10 EVALUATE directive
7.2.10.1 General format
7.2.10.2 Syntax rules
7.2.10.3 General rules
7.2.11 FLAG85 directive
7.2.11.1 General format
7.2.11.2 Syntax rules
7.2.11.3 General rules
7.2.12 FLAG-NATIVE-ARITHMETIC directive
7.2.12.1 General format
7.2.12.2 Syntax rules
7.2.12.3 General rules
7.2.13 IF directive
7.2.13.1 General format
7.2.13.2 Syntax rules
7.2.13.3 General rules
7.2.14 LEAP-SECOND directive
7.2.14.1 General format
7.2.14.2 Syntax rules
7.2.14.3 General rules
7.2.15 LISTING directive
7.2.15.1 General Format
7.2.15.2 General Rules
7.2.16 PAGE directive
7.2.16.1 General format
7.2.16.2 Syntax rules
7.2.16.3 General rules
7.2.17 PROPAGATE directive
7.2.17.1 General format
7.2.17.2 Syntax rules
7.2.17.3 General rules
7.2.18 SOURCE FORMAT directive
7.2.18.1 General format
7.2.18.2 General rules
7.2.19 TURN directive
7.2.19.1 General format
7.2.19.2 Syntax rules
7.2.19.3 General rules
8 Language fundamentals
8.1 Character sets
8.1.1 Computer's coded character set
8.1.2 COBOL character repertoire
Table 2 — COBOL character repertoire
8.1.2.1 General rules
8.1.3 Alphabets
8.1.4 Collating sequences
8.2 Locales
8.2.1 Locale field names
8.3 Lexical elements
8.3.1 Characterstrings
8.3.1.1 COBOL words
8.3.1.1.1 Userdefined words
8.3.1.1.1.1 Alphabetname
8.3.1.1.1.2 Cdname
8.3.1.1.1.3 Classname (for object orientation)
8.3.1.1.1.4 Classname (for truth value proposition)
8.3.1.1.1.5 Compilation-variable-name
8.3.1.1.1.6 Conditionname
8.3.1.1.1.7 Constantname
8.3.1.1.1.8 Dataname
8.3.1.1.1.9 Filename
8.3.1.1.1.10 Functionprototypename
8.3.1.1.1.11 Indexname
8.3.1.1.1.12 Interfacename
8.3.1.1.1.13 Levelnumber
8.3.1.1.1.14 Locale-name
8.3.1.1.1.15 Methodname
8.3.1.1.1.16 Mnemonicname
8.3.1.1.1.17 Ordering-name
8.3.1.1.1.18 Paragraphname
8.3.1.1.1.19 Parametername
8.3.1.1.1.20 Programname
8.3.1.1.1.21 Programprototypename
8.3.1.1.1.22 Propertyname
8.3.1.1.1.23 Recordkeyname
8.3.1.1.1.24 Recordname
8.3.1.1.1.25 Reportname
8.3.1.1.1.26 Screenname
8.3.1.1.1.27 Sectionname
8.3.1.1.1.28 Symboliccharacter
8.3.1.1.1.29 Typename
8.3.1.1.1.30 Userfunctionname
8.3.1.1.2 Systemnames
8.3.1.1.2.1 Call-convention-name
8.3.1.1.2.2 Codename
8.3.1.1.2.3 Computername
8.3.1.1.2.4 Devicename
8.3.1.1.2.5 Entryconventionname
8.3.1.1.2.6 External-locale-name
8.3.1.1.2.7 Featurename
8.3.1.1.2.8 Libraryname
8.3.1.1.2.9 Switchname
8.3.1.1.2.10 Textname
8.3.1.1.3 Reserved words
8.3.1.1.3.1 Required words
8.3.1.1.3.2 Optional words
8.3.1.1.4 Contextsensitive words
8.3.1.1.5 Intrinsicfunctionnames
8.3.1.1.6 Exceptionnames
8.3.1.2 Literals
8.3.1.2.1 Alphanumeric literals
8.3.1.2.1.1 General format
8.3.1.2.1.2 Syntax rules
8.3.1.2.1.3 General rules
8.3.1.2.2 Numeric literals
8.3.1.2.2.1 Fixedpoint numeric literals
8.3.1.2.2.2 Floatingpoint numeric literals
8.3.1.2.3 Boolean literals
8.3.1.2.3.1 General format
8.3.1.2.3.2 Syntax rules
8.3.1.2.3.3 General rules
8.3.1.2.4 National literals
8.3.1.2.4.1 General format
8.3.1.2.4.2 Syntax rules
8.3.1.2.4.3 General rules
8.3.1.2.5 Figurative constant values
8.3.1.2.5.1 General format
8.3.1.2.5.2 Syntax rules
8.3.1.2.5.3 General rules
8.3.1.3 Picture characterstrings
8.3.2 Separators
8.4 References
8.4.1 Uniqueness of reference
8.4.1.1 Qualification
8.4.1.1.1 General format
8.4.1.1.2 Syntax rules
8.4.1.2 Subscripts
8.4.1.2.1 General format
8.4.1.2.2 Syntax rules
8.4.1.2.3 General rules
8.4.2 Identifiers
8.4.2.1 Identifier
8.4.2.1.1 General format
8.4.2.1.2 Syntax rules
8.4.2.1.3 General rules
8.4.2.2 Functionidentifier
8.4.2.2.1 General format
8.4.2.2.2 Syntax rules
8.4.2.2.3 General rules
8.4.2.3 Referencemodification
8.4.2.3.1 General format
8.4.2.3.2 Syntax rules
8.4.2.3.3 General rules
8.4.2.4 Inline method invocation
8.4.2.4.1 General format
8.4.2.4.2 Syntax rules
8.4.2.4.3 General rules
8.4.2.5 Objectview
8.4.2.5.1 General format
8.4.2.5.2 Syntax rules
8.4.2.5.3 General rules
8.4.2.6 EXCEPTIONOBJECT
8.4.2.6.1 General format
8.4.2.6.2 Syntax rules
8.4.2.6.3 General rules
8.4.2.7 NULL
8.4.2.7.1 General format
8.4.2.7.2 Syntax rules
8.4.2.7.3 General rules
8.4.2.8 SELF and SUPER
8.4.2.8.1 General format
8.4.2.8.2 Syntax rules
8.4.2.8.3 General rules
8.4.2.9 Object property
8.4.2.9.1 General format
8.4.2.9.2 Syntax rules
8.4.2.9.3 General rules
8.4.2.10 Predefinedaddress
8.4.2.10.1 General format
8.4.2.10.2 Syntax rules
8.4.2.10.3 General rules
8.4.2.11 Data-address-identifier
8.4.2.11.1 General Format
8.4.2.11.2 Syntax rules
8.4.2.11.3 General rules
8.4.2.12 Program-address-identifier
8.4.2.12.1 General Format
8.4.2.12.2 Syntax rules
8.4.2.12.3 General rules
8.4.2.13 LINAGE-COUNTER
8.4.2.13.1 General format
8.4.2.13.2 Syntax rules
8.4.2.13.3 General rules
8.4.2.14 Report counters
8.4.2.14.1 General format
8.4.2.14.2 Syntax rules
8.4.2.14.3 General rules
8.4.3 Conditionname
8.4.3.1 General format
8.4.3.2 Syntax rules
8.4.4 Explicit and implicit references
8.4.5 Scope of names
8.4.5.1 Local and global names
8.4.5.1.1 Scope of conditionnames, constant-names, datanames, filenames, recordnames, report...
8.4.5.1.2 Scope of indexnames
8.4.5.1.3 Scope of record-key-names
8.4.5.1.4 Scope of PAGE-COUNTER AND LINE-COUNTER
8.4.5.1.5 Scope of LINAGE-COUNTER
8.4.5.2 Scope of programnames
8.4.5.3 Scope of classnames and interfacenames
8.4.5.4 Scope of methodnames
8.4.5.5 Scope of function-prototype-names
8.4.5.6 Scope of user-function-names
8.4.5.7 Scope of program-prototype-names
8.4.5.8 Scope of compilation-variable-names
8.4.5.9 Scope of parameter-names
8.4.5.10 Scope of property-names
8.5 Data description and representation
8.5.1 Computer independent data description
8.5.1.1 Files and records
8.5.1.2 Levels
8.5.1.2.1 Levelnumbers
8.5.1.3 Limitations of character handling
8.5.1.4 Algebraic signs
8.5.1.5 Alignment of data items in storage
8.5.1.5.1 Alignment of alphanumeric groups and of data items of usage display
8.5.1.5.2 Alignment of data items of usage national
8.5.1.5.3 Alignment of data items of usage bit
8.5.1.5.4 Item alignment for increased object-code efficiency
8.5.1.5.5 Alignment of strongly-typed group items
8.5.2 Class and category of data items and literals
Table 3 — Class and category relationships for elementary data items
8.5.2.1 Alphabetic category
8.5.2.2 Alphanumeric category
8.5.2.3 Alphanumeric-edited category
8.5.2.4 Boolean category
8.5.2.5 Data-pointer category
8.5.2.6 Index category
8.5.2.7 National category
8.5.2.8 National-edited category
8.5.2.9 Numeric category
8.5.2.10 Numeric-edited category
8.5.2.11 Object-reference category
8.5.2.12 Program-pointer category
8.5.3 Types
8.5.3.1 Weakly-typed items
8.5.3.2 Strongly-typed group items
8.5.4 Zero-length items
8.6 Scope and life cycle of data
8.6.1 Global names and local names
8.6.2 External and internal items
8.6.3 Automatic, initial, and static internal items
8.6.4 Based entries and based data items
8.6.5 Common, initial, and recursive attributes
8.6.6 Sharing data items
8.7 Operators
8.7.1 Arithmetic operators
8.7.2 Boolean operators
8.7.3 Concatenation operator
8.7.4 Invocation operator
8.7.5 Relational operators
8.7.5.1 General format
8.7.5.2 Syntax rules
8.7.6 Logical operators
8.8 Expressions
8.8.1 Arithmetic expressions
8.8.1.1 Native and standard arithmetic
Table 4 — Combinations of symbols in arithmetic expressions
8.8.1.2 Native arithmetic
8.8.1.3 Standard arithmetic
8.8.1.3.1 Standard intermediate data item
8.8.1.3.1.1 Precision and allowable magnitude
8.8.1.3.1.2 Normalized values
8.8.1.3.1.3 Rounding rules
8.8.1.3.2 Addition
8.8.1.3.3 Subtraction
8.8.1.3.4 Multiplication
8.8.1.3.5 Division
8.8.1.3.6 Exponentiation
8.8.1.3.7 Unary plus
8.8.1.3.8 Unary minus
8.8.2 Boolean expressions
Table 5 — Combination of symbols in boolean expressions
8.8.3 Concatenation expressions
8.8.3.1 General format
8.8.3.2 Syntax rules
8.8.3.3 General rules
8.8.4 Conditional expressions
8.8.4.1 Simple conditions
8.8.4.1.1 Relation conditions
8.8.4.1.1.1 General format
8.8.4.1.1.2 Syntax rules
8.8.4.1.1.3 Comparison of numeric operands
8.8.4.1.1.4 Comparison of a numeric integer operand with an operand of class alphanumeric or nati...
8.8.4.1.1.5 Comparison of alphanumeric and national operands
8.8.4.1.1.6 Comparison of alphanumeric operands
8.8.4.1.1.6.1 Standard comparison
8.8.4.1.1.6.2 Locale-based comparison
8.8.4.1.1.7 Comparison of boolean operands
8.8.4.1.1.8 Comparison of national operands
8.8.4.1.1.8.1 Standard comparison
8.8.4.1.1.8.2 Locale-based comparison
8.8.4.1.1.9 Comparison of strongly-typed group items
8.8.4.1.1.10 Comparisons involving indexnames or index data items
8.8.4.1.1.11 Comparisons of operands of class object
8.8.4.1.1.12 Comparison of pointer operands
8.8.4.1.2 Boolean condition
8.8.4.1.2.1 General format
8.8.4.1.2.2 Syntax rules
8.8.4.1.2.3 General rules
8.8.4.1.3 Class condition
8.8.4.1.3.1 General format
8.8.4.1.3.2 Syntax rules
8.8.4.1.3.3 General rules
8.8.4.1.4 Conditionname condition (conditional variable)
8.8.4.1.4.1 General Format
8.8.4.1.4.2 Rules
8.8.4.1.5 Switchstatus condition
8.8.4.1.5.1 General format
8.8.4.1.5.2 Rules
8.8.4.1.6 Sign condition
8.8.4.1.6.1 General format
8.8.4.1.6.2 Rules
8.8.4.1.7 Omittedargument condition
8.8.4.1.7.1 General format
8.8.4.1.7.2 Syntax rules
8.8.4.1.7.3 General rules
8.8.4.2 Complex conditions
8.8.4.2.1 Negated conditions
8.8.4.2.1.1 General format
8.8.4.2.2 Combined conditions
8.8.4.2.2.1 General format
8.8.4.2.3 Precedence of logical operators and the use of parentheses
Table 6 — Combinations of conditions, logical operators, and parentheses
8.8.4.2.4 Abbreviated combined relation conditions
8.8.4.2.4.1 General format
8.8.4.2.4.2 Syntax Rules
8.8.4.2.4.3 General rules
8.8.4.3 Order of evaluation of conditions
8.9 Reserved words
8.10 Contextsensitive words
8.11 Intrinsic function names
8.12 Compiler-directive words
8.13 External repository
9 I-O, objects, and user-defined functions
9.1 Files
9.1.1 Physical and logical files
9.1.2 Record area
9.1.3 File connector
9.1.4 Open mode
9.1.5 Sharing file connectors
9.1.6 Fixed file attributes
9.1.7 Organization
9.1.7.1 Sequential
9.1.7.2 Relative
9.1.7.3 Indexed
9.1.8 Access modes
9.1.8.1 Sequential access mode
9.1.8.2 Random access mode
9.1.8.3 Dynamic access mode
9.1.9 Reel and unit
9.1.10 Current volume pointer
9.1.11 File position indicator
9.1.12 IO status
9.1.12.1 Successful completion
9.1.12.2 Implementordefined successful completion
9.1.12.3 At end condition with unsuccessful completion
9.1.12.4 Invalid key condition with unsuccessful completion
9.1.12.5 Permanent error condition with unsuccessful completion
9.1.12.6 Logic error condition with unsuccessful completion
9.1.12.7 Record operation conflict condition with unsuccessful completion
9.1.12.8 File sharing conflict condition with unsuccessful completion
9.1.12.9 Implementordefined condition with unsuccessful completion
9.1.13 Invalid key condition
9.1.14 Sharing mode
9.1.15 Record locking
9.1.16 Sort file
9.1.17 Merge file
9.1.18 Dynamic file assignment
9.1.19 Report file
9.2 Screens
9.2.1 Terminal screen
9.2.2 Function keys
9.2.3 CRT status
9.2.4 Cursor
9.2.5 Cursor locator
9.2.6 Current screen item
9.2.7 Color number
9.3 Objects
9.3.1 Objects and classes
9.3.2 Object references
9.3.3 Predefined object references
9.3.4 Methods
9.3.5 Method invocation
9.3.6 Method prototypes
9.3.7 Conformance and interfaces
9.3.7.1 Conformance for object orientation
9.3.7.1.1 Interfaces
9.3.7.1.2 Conformance between interfaces
9.3.7.1.3 Conformance for parameterized classes and parameterized interfaces
9.3.8 Polymorphism
9.3.9 Class inheritance
9.3.10 Interface inheritance
9.3.11 Interface implementation
9.3.12 Parameterized classes
9.3.13 Parameterized interfaces
9.3.14 Object life cycle
9.3.14.1 Life cycle for factory objects
9.3.14.2 Life cycle for instance objects
9.4 User-defined functions
10 Structured compilation group
10.1 Compilation units and runtime modules
10.2 Source units
10.3 Contained source units
10.4 Source elements and runtime elements
10.5 COBOL compilation group
10.5.1 General format
10.5.2 Syntax rules
10.5.3 General rules
10.6 End markers
10.6.1 General format
10.6.2 Syntax rules
10.6.3 General rules
11 Identification division
11.1 Identification division structure
11.1.1 General format
11.2 CLASSID paragraph
11.2.1 General format
11.2.2 Syntax rules
11.2.3 General rules
11.3 FACTORY paragraph
11.3.1 General format
11.3.2 Syntax rules
11.3.3 General rules
11.4 FUNCTIONID paragraph
11.4.1 General format
11.4.2 Syntax rules
11.4.3 General rules
11.5 INTERFACEID paragraph
11.5.1 General format
11.5.2 Syntax rules
11.5.3 General rules
11.6 METHODID paragraph
11.6.1 General format
11.6.2 Syntax rules
11.6.3 General rules
11.7 OBJECT paragraph
11.7.1 General format
11.7.2 Syntax rules
11.7.3 General rules
11.8 OPTIONS paragraph
11.8.1 General format
11.8.2 Syntax rules
11.8.3 General Rules
11.8.4 ARITHMETIC clause
11.8.4.1 General format
11.8.4.2 General rules
11.8.5 ENTRYCONVENTION clause
11.8.5.1 General format
11.8.5.2 Syntax rules
11.8.5.3 General rules
11.9 PROGRAMID paragraph
11.9.1 General format
11.9.2 Syntax rules
11.9.3 General rules
12 Environment division
12.1 Environment division structure
12.1.1 General format
12.2 Configuration section
12.2.1 General format
12.2.2 Syntax rules
12.2.3 General rules
12.2.4 SOURCECOMPUTER paragraph
12.2.4.1 General format
12.2.4.2 Syntax rules
12.2.4.3 General rules
12.2.5 OBJECTCOMPUTER paragraph
12.2.5.1 General format
12.2.5.2 Syntax rules
12.2.5.3 General rules
12.2.6 SPECIALNAMES paragraph
12.2.6.1 General format
12.2.6.2 Syntax rules
12.2.6.3 General rules
Table 7 — Relationship of alphabet-name to coded character set and collating sequence
12.2.7 REPOSITORY paragraph
12.2.7.1 General format
12.2.7.2 Syntax rules
12.2.7.3 General rules
12.3 Inputoutput section
12.3.1 General format
12.3.2 Syntax rules
12.3.3 FILECONTROL paragraph
12.3.3.1 General format
12.3.4 File control entry
12.3.4.1 General format
12.3.4.2 Syntax rules
12.3.4.3 General rules
12.3.4.4 ACCESS MODE clause
12.3.4.4.1 General format
12.3.4.4.2 Syntax rules
12.3.4.4.3 General rules
12.3.4.5 ALTERNATE RECORD KEY clause
12.3.4.5.1 General format
12.3.4.5.2 Syntax rules
12.3.4.5.3 General rules
12.3.4.6 COLLATING SEQUENCE clause
12.3.4.6.1 General format
12.3.4.6.2 Syntax rules
12.3.4.6.3 General rules
12.3.4.7 FILE STATUS clause
12.3.4.7.1 General format
12.3.4.7.2 Syntax rules
12.3.4.7.3 General rules
12.3.4.8 LOCK MODE clause
12.3.4.8.1 General format
12.3.4.8.2 Syntax rules
12.3.4.8.3 General rules
12.3.4.9 ORGANIZATION clause
12.3.4.9.1 General format
12.3.4.9.2 General rules
12.3.4.10 PADDING CHARACTER clause
12.3.4.10.1 General format
12.3.4.10.2 Syntax rules
12.3.4.10.3 General rules
12.3.4.11 RECORD DELIMITER clause
12.3.4.11.1 General format
12.3.4.11.2 Syntax rules
12.3.4.11.3 General rules
12.3.4.12 RECORD KEY clause
12.3.4.12.1 General format
12.3.4.12.2 Syntax rules
12.3.4.12.3 General rules
12.3.4.13 RELATIVE KEY clause
12.3.4.13.1 General format
12.3.4.13.2 Syntax rules
12.3.4.13.3 General rules
12.3.4.14 RESERVE clause
12.3.4.14.1 General format
12.3.4.14.2 General rules
12.3.4.15 SHARING clause
12.3.4.15.1 General format
12.3.4.15.2 General rules
12.3.5 IOCONTROL paragraph
12.3.5.1 General format
12.3.6 SAME clause
12.3.6.1 General format
12.3.6.2 Syntax rules
12.3.6.3 General rules
13 Data division
13.1 Data division structure
13.1.1 General format
13.2 Explicit and implicit attributes
13.3 File section
13.3.1 General format
13.3.2 Syntax rules
13.3.3 General Rules
13.3.4 File description entry
13.3.4.1 General format
13.3.4.2 Syntax rules
13.3.4.3 General rules
13.3.5 Sortmerge file description entry
13.3.5.1 General format
13.3.5.2 Syntax rules
13.3.5.3 General rules
13.4 Workingstorage section
13.4.1 General format
13.4.2 Syntax rules
13.4.3 General rules
13.5 Local-storage section
13.5.1 General format
13.5.2 Syntax rules
13.5.3 General rules
13.6 Linkage section
13.6.1 General format
13.6.2 Syntax rules
13.6.3 General rules
13.7 Report section
13.7.1 General format
13.7.2 Syntax rules
13.7.3 Report description entry
13.7.4 Report group description entry
13.7.5 Report subdivisions
13.7.5.1 Physical subdivisions of a report
13.7.5.1.1 Pages
13.7.5.1.2 Lines
13.7.5.1.3 Report Items
13.7.5.2 Logical Subdivisions of a Report
13.8 Screen section
13.8.1 General format
13.8.2 Syntax rules
13.9 Constant entry
13.9.1 General format
13.9.2 Syntax rules
13.9.3 General rules
1) If literal-1 or compilation-variable-name-1 is specified, the effect of specifying constant-na...
2) If literal-1 or compilation-variable-name1 is specified, the class and category of constant-n...
3) If arithmetic-expression-1, data-name-1, or data-name-2 is specified, the effect of writing co...
4) If arithmetic-expression-1 is specified, it is evaluated in accordance with 7.2.5, Compile-tim...
5) If the BYTE-LENGTH phrase is specified, the class and category of constant-name-1 is numeric. ...
6) If the LENGTH phrase is specified, the class and category of constant-name-1 is numeric. Const...
13.10 Record description entry
13.11 77-level data description entry
13.12 Report description entry
13.12.1 General format
13.12.2 Syntax rules
13.12.3 General rules
13.13 Report group description entry
13.13.1 General format
13.13.2 Syntax rules
13.13.3 General rules
13.14 Data description entry
13.14.1 General format
13.14.2 Syntax rules
13.14.3 General rules
13.15 Screen description entry
13.15.1 General format
13.15.2 Syntax rules
13.15.3 General rules
13.16 Data division clauses
13.16.1 ALIGNED clause
13.16.1.1 General format
13.16.1.2 Syntax rules
13.16.1.3 General rules
13.16.2 ANY LENGTH clause
13.16.2.1 General format
13.16.2.2 Syntax rules
13.16.2.3 General rules
13.16.3 AUTO clause
13.16.3.1 General format
13.16.3.2 General rules
13.16.4 BACKGROUNDCOLOR clause
13.16.4.1 General format
13.16.4.2 Syntax rules
13.16.4.3 General rules
13.16.5 BASED clause
13.16.5.1 General format
13.16.5.2 Syntax rules
13.16.5.3 General rules
13.16.6 BELL clause
13.16.6.1 General format
13.16.6.2 General rules
13.16.7 BLANK clause
13.16.7.1 General format
13.16.7.2 General rules
13.16.8 BLANK WHEN ZERO clause
13.16.8.1 General format
13.16.8.2 Syntax rules
13.16.8.3 General rules
13.16.9 BLINK clause
13.16.9.1 General Format
13.16.9.2 General Rules
13.16.10 BLOCK CONTAINS clause
13.16.10.1 General format
13.16.10.2 Syntax rules
13.16.10.3 General rules
13.16.11 CLASS clause
13.16.11.1 General format
13.16.11.2 Syntax rules
13.16.11.3 General rules
13.16.12 CODE clause
13.16.12.1 General format
13.16.12.2 Syntax rules
13.16.12.3 General rules
13.16.13 CODESET clause
13.16.13.1 General format
13.16.13.2 Syntax rules
13.16.13.3 General rules
13.16.14 COLUMN clause
13.16.14.1 General format
13.16.14.2 Syntax rules
13.16.14.3 General rules
13.16.15 CONTROL clause
13.16.15.1 General format
13.16.15.2 Syntax rules
13.16.15.3 General rules
13.16.16 DEFAULT clause
13.16.16.1 General format
13.16.16.2 Syntax rules
13.16.16.3 General rules
13.16.17 DESTINATION clause
13.16.17.1 General format
13.16.17.2 Syntax rules
13.16.17.3 General rules
13.16.18 Entry-name clause
13.16.18.1 General format
13.16.18.2 Syntax rules
13.16.18.3 General rules
13.16.19 ERASE clause
13.16.19.1 General format
13.16.19.2 Syntax rules
13.16.19.3 General rules
13.16.20 EXTERNAL clause
13.16.20.1 General format
13.16.20.2 Syntax rules
13.16.20.3 General rules
13.16.21 FOREGROUNDCOLOR clause
13.16.21.1 General format
13.16.21.2 Syntax rules
13.16.21.3 General rules
13.16.22 FORMAT clause
13.16.22.1 General format
13.16.22.2 Syntax rules
13.16.22.3 General rules
13.16.23 FROM clause
13.16.23.1 General format
13.16.23.2 Syntax rules
13.16.23.3 General rules
13.16.24 FULL clause
13.16.24.1 General format
13.16.24.2 General rules
13.16.25 GLOBAL clause
13.16.25.1 General format
13.16.25.2 Syntax rules
13.16.25.3 General rules
13.16.26 GROUP INDICATE clause
13.16.26.1 General format
13.16.26.2 Syntax rules
13.16.26.3 General rules
13.16.27 GROUP-USAGE clause
13.16.27.1 General format
13.16.27.2 Syntax rules
13.16.27.3 General rules
13.16.28 HIGHLIGHT clause
13.16.28.1 General format
13.16.28.2 General rules
13.16.29 INVALID clause
13.16.29.1 General format
13.16.29.2 Syntax rules
13.16.29.3 General rules
13.16.30 JUSTIFIED clause
13.16.30.1 General format
13.16.30.2 Syntax rules
13.16.30.3 General rules
13.16.31 Levelnumber
13.16.31.1 General format
13.16.31.2 Syntax rules
13.16.31.3 General rules
13.16.32 LINAGE clause
13.16.32.1 General format
13.16.32.2 Syntax rules
13.16.32.3 General rules
13.16.33 LINE clause
13.16.33.1 General format
13.16.33.2 Syntax rules
13.16.33.3 General rules
13.16.34 LOWLIGHT clause
13.16.34.1 General format
13.16.34.2 General rules
13.16.35 NEXT GROUP clause
13.16.35.1 General format
13.16.35.2 Syntax rules
13.16.35.3 General rules
13.16.36 OCCURS clause
13.16.36.1 General format
13.16.36.2 Syntax rules
13.16.36.3 General rules
13.16.37 PAGE clause
13.16.37.1 General format
13.16.37.2 Syntax rules
13.16.37.3 General rules
13.16.38 PICTURE clause
13.16.38.1 General format
13.16.38.2 Syntax rules
13.16.38.3 General rules
13.16.38.4 Editing rules
Table 8 — Category and type of editing
Table 9 — Results of fixed insertion editing
Table 10 — Results of floating insertion editing
13.16.38.5 Precedence rules
Table 11 — Format 1 picture symbol order of precedence
Table 12 — Format 2 picture symbol order of precedence
13.16.39 PRESENT WHEN clause
13.16.39.1 General format
13.16.39.2 Syntax rules
13.16.39.3 General rules
13.16.40 PROPERTY clause
13.16.40.1 General format
13.16.40.2 Syntax rules
13.16.40.3 General rules
13.16.41 RECORD clause
13.16.41.1 General format
13.16.41.2 Syntax rules
13.16.41.3 General rules
13.16.42 REDEFINES clause
13.16.42.1 General format
13.16.42.2 Syntax rules
13.16.42.3 General rules
13.16.43 RENAMES clause
13.16.43.1 General format
13.16.43.2 Syntax rules
13.16.43.3 General rules
13.16.44 REPORT clause
13.16.44.1 General format
13.16.44.2 Syntax rules
13.16.44.3 General rules
13.16.45 REQUIRED clause
13.16.45.1 General format
13.16.45.2 General rules
13.16.46 REVERSEVIDEO clause
13.16.46.1 General format
13.16.46.2 General rules
13.16.47 SAME AS clause
13.16.47.1 General format
13.16.47.2 Syntax rules
13.16.47.3 General rules
13.16.48 SECURE clause
13.16.48.1 General format
13.16.48.2 General rules
13.16.49 SELECT WHEN clause
13.16.49.1 General format
13.16.49.2 Syntax rules
13.16.49.3 General rules
13.16.50 SIGN clause
13.16.50.1 General format
13.16.50.2 Syntax rules
13.16.50.3 General rules
13.16.51 SOURCE clause
13.16.51.1 General format
13.16.51.2 Syntax rules
13.16.51.3 General rules
13.16.52 SUM clause
13.16.52.1 General format
13.16.52.2 Syntax rules
13.16.52.3 General rules
13.16.53 SYNCHRONIZED clause
13.16.53.1 General format
13.16.53.2 Syntax rules
13.16.53.3 General rules
13.16.54 TO clause
13.16.54.1 General format
13.16.54.2 Syntax rules
13.16.54.3 General rules
13.16.55 TYPE clause
13.16.55.1 General format
13.16.55.2 Syntax rules
13.16.55.3 General rules
13.16.56 TYPEDEF clause
13.16.56.1 General format
13.16.56.2 Syntax rules
13.16.56.3 General rules
13.16.57 UNDERLINE clause
13.16.57.1 General format
13.16.57.2 General rules
13.16.58 USAGE clause
13.16.58.1 General format
13.16.58.2 Syntax rules
13.16.58.3 General rules
13.16.59 USING clause
13.16.59.1 General format
13.16.59.2 Syntax rules
13.16.59.3 General rules
13.16.60 VALIDATE-STATUS clause
13.16.60.1 General format
13.16.60.2 Syntax rules
13.16.60.3 General rules
13.16.61 VALUE clause
13.16.61.1 General format
13.16.61.2 Syntax rules
13.16.61.3 General rules
13.16.62 VARYING clause
13.16.62.1 General format
13.16.62.2 Syntax rules
13.16.62.3 General rules
14 Procedure division
14.1 Procedure division structure
14.1.1 General format
14.1.2 Syntax rules
14.1.3 General rules
14.2 Declaratives
14.3 Procedures
14.3.1 Sections
14.3.2 Paragraphs
14.4 Procedural statements and sentences
Table 13 — Procedural statements
14.4.1 Conditional phrase
14.4.2 Scope of statements
14.4.2.1 Explicit scope termination
14.4.2.2 Implicit scope termination
14.5 Execution
14.5.1 Run unit organization
14.5.2 State of a function, method, object, or program
14.5.2.1 State of a function, method, or program
14.5.2.1.1 Active state
14.5.2.1.2 Initial and lastused states of data
14.5.2.1.2.1 Initial state
14.5.2.1.2.2 Lastused state
14.5.2.2 Initial state of object data
14.5.3 Explicit and implicit transfers of control
14.5.4 Item identification
14.5.5 Results of runtime element execution
14.5.6 Locale identification
14.5.7 Sending and receiving operands
14.5.8 Alignment of data within data items
14.5.9 Overlapping operands
14.5.10 Normal run unit termination
14.5.11 Abnormal run unit termination
14.5.12 Condition handling
14.5.12.1 Exception conditions
14.5.12.1.1 Normal completion of a declarative procedure
14.5.12.1.2 Fatal exception conditions
14.5.12.1.3 Nonfatal exception conditions
14.5.12.1.4 Exception objects
14.5.12.1.5 Exceptionnames and exception conditions
Table 14 — Exception-names and exception conditions
14.5.12.2 Incompatible data
14.6 Common phrases and features for statements
14.6.1 At end condition
14.6.2 Invalid key condition
14.6.3 ROUNDED phrase
14.6.4 SIZE ERROR phrase and size error condition
14.6.5 CORRESPONDING phrase
14.6.6 Arithmetic statements
14.6.7 THROUGH phrase
14.6.8 RETRY phrase
14.6.8.1 General format
14.6.8.2 General rules
14.7 Conformance for parameters and returning items
14.7.1 Parameters
14.7.1.1 Group items
14.7.1.2 Elementary items
14.7.1.2.1 Elementary items passed by reference
14.7.1.2.2 Elementary items passed by content or by value
14.7.2 Returning items
14.7.2.1 Group items
14.7.2.2 Elementary items
14.8 Statements
14.8.1 ACCEPT statement
14.8.1.1 General format
14.8.1.2 Syntax rules
14.8.1.3 General rules
14.8.2 ADD statement
14.8.2.1 General format
14.8.2.2 Syntax rules
14.8.2.3 General rules
14.8.3 ALLOCATE statement
14.8.3.1 General format
14.8.3.2 Syntax rules
14.8.3.3 General rules
14.8.4 CALL statement
14.8.4.1 General format
14.8.4.2 Syntax rules
14.8.4.3 General rules
14.8.5 CANCEL statement
14.8.5.1 General format
14.8.5.2 Syntax rules
14.8.5.3 General rules
14.8.6 CLOSE statement
14.8.6.1 General format
14.8.6.2 Syntax rules
14.8.6.3 General rules
Table 15 — Relationship of categories of physical files and the format of the CLOSE statement
14.8.7 COMPUTE statement
14.8.7.1 General format
14.8.7.2 Syntax rules
14.8.7.3 General rules
14.8.8 CONTINUE statement
14.8.8.1 General format
14.8.8.2 Syntax rules
14.8.8.3 General rules
14.8.9 DELETE statement
14.8.9.1 General format
14.8.9.2 Syntax rules
14.8.9.3 General rules
14.8.10 DISPLAY statement
14.8.10.1 General format
14.8.10.2 Syntax rules
14.8.10.3 General rules
14.8.11 DIVIDE statement
14.8.11.1 General format
14.8.11.2 Syntax rules
14.8.11.3 General rules
14.8.12 EVALUATE statement
14.8.12.1 General format
14.8.12.2 Syntax rules
Table 16 — Combination of operands in the EVALUATE statement
14.8.12.3 General rules
14.8.13 EXIT statement
14.8.13.1 General format
14.8.13.2 Syntax rules
14.8.13.3 General rules
14.8.14 FREE statement
14.8.14.1 General format
14.8.14.2 Syntax rules
14.8.14.3 General rules
14.8.15 GENERATE statement
14.8.15.1 General format
14.8.15.2 Syntax rules
14.8.15.3 General rules
14.8.16 GO TO statement
14.8.16.1 General format
14.8.16.2 Syntax rules
14.8.16.3 General rules
14.8.17 GOBACK statement
14.8.17.1 General format
14.8.17.2 Syntax rules
14.8.17.3 General rules
14.8.18 IF statement
14.8.18.1 General format
14.8.18.2 Syntax rules
14.8.18.3 General rules
14.8.19 INITIALIZE statement
14.8.19.1 General format
14.8.19.2 Syntax rules
14.8.19.3 General rules
14.8.20 INITIATE statement
14.8.20.1 General format
14.8.20.2 Syntax rules
14.8.20.3 General rules
14.8.21 INSPECT statement
14.8.21.1 General format
14.8.21.2 Syntax rules
14.8.21.3 General rules
14.8.22 INVOKE statement
14.8.22.1 General format
14.8.22.2 Syntax Rules
14.8.22.3 General Rules
14.8.23 MERGE statement
14.8.23.1 General format
14.8.23.2 Syntax rules
14.8.23.3 General rules
14.8.24 MOVE statement
14.8.24.1 General format
14.8.24.2 Syntax rules
Table 17 — Validity of types of MOVE statements
14.8.24.3 General rules
Table 18 — Category of figurative constants used in the MOVE statement
14.8.25 MULTIPLY statement
14.8.25.1 General format
14.8.25.2 Syntax rules
14.8.25.3 General rules
14.8.26 OPEN statement
14.8.26.1 General format
14.8.26.2 Syntax rules
14.8.26.3 General rules
Table 19 — Opening available and unavailable files (file not currently open)
Table 20 — Opening available shared files that are currently open by another file connector
Table 21 — Permissible I-O statements by access mode and open mode
14.8.27 PERFORM statement
14.8.27.1 General format
14.8.27.2 Syntax rules
14.8.27.3 General rules
14.8.28 RAISE statement
14.8.28.1 General Format
14.8.28.2 Syntax Rules
14.8.28.3 General Rules
14.8.29 READ statement
14.8.29.1 General format
14.8.29.2 Syntax rules
14.8.29.3 General rules
14.8.30 RELEASE statement
14.8.30.1 General format
14.8.30.2 Syntax rules
14.8.30.3 General rules
14.8.31 RESUME statement
14.8.31.1 General format
14.8.31.2 Syntax rules
14.8.31.3 General rules
14.8.32 RETURN statement
14.8.32.1 General format
14.8.32.2 Syntax rules
14.8.32.3 General rules
14.8.33 REWRITE statement
14.8.33.1 General format
14.8.33.2 Syntax rules
14.8.33.3 General rules
14.8.34 SEARCH statement
14.8.34.1 General format
14.8.34.2 Syntax rules
14.8.34.3 General rules
14.8.35 SET statement
14.8.35.1 General format
14.8.35.2 Syntax rules
14.8.35.3 General rules
14.8.36 SORT statement
14.8.36.1 General format
14.8.36.2 Syntax rules
14.8.36.3 General rules
14.8.37 START statement
14.8.37.1 General format
14.8.37.2 Syntax rules
14.8.37.3 General rules
14.8.38 STOP statement
14.8.38.1 General format
14.8.38.2 Syntax rules
14.8.38.3 General rules
14.8.39 STRING statement
14.8.39.1 General format
14.8.39.2 Syntax rules
14.8.39.3 General rules
14.8.40 SUBTRACT statement
14.8.40.1 General format
14.8.40.2 Syntax rules
14.8.40.3 General rules
14.8.41 SUPPRESS statement
14.8.41.1 General format
14.8.41.2 Syntax rules
14.8.41.3 General rules
14.8.42 TERMINATE statement
14.8.42.1 General format
14.8.42.2 Syntax rules
14.8.42.3 General rules
14.8.43 UNLOCK statement
14.8.43.1 General format
14.8.43.2 Syntax rules
14.8.43.3 General rules
14.8.44 UNSTRING statement
14.8.44.1 General format
14.8.44.2 Syntax rules
14.8.44.3 General rules
14.8.45 USE statement
14.8.45.1 General format
14.8.45.2 Syntax rules
14.8.45.3 General rules
14.8.46 VALIDATE statement
14.8.46.1 General format
14.8.46.2 Syntax rules
14.8.46.3 General rules
14.8.47 WRITE statement
14.8.47.1 General format
14.8.47.2 Syntax rules
14.8.47.3 General rules
15 Intrinsic functions
15.1 Types of functions
15.2 Arguments
15.3 Returned values
15.3.1 Numeric and integer functions
1) the returned value shall equal the value of the equivalent arithmetic expression.
2) the result of an equivalent arithmetic expression is implementordefined if one or more of the...
a) One or more of the arguments are implementordefined.
b) One or more of the arithmetic expressions that compose the equivalent arithmetic expression pr...
c) The returned value is explicitly implementordefined.
15.4 Date conversion functions
15.5 Summary of functions
Table 22 — Table of functions
15.6 ABS function
15.6.1 General format
15.6.2 Arguments
15.6.3 Returned values
15.7 ACOS function
15.7.1 General format
15.7.2 Arguments
15.7.3 Returned values
15.8 ANNUITY function
15.8.1 General format
15.8.2 Arguments
15.8.3 Returned values
15.9 ASIN function
15.9.1 General format
15.9.2 Arguments
15.9.3 Returned values
15.10 ATAN function
15.10.1 General format
15.10.2 Arguments
15.10.3 Returned values
15.11 BOOLEANOF-INTEGER function
15.11.1 General format
15.11.2 Arguments
15.11.3 Returned values
15.12 BYTE-LENGTH function
15.12.1 General format
15.12.2 Arguments
15.12.3 Returned values
15.13 CHAR function
15.13.1 General format
15.13.2 Arguments
15.13.3 Returned values
15.14 CHARNATIONAL function
15.14.1 General format
15.14.2 Arguments
15.14.3 Returned values
15.15 COS function
15.15.1 General format
15.15.2 Arguments
15.15.3 Returned values
15.16 CURRENTDATE function
15.16.1 General format
15.16.2 Returned values
15.17 DATEOFINTEGER function
15.17.1 General format
15.17.2 Arguments
15.17.3 Returned values
15.18 DATETOYYYYMMDD function
15.18.1 General format
15.18.2 Arguments
15.18.3 Returned values
15.19 DAYOFINTEGER function
15.19.1 General format
15.19.2 Arguments
15.19.3 Returned values
15.20 DAYTOYYYYDDD function
15.20.1 General format
15.20.2 Arguments
15.20.3 Returned values
15.21 DISPLAYOF function
15.21.1 General format
15.21.2 Arguments
15.21.3 Returned values
15.22 E function
15.22.1 General format
15.22.2 Returned values
15.23 EXCEPTIONFILE function
15.23.1 General Format
15.23.2 Returned values
15.24 EXCEPTIONFILE-N function
15.24.1 General Format
15.24.2 Returned values
15.25 EXCEPTIONLOCATION function
15.25.1 General format
15.25.2 Returned values
15.26 EXCEPTIONLOCATION-N function
15.26.1 General format
15.26.2 Returned values
15.27 EXCEPTIONSTATEMENT function
15.27.1 General format
15.27.2 Returned values
15.28 EXCEPTIONSTATUS function
15.28.1 General format
15.28.2 Returned values
15.29 EXP function
15.29.1 General format
15.29.2 Arguments
15.29.3 Returned values
15.30 EXP10 function
15.30.1 General format
15.30.2 Arguments
15.30.3 Returned values
15.31 FACTORIAL function
15.31.1 General format
15.31.2 Arguments
15.31.3 Returned values
15.32 FRACTIONPART function
15.32.1 General format
15.32.2 Arguments
15.32.3 Returned values
15.33 HIGHESTALGEBRAIC function
15.33.1 General format
15.33.2 Arguments
15.33.3 Returned values
15.34 INTEGER function
15.34.1 General format
15.34.2 Arguments
15.34.3 Returned values
15.35 INTEGER-OF-BOOLEAN function
15.35.1 General format
15.35.2 Arguments
15.35.3 Returned values
15.36 INTEGEROFDATE function
15.36.1 General format
15.36.2 Arguments
15.36.3 Returned values
15.37 INTEGEROFDAY function
15.37.1 General format
15.37.2 Arguments
15.37.3 Returned values
15.38 INTEGERPART function
15.38.1 General format
15.38.2 Arguments
15.38.3 Returned values
15.39 LENGTH function
15.39.1 General format
15.39.2 Arguments
15.39.3 Returned values
15.40 LOCALECOMPARE function
15.40.1 General format
15.40.2 Arguments
15.40.3 Returned values
15.41 LOCALE-DATE function
15.41.1 General format
15.41.2 Arguments
15.41.3 Returned values
15.42 LOCALE-TIME function
15.42.1 General format
15.42.2 Arguments
15.42.3 Returned values
15.43 LOG function
15.43.1 General format
15.43.2 Arguments
15.43.3 Returned values
15.44 LOG10 function
15.44.1 General format
15.44.2 Arguments
15.44.3 Returned values
15.45 LOWER-CASE function
15.45.1 General format
15.45.2 Arguments
15.45.3 Returned values
15.46 LOWEST-ALGEBRAIC function
15.46.1 General format
15.46.2 Arguments
15.46.3 Returned values
15.47 MAX function
15.47.1 General format
15.47.2 Arguments
15.47.3 Returned values
15.48 MEAN function
15.48.1 General format
15.48.2 Arguments
15.48.3 Returned values
15.49 MEDIAN function
15.49.1 General format
15.49.2 Arguments
15.49.3 Returned values
15.50 MIDRANGE function
15.50.1 General format
15.50.2 Arguments
15.50.3 Returned values
15.51 MIN function
15.51.1 General format
15.51.2 Arguments
15.51.3 Returned values
15.52 MOD function
15.52.1 General format
15.52.2 Arguments
15.52.3 Returned values
15.53 NATIONALOF function
15.53.1 General format
15.53.2 Arguments
15.53.3 Returned values
15.54 NUMVAL function
15.54.1 General format
15.54.2 Arguments
15.54.3 Returned values
15.55 NUMVALC function
15.55.1 General format
15.55.2 Arguments
15.55.3 Returned values
15.56 NUMVAL-F function
15.56.1 General format
15.56.2 Arguments
15.56.3 Returned values
15.57 ORD function
15.57.1 General format
15.57.2 Arguments
15.57.3 Returned values
15.58 ORDMAX function
15.58.1 General format
15.58.2 Arguments
15.58.3 Returned values
15.59 ORDMIN function
15.59.1 General format
15.59.2 Arguments
15.59.3 Returned values
15.60 PI function
15.60.1 General format
15.60.2 Returned values
15.61 PRESENTVALUE function
15.61.1 General format
15.61.2 Arguments
15.61.3 Returned values
15.62 RANDOM function
15.62.1 General format
15.62.2 Arguments
15.62.3 Returned values
15.63 RANGE function
15.63.1 General format
15.63.2 Arguments
15.63.3 Returned values
15.64 REM function
15.64.1 General format
15.64.2 Arguments
15.64.3 Returned values
15.65 REVERSE function
15.65.1 General format
15.65.2 Arguments
15.65.3 Returned values
15.66 SIGN function
15.66.1 General Format
15.66.2 Arguments
15.66.3 Returned Values
15.67 SIN function
15.67.1 General format
15.67.2 Arguments
15.67.3 Returned values
15.68 SQRT function
15.68.1 General format
15.68.2 Arguments
15.68.3 Returned values
15.69 STANDARDCOMPARE function
15.69.1 General format
15.69.2 Arguments
15.69.3 Returned values
15.70 STANDARDDEVIATION function
15.70.1 General format
15.70.2 Arguments
15.70.3 Returned values
15.71 SUM function
15.71.1 General format
15.71.2 Arguments
15.71.3 Returned values
15.72 TAN function
15.72.1 General format
15.72.2 Arguments
15.72.3 Returned values
15.73 TEST-DATE-YYYYMMDD function
15.73.1 General Format
15.73.2 Arguments
15.73.3 Returned values
15.74 TEST-DAY-YYYYDDD function
15.74.1 General Format
15.74.2 Arguments
15.74.3 Returned values
15.75 TEST-NUMVAL function
15.75.1 General Format
15.75.2 Arguments
15.75.3 Returned values
15.76 TEST-NUMVAL-C function
15.76.1 General Format
15.76.2 Arguments
15.76.3 Returned values
15.77 TEST-NUMVAL-F function
15.77.1 General Format
15.77.2 Arguments
15.77.3 Returned values
15.78 UPPERCASE function
15.78.1 General format
15.78.2 Arguments
15.78.3 Returned values
15.79 VARIANCE function
15.79.1 General format
15.79.2 Arguments
15.79.3 Returned values
15.80 WHENCOMPILED function
15.80.1 General format
15.80.2 Returned values
15.81 YEARTOYYYY function
15.81.1 General format
15.81.2 Arguments
15.81.3 Returned values
16 Standard classes
16.1 BASE class
16.1.1 New method
16.1.1.1 General rules
16.1.2 FactoryObject method
16.1.2.1 General rules
Annex A (normative) Communications facility
A.1 Data division
A.1.1 Communication section
A.1.1.1 Communication description entry
A.1.1.2 Record description structure
A.1.2 Communication description entry
A.1.2.1 General format
A.1.2.2 Syntax rules
A.1.2.3 General rules
A.1.2.4 Communication status key conditions
Table A.1 — Communication status key conditions
A.1.2.5 Error key values
Table A.2 — Error key values
A.2 Procedure division
A.2.1 ACCEPT MESSAGE COUNT statement
A.2.1.1 General format
A.2.1.2 Syntax rules
A.2.1.3 General rules
A.2.2 DISABLE statement
A.2.2.1 General format
A.2.2.2 Syntax rules
A.2.2.3 General rules
A.2.3 ENABLE statement
A.2.3.1 General format
A.2.3.2 Syntax rules
A.2.3.3 General rules
A.2.4 PURGE statement
A.2.4.1 General format
A.2.4.2 Syntax rules
A.2.4.3 General rules
A.2.5 RECEIVE statement
A.2.5.1 General format
A.2.5.2 Syntax rules
A.2.5.3 General rules
A.2.6 SEND statement
A.2.6.1 General format
A.2.6.2 Syntax rules
A.2.6.3 General rules
Table A.3 — SEND statement indicators
Annex B (normative) Language element lists
B.1 Implementordefined language element list
B.2 Undefined language element list
B.3 Processordependent language element list
Annex C (normative) Characters permitted in user-defined words
C.1 Notation
C.2 Repertoire of characters permitted in user-defined words
C.2.1 Characters from TR 10176:2001, Annex A
C.2.2 Additional characters
Annex D (normative) Mapping of uppercase letters to lowercase letters
D.1 Notations
D.2 Case mapping list
D.2.1 General case mappings
D.2.2 Additional case mappings
Annex E (informative) Concepts
E.1 Files
E.1.1 File organization
E.1.1.1 Sequential organization
E.1.1.2 Relative organization
E.1.1.3 Indexed organization
E.1.1.4 Logical records
E.1.1.4.1 Fixedlength records
E.1.1.4.2 Variablelength records
E.1.1.4.3 Implementordefined record types
E.1.2 File processing
E.1.2.1 Record operations
E.1.2.1.1 Sequential access mode
E.1.2.1.2 Random access mode
E.1.2.1.3 Dynamic access mode
E.1.2.1.4 Open mode
E.1.2.1.5 Current volume pointer
E.1.2.1.6 File position indicator
E.1.2.1.7 Linage concepts
E.1.2.2 File operations
E.1.2.2.1 Sorting and merging
E.1.2.2.1.1 Sorting
E.1.2.2.1.2 Merging
E.1.2.3 Exception handling
E.1.2.3.1 IO status
E.1.2.3.2 Exception declaratives
E.1.2.3.3 Exception functions
E.1.2.3.4 Optional phrases
E.1.3 File sharing and record locking
E.1.3.1 File sharing
E.1.3.2 Record locking
E.1.3.2.1 Automatic locking
E.1.3.2.2 Manual locking
Table E.1 — Summary of record lock acquisition and release
E.1.3.3 Retry
E.2 Table handling
E.2.1 Table definition
E.2.2 Values of tables
E.2.3 References to table items
E.2.4 Subscripting
E.2.4.1 Subscripting using indexnames
E.2.4.2 Subscripting example
E.2.4.3 SEARCH example
Figure E.1 — Format 1 SEARCH statement having two WHEN phrases
E.2.5 Sorting tables
E.2.5.1 Example 1
E.2.5.2 Example 2
E.2.5.3 Example 3
E.2.5.4 Example 4
E.3 Shared memory area
E.4 Compilation group and run unit organization and communication
E.4.1 Compilation group and run unit organization
E.4.1.1 Source level organization
Figure E.2 — Compilation group sample structure example
Figure E.3 — Compilation group and run unit structures
E.4.1.2 Runtime level organization
E.4.1.3 Example
E.4.2 Recursive and initial programs
E.4.3 Accessing data and files
E.4.3.1 Names
E.4.3.2 Items
E.4.3.2.1 Item types
E.4.3.2.1.1 Workingstorage records
E.4.3.2.1.2 File connectors
E.4.3.2.1.3 Record areas for files
E.4.3.2.1.4 Screen records
E.4.3.2.1.5 Other items
E.4.3.2.2 Item attributes
E.4.3.2.2.1 Workingstorage records
E.4.3.2.2.2 File connectors
E.4.3.2.2.3 Other items
E.4.3.3 Name resolution
E.4.4 Program attributes
E.4.4.1 Common programs
E.4.4.2 Initial programs
E.4.4.3 Recursive programs
E.4.5 Interprogram communication
E.4.5.1 Transfer of control
E.4.5.1.1 Transfer of control to a program
E.4.5.1.1.1 Names of programs
E.4.5.1.1.2 Scope of the CALL statement
E.4.5.1.1.3 Scope of names of programs
E.4.5.1.2 Transfer of control to a function
E.4.5.1.2.1 Names of functions
E.4.5.1.2.2 Scope of a function-identifier
E.4.5.1.3 Transfer of control to a method
E.4.5.2 Passing arguments
E.4.5.2.1 Identifying arguments
E.4.5.2.2 Argument passing mechanisms
E.4.5.2.3 Passing addresses
E.4.5.2.4 Returning items
E.4.5.2.5 Prototypes
E.4.5.2.6 Defaults when no prototype is used
E.4.5.2.7 Defaults when a prototype is used
E.4.5.3 Sharing data
E.4.5.4 Sharing files
E.5 Communications facility
E.5.1 Message control system
E.5.2 Run unit
E.5.3 Relationship of a runtime element to the MCS and communication devices
Figure E.4 — COBOL communication environment
E.5.3.1 Invoking the run unit
E.5.3.1.1 Scheduled initiation of the run unit
E.5.3.1.2 Invocation of the run unit by the MCS
E.5.3.1.3 Determining the method of scheduling
E.5.4 Concept of messages and message segments
E.5.5 Concept of queues
E.5.5.1 Independent enqueueing and dequeueing
E.5.5.2 Enabling and disabling queues
E.5.5.3 Enqueueing and dequeueing methods
E.5.5.4 Queue hierarchy
Figure E.5 — Hierarchy of queues
E.5.6 Concept of transaction communication
E.6 Intrinsic function facility
E.7 Debugging
E.8 Types
E.8.1 Weakly-typed items
E.8.2 Strongly-typed group items
E.9 Addresses and pointers
E.9.1 Data-addresses and data-pointers
E.9.1.1 Restricted data-pointers
E.9.1.2 Examples
E.9.2 Program-addresses and program-pointers
E.9.2.1 Restricted program-pointers
E.10 Boolean support and bit manipulation
Table E.2 — Examples of boolean operations
E.11 Character sets
E.11.1 Character set representations
E.11.2 Programming to use alphanumeric and national character data
E.11.3 Source code portability
E.12 Collating sequences
E.12.1 Methods of defining collating sequences
E.12.2 Methods of selecting a collating sequence
E.12.2.1 Using the defaults
E.12.2.2 Using a specific collating sequence
E.12.2.3 Using a locale
E.12.2.4 Selecting a collating sequence for indexed files
E.12.3 Compile-time collating sequences
E.12.4 Intrinsic functions for comparisons
E.13 Culturally-specific, culturally-adaptable, and multilingual applications
E.13.1 Culturally-specific applications
E.13.2 Culturally-adaptable applications
E.13.2.1 Locale selection
E.13.2.1.1 Switching locales in a COBOL runtime module
E.13.2.1.2 Switching locales outside of COBOL
E.13.2.2 Locale-based monetary and numeric formatting
E.13.2.3 Locale-based collating sequences
E.13.2.4 Locale-based case classification of letters
E.13.2.5 Date and time formatting
E.13.3 Multilingual applications
E.14 External switches
E.15 Common exception processing
E.16 Standard arithmetic
E.16.1 Maximum error due to truncation and rounding
E.16.1.1 Arithmetic statements
E.16.1.1.1 ADD and SUBTRACT statements
E.16.1.1.2 MULTIPLY statement
E.16.1.1.3 DIVIDE statement
E.16.1.2 Arithmetic operations in arithmetic expressions
E.16.1.2.1 Unary operations and operands with no operator
E.16.1.2.2 Addition and subtraction
E.16.1.2.3 Multiplication
E.16.1.2.4 Division
E.16.1.2.5 Exponentiation
E.16.1.2.6 SQRT function
E.16.2 Examples
E.17 Object oriented concepts
E.17.1 Classes
E.17.2 Objects
E.17.2.1 Object instantiations
E.17.2.2 Object data definitions
E.17.2.3 Object references
E.17.2.4 Factory objects
E.17.3 Methods
E.17.3.1 Method invocation
E.17.3.2 Method prototypes
E.17.4 Other object oriented programming features
E.17.4.1 Inheritance
Figure E.6 — Manager class
Figure E.7 — Banking hierarchy
E.17.4.2 Restricting inheritance and modification with the FINAL clause
E.17.4.3 Conformance
E.17.4.4 Interfaces and polymorphism
E.17.5 Object management
E.17.5.1 Objects
E.17.6 Class library
E.17.7 Parameterized classes
E.17.8 Files in object orientation
E.17.8.1 Files in instance objects
E.17.8.2 Files in factory objects
E.17.9 Exception objects
E.17.10 Sample application
E.17.10.1 Main program
E.17.10.2 Account class
E.18 Report writer
E.18.1 Reports and report files
E.18.2 RD entry
E.18.2.1 PAGE
Figure E.8 — Example of page layout
E.18.2.2 CONTROL
E.18.2.3 CODE
E.18.2.4 Example
E.18.3 Basic report group description
E.18.3.1 TYPE
E.18.3.2 LINE and NEXT GROUP
E.18.3.3 COLUMN
E.18.3.4 SOURCE, VALUE, and PICTURE
E.18.3.5 Example:
E.18.4 Modifying the report group layout
E.18.4.1 PRESENT WHEN
E.18.4.2 GROUP INDICATE
E.18.5 Repetition
E.18.5.1 OCCURS
E.18.5.2 Multiple form of LINE, COLUMN, SOURCE, VALUE
E.18.5.3 VARYING
E.18.6 Totalling
E.18.7 Procedure division statements
E.18.8 Report counters
E.19 Validate facility
E.19.1 Format validation
E.19.2 Input distribution
E.19.3 Content validation
E.19.4 Relation validation
E.19.5 Error indication
E.19.6 Validation of more complex formats
E.19.7 Examples of validation
E.19.7.1 Example of validation of USAGE DISPLAY items
E.19.7.2 Example of validation of non-display items
E.20 Conditional expressions
Figure E.9 — Evaluation of the condition-1 AND condition-2 AND ... condition-n
Figure E.10 — Evaluation of the condition-1 OR condition-2 OR ... condition-n
Figure E.11 — Evaluation of condition-1 OR condition-2 AND condition-3
Figure E.12 — Evaluation of (condition-1 OR NOT condition-2) AND condition-3 AND condition-4
E.21 Examples of the execution of the INSPECT statement
E.22 Examples of the execution of the PERFORM statement
Figure E.13 — The VARYING option of a PERFORM statement with the TEST BEFORE phrase having one co...
Figure E.14 — The VARYING option of a PERFORM statement with the TEST BEFORE phrase having two co...
Figure E.15 — The VARYING option of a PERFORM statement with the TEST AFTER phrase having one con...
Figure E.16 — The VARYING option of a PERFORM statement with the TEST AFTER phrase having two con...
E.23 Example of freeform reference format
E.24 Conditional compilation
E.25 CALL-CONVENTION directive
Annex F (informative) Substantive changes list
F.1 Substantive changes potentially affecting existing programs
F.2 Substantive changes not affecting existing programs
Annex G (informative) Archaic and obsolete language element lists
G.1 Archaic language elements
G.2 Obsolete language elements
Annex H (informative) Known errors in the standard
H.1 Rationale
H.2 List of errors
Bibliography
Index
Amendments
- ISO/IEC 1989:2002/Cor 1:2006. Published 19/06/2006
- ISO/IEC 1989:2002/Cor 2:2006. Published 19/06/2006
- ISO/IEC 1989:2002/Cor 3:2009. Published 23/07/2009
- ISO/IEC 1989:2002/COR1:2006. Published 19/06/2006
- ISO/IEC 1989:2002/COR2:2006. Published 19/06/2006
- ISO/IEC 1989:2002/COR3:2009. Published 23/07/2009
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AS/NZS ISO/IEC 14882:2022
Programming languages – C++
Programming language COBOL
Copyright notice
Contents
Tables
Figures
Foreword
Introduction
1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Conformance to this International Standard
3.1 A conforming implementation
3.1.1 Acceptance of standard language elements
3.1.2 Interaction with non-COBOL runtime modules
3.1.3 Interaction between COBOL implementations
3.1.4 Implementordefined language elements
3.1.5 Processordependent language elements
3.1.6 Reserved words
3.1.7 Standard extensions
3.1.8 Nonstandard extensions
3.1.9 Substitute or additional language elements
3.1.10 Archaic language elements
3.1.11 Obsolete language elements
3.1.12 Externally-provided functionality
3.1.13 Limits
3.1.14 User documentation
3.1.15 Character substitution
3.2 A conforming compilation group
3.3 A conforming run unit
3.4 Relationship of a conforming compilation group to a conforming implementation
3.5 Relationship of a conforming run unit to a conforming implementation
4 Terms and Definitions
4.1 absolute item:An item in a report that has a fixed position on a page.
4.2 activated runtime element:A function, method, or program placed into the active state.
4.3 activating statement:A statement that causes the execution of a function, method, or program.
4.4 activating runtime element:The function, method, or program that executed a given activatin...
4.5 active state:The state of a function, method, or program that has been activated but has no...
4.6 alphabetic character (in the COBOL character repertoire):A basic letter or a space character.
4.7 alphanumeric character:Any coded character in an alphanumeric coded character set, whether ...
4.8 alphanumeric character position:The amount of physical storage required to store, or presen...
4.9 alphanumeric character set; alphanumeric coded character set:See alphanumeric coded charact...
4.10 alphanumeric coded character set; alphanumeric character set:A coded character set that th...
4.11 alphanumeric group item:Any group item except for:
4.12 argument:An operand specified in an activating statement that specifies the data to be pas...
4.13 assumed decimal point:A decimal point position that does not involve the existence of an a...
4.14 based data item:A data item established by association of a based entry with an actual dat...
4.15 based entry:A data description entry that serves as a template that is dynamically associa...
4.16 basic letter:One of the uppercase letters 'A' through 'Z' and the lowercase letters 'a' th...
4.17 bit:The smallest unit in a computer's storage structure capable of representing two distin...
4.18 bit data item:An elementary data item of category boolean and usage bit or a bit group item.
4.19 block; physical record:A physical unit of data that is normally composed of one or more lo...
4.20 boolean character:A unit of information that consists of the value zero or one. Each boole...
4.21 boolean data item:A data item capable of containing a boolean value.
4.22 boolean expression: One or more boolean operands separated by boolean operators.
4.23 boolean position:The amount of physical storage required to store, or presentation space r...
4.24 boolean value:A value consisting of a sequence of one or more boolean characters.
4.25 byte:A sequence of bits representing the smallest addressable character unit in the memory...
4.26 character (in a coded character set):A code value that constitutes the coded representatio...
4.27 character (in a screen item):A graphic character.
4.28 character (in COBOL character repertoire); COBOL character:A letter, digit, or special cha...
4.29 character (in computer storage):A single code value of a coded character set.
4.30 character boundary:The leftmost bit of an addressing boundary in the storage of the computer.
4.31 character position:The amount of physical storage required to store, or presentation space...
4.32 characterstring:A sequence of contiguous characters that form a COBOL word, a literal, or...
4.33 class (in object orientation):The entity that defines common behavior and implementation f...
4.34 class (of a data item):A designation for a set of data items having common attributes or a...
4.35 class (of data values):A designation for a set of data values that are permissible in the ...
4.36 class definition (in object orientation):A compilation unit that defines a class of objects.
4.37 clause:An ordered set of consecutive COBOL characterstrings whose purpose is to specify a...
4.38 COBOL character; character (in COBOL character repertoire):See character (in COBOL charact...
4.39 COBOL character repertoire:The repertoire of characters used in writing the syntax of a CO...
4.40 coded character set:A set of unambiguous rules that establishes a character set and the re...
4.41 combining character:A UCS member that is intended for combination with the preceding nonc...
4.42 common program:A program that, despite being directly contained within another program, ma...
4.43 compilation group:A sequence of one or more compilation units submitted together for compi...
4.44 compilation unit:A source unit that is not nested within another source unit.
4.45 composite sequence:A sequence of graphic characters consisting of a noncombining characte...
4.46 conditional statement:A statement for which the truth value of a specified condition is ev...
4.47 conformance (for object orientation):A unidirectional relation that allows an object to be...
4.48 conformance (for parameters):The requirements for the relationship between arguments and f...
4.49 control function:An action that affects the recording, processing, transmission, or interp...
4.50 cultural element:An element of data for computer use that may vary dependent on language, ...
4.51 currency sign:The COBOL character '$', used as the default currency symbol in a picture ch...
4.52 currency string:The set of characters to be placed into numeric-edited data items as a res...
4.53 currency symbol:The character used in a picture characterstring to represent the presence...
4.54 current record:The record that is available in the record area associated with a file.
4.55 current volume pointer:A conceptual entity that points to the current volume of a sequenti...
4.56 data item:A unit of data defined by a data description entry or resulting from the evaluat...
4.57 debugging line:A source line that is optionally compiled, depending on the setting of a de...
4.58 decimal point; decimal separator:The character used to represent the radix point. The defa...
4.59 decimal separator; decimal point:See decimal point.
4.60 declarative statement:A USE statement, which defines the conditions under which the proced...
4.61 deediting:The logical removal of all editing characters from a numeric-edited data item i...
4.62 delimited scope statement:Any statement that is terminated by its explicit scope terminator.
4.63 digit position:The amount of physical storage required to store, or presentation space req...
4.64 dynamic access:An access mode in which specific logical records may be obtained from or pl...
4.65 dynamic storage:Storage that is allocated and released on request during runtime.
4.66 end marker:A marker for the end of a source unit.
4.67 entry:A descriptive set of consecutive clauses terminated by a separator period.
4.68 entry convention:The information required to interact successfully with a function, method...
4.69 exception condition:A condition detected at runtime that indicates that an error or except...
4.70 exception object:An object that acts as an exception condition.
4.71 exception status indicator:A conceptual entity that exists for each exceptionname.
4.72 EXIT FUNCTION statement:an abbreviation for 'EXIT statement with the FUNCTION phrase'.
4.73 EXIT METHOD statement:an abbreviation for 'EXIT statement with the METHOD phrase'.
4.74 EXIT PARAGRAPH statement:an abbreviation for 'EXIT statement with the PARAGRAPH phrase'.
4.75 EXIT PERFORM statement:an abbreviation for 'EXIT statement with the PERFORM phrase'.
4.76 EXIT PROGRAM statement:an abbreviation for 'EXIT statement with the PROGRAM phrase'.
4.77 EXIT SECTION statement:an abbreviation for 'EXIT statement with the SECTION phrase'.
4.78 explicit scope terminator:A statement-dependent word that by its presence terminates the s...
4.79 extend mode:A mode of file processing in which records may be added at the end of a sequen...
4.80 extended letter:A letter, other than the basic letters, in the set of characters defined f...
4.81 external data:Data that belongs to the run unit and may be accessed by any runtime element...
4.82 external media format:A form of data suitable for presentation or printing, including any ...
4.83 external switch:A hardware or software device, defined and named by the implementor, that ...
4.84 factory object:The single object associated with a class, defined by the factory definitio...
4.85 file:A logical entity that represents a collection of logical records. There is one logica...
4.86 file connector:A storage area that contains information about a file and is used as the li...
4.87 file organization:The permanent logical file structure established at the time that a file...
4.88 file position indicator:A conceptual entity that either is used to facilitate exact specif...
4.89 file sharing:A cooperative environment that controls concurrent access to the same physica...
4.90 fixed file attribute:An attribute of a physical file that is established when the physical...
4.91 formal parameter:A dataname specified in the USING phrase of the procedure division heade...
4.92 function:An intrinsic or user-defined procedural entity that returns a value based upon th...
4.93 function prototype definition:A definition that specifies the rules governing the argument...
4.94 graphic character:A character, other than a control function, that has a visual representa...
4.95 graphic symbol:The visual representation of a graphic character or of a composite sequence...
4.96 grouping (in locale editing):The separation of digits into groups in number and currency f...
4.97 grouping separator:The character used to separate digits in numbers for ease of reading. T...
4.98 highorder end:The leftmost position of a string of characters or a string of bits.
4.99 io mode:A mode of file processing in which records can be read, updated, added, and deleted.
4.100 io status:A conceptual entity that exists for a file, that contains a value indicating t...
4.101 imperative statement:A statement that specifies an unconditional action or that is a deli...
4.102 index:A storage area or a register, the content of which refers to a particular element i...
4.103 indexed organization:The permanent logical file structure in which each record is identif...
4.104 inheritance (for classes):A mechanism for using the interface and implementation of one o...
4.105 inheritance (for interfaces):A mechanism for using the specification of one or more inter...
4.106 initial program:A program that is placed into the initial state every time the program is...
4.107 initial state:The state of a function, method, or program when it is first activated in a...
4.108 input mode:A mode of file processing in which records can only be read.
4.109 instance object:A single instance of an object defined by a class and created by a factor...
4.110 interface (of an object):The names of all the methods defined for the object, including i...
4.111 interface (the language construct):A grouping of method prototypes.
4.112 internal data:All data described in a source unit except external data and external file ...
4.113 invocation; method invocation:See method invocation.
4.114 key of reference:The key, either prime or alternate, currently being used to access recor...
4.115 letter:A basic letter or an extended letter.
4.116 locale:A facility in the user's information technology environment that specifies languag...
4.117 lock mode:The state of a file for which record locking is in effect that indicates whethe...
4.118 loworder end:The rightmost position of a string of characters or a string of bits.
4.119 MCS; message control system:See message control system.
4.120 message control system; MCS:A communication control system that supports the processing o...
4.121 method:A procedural entity defined by a method definition within, or inherited by, a clas...
4.122 method data:Data declared in a method definition.
4.123 method invocation; invocation:The request to execute a named method on a given object.
4.124 method prototype:A source element that specifies the information needed for invocation of...
4.125 national character:A character in a national character set.
4.126 national character position:The amount of physical storage required to store, or presenta...
4.127 national character set; national coded character set:See national coded character set.
4.128 national coded character set; national character set:A coded character set that the imple...
4.129 national data item:An elementary data item of class national or a national group item.
4.130 native alphanumeric character set:The computer's alphanumeric coded character set.
4.131 native arithmetic:A mode of arithmetic in which the techniques used in handling arithmeti...
4.132 native character set:An implementor-defined character set, either alphanumeric or nationa...
4.133 native collating sequence:An implementordefined collating sequence, either an alphanumer...
4.134 native national coded character set:The computer's national coded character set.
4.135 next record:The record that logically follows the current record of a file.
4.136 null:The state of a pointer indicating that it contains no address, or the state of an ob...
4.137 numeric character (in the rules of COBOL):A character that belongs to the following set o...
4.138 object:A unit consisting of data and the methods that act upon that data.
4.139 object data:Data defined:
4.140 object property; property:A name that may be used to qualify an object reference to get a...
4.141 object reference:An explicitly- or implicitly-defined data item that contains a reference...
4.142 open mode:The state of a file connector indicating input-output operations that are permi...
4.143 optional file:A file declared as being not necessarily present each time the runtime modu...
4.144 outermost program:A program, together with its contained programs, that is not contained ...
4.145 output file:A file that is opened in either the output mode or extend mode.
4.146 output mode:A mode of file processing in which a file is created and records can only be ...
4.147 physical file:A physical collection of physical records.
4.148 physical record; block:See block.
4.149 previous record:The record that logically precedes the current record of a file.
4.150 procedure:One or more successive paragraphs or sections in the procedure division.
4.151 procedure branching statement:A statement that causes the explicit transfer of control to...
4.152 processor:The computing system, both hardware and software, used for compilation of sourc...
4.153 program prototype definition:A definition that specifies the rules governing the class of...
4.154 property; object property:See object property.
4.155 random access:An access mode in which the value of a key data item identifies the logical...
4.156 record key:A data item within a record used to identify that record within an indexed file.
4.157 record lock:A conceptual entity that is used to control concurrent access to a given reco...
4.158 record locking:A facility for controlling concurrent access to records in a shared physic...
4.159 relative item:An item in a report whose position is specified relative to the previous item.
4.160 relative key:A data item that contains a relative record number.
4.161 relative organization:The permanent logical file structure in which each record's logical...
4.162 relative record number:The ordinal number of a record in a file whose organization is rel...
4.163 report:A printed output described in the report section and generated from those data des...
4.164 report writer:A comprehensive set of data clauses and statements that enable a print layo...
4.165 restricted pointer:A pointer data item that is restricted to data items of a specified ty...
4.166 run unit:One or more runtime modules that interact with one another and that function, at...
4.167 runtime element:The executable unit resulting from compiling a source element.
4.168 runtime module:The result of compiling a compilation unit.
4.169 sequential access:An access method in which logical records are either placed into a file...
4.170 sequential organization:The permanent logical file structure in which a record is identif...
4.171 sharing mode:The state of a file that indicates the mode of file sharing.
4.172 source element:A source unit excluding any contained source units.
4.173 source unit:A sequence of statements beginning with an identification division and finish...
4.174 standard arithmetic:A mode of arithmetic in which the techniques used in handling arithme...
4.175 standard intermediate data item:A temporary abstract decimal floating-point data item use...
4.176 static data:Data that has its last-used state when a runtime element is re-entered.
4.177 subclass:A class that inherits from another class. When two classes in an inheritance rel...
4.178 subject of the entry:The data item that is being defined by a data description entry.
4.179 subscript:A number used to refer to a specific element of a table, or in the case of the ...
4.180 superclass:A class that is inherited by another class.
4.181 surrogate pair:A coded character representation for a single abstract character of the UT...
4.182 type (for type declaration):A template that contains all the characteristics of a data it...
4.183 UCS; Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Character set.See Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Char...
4.184 Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Character Set; UCS.The coded character set defined by ISO/...
4.185 universal object reference:An object reference that is not restricted to a specific class...
4.186 unsuccessful execution:The attempted execution of a statement that does not result in the...
4.187 variableoccurrence data item:A table element that is repeated a variable number of times.
4.188 zero-length item: An item whose minimum permitted length is zero and whose length at execut...
5 Description techniques
5.1 General formats
5.1.1 Keywords
5.1.2 Optional words
5.1.3 Operands
5.1.4 Level numbers
5.1.5 Options
5.1.5.1 Brackets
5.1.5.2 Braces
5.1.5.3 Choice indicators
5.1.6 Ellipses
5.1.7 Punctuation
5.1.8 Special characters
5.1.9 Metaterms
5.2 Rules
5.2.1 Syntax rules
5.2.2 General rules
5.2.3 Argument rules
5.2.4 Returned value rules
5.3 Arithmetic expressions
5.3.1 Textually subscripted operands
5.3.2 Ellipses
5.4 Integer operands
5.5 Informal description
5.6 Hyphens in text
5.7 Verbal forms for the expression of provisions
Table 1 — Verbal forms
6 Reference format
6.1 Indicators
6.1.1 Fixed indicators
6.1.2 Floating indicators
6.1.2.1 Syntax Rules
6.2 Fixedform reference format
Figure 1 — Fixed-form reference format
6.2.1 Sequence number area
6.2.2 Indicator area
6.2.3 Program-text area
6.2.4 Continuation of lines
6.2.5 Blank lines
6.2.6 Comments
6.2.6.1 Comment lines
6.2.6.2 Inline comments
6.2.7 Debugging lines
6.3 Freeform reference format
6.3.1 Continuation of lines
6.3.2 Blank lines
6.3.3 Comments
6.3.3.1 Comment lines
6.3.3.2 Inline comments
6.3.4 Debugging lines
6.4 Logical conversion
7 Compiler directing facility
7.1 Text manipulation
7.1.1 Text manipulation elements
7.1.1.1 Compiler directing statements
7.1.1.2 Source text and library text
7.1.1.3 Pseudotext
7.1.1.4 Textwords
7.1.2 COPY statement
7.1.2.1 General format
7.1.2.2 Syntax rules
7.1.2.3 General rules
7.1.3 REPLACE statement
7.1.3.1 General format
7.1.3.2 Syntax rules
7.1.3.3 General Rules
7.2 Compiler directives
7.2.1 General format
7.2.2 Syntax rules
7.2.3 General rules
7.2.4 Conditional compilation
7.2.5 Compile-time arithmetic expressions
7.2.5.1 Syntax rules
7.2.5.2 General rules
7.2.6 Compile-time boolean expressions
7.2.6.1 Syntax rules
7.2.6.2 General rules
7.2.7 Constant conditional expression
7.2.7.1 Syntax Rules
7.2.7.2 General rules
7.2.7.3 Defined condition
7.2.7.3.1 General format
7.2.7.3.2 Syntax rules
7.2.7.3.3 General rules
7.2.8 CALL-CONVENTION directive
7.2.8.1 General format
7.2.8.2 General rules
7.2.9 DEFINE directive
7.2.9.1 General format
7.2.9.2 Syntax rules
7.2.9.3 General rules
7.2.10 EVALUATE directive
7.2.10.1 General format
7.2.10.2 Syntax rules
7.2.10.3 General rules
7.2.11 FLAG85 directive
7.2.11.1 General format
7.2.11.2 Syntax rules
7.2.11.3 General rules
7.2.12 FLAG-NATIVE-ARITHMETIC directive
7.2.12.1 General format
7.2.12.2 Syntax rules
7.2.12.3 General rules
7.2.13 IF directive
7.2.13.1 General format
7.2.13.2 Syntax rules
7.2.13.3 General rules
7.2.14 LEAP-SECOND directive
7.2.14.1 General format
7.2.14.2 Syntax rules
7.2.14.3 General rules
7.2.15 LISTING directive
7.2.15.1 General Format
7.2.15.2 General Rules
7.2.16 PAGE directive
7.2.16.1 General format
7.2.16.2 Syntax rules
7.2.16.3 General rules
7.2.17 PROPAGATE directive
7.2.17.1 General format
7.2.17.2 Syntax rules
7.2.17.3 General rules
7.2.18 SOURCE FORMAT directive
7.2.18.1 General format
7.2.18.2 General rules
7.2.19 TURN directive
7.2.19.1 General format
7.2.19.2 Syntax rules
7.2.19.3 General rules
8 Language fundamentals
8.1 Character sets
8.1.1 Computer's coded character set
8.1.2 COBOL character repertoire
Table 2 — COBOL character repertoire
8.1.2.1 General rules
8.1.3 Alphabets
8.1.4 Collating sequences
8.2 Locales
8.2.1 Locale field names
8.3 Lexical elements
8.3.1 Characterstrings
8.3.1.1 COBOL words
8.3.1.1.1 Userdefined words
8.3.1.1.1.1 Alphabetname
8.3.1.1.1.2 Cdname
8.3.1.1.1.3 Classname (for object orientation)
8.3.1.1.1.4 Classname (for truth value proposition)
8.3.1.1.1.5 Compilation-variable-name
8.3.1.1.1.6 Conditionname
8.3.1.1.1.7 Constantname
8.3.1.1.1.8 Dataname
8.3.1.1.1.9 Filename
8.3.1.1.1.10 Functionprototypename
8.3.1.1.1.11 Indexname
8.3.1.1.1.12 Interfacename
8.3.1.1.1.13 Levelnumber
8.3.1.1.1.14 Locale-name
8.3.1.1.1.15 Methodname
8.3.1.1.1.16 Mnemonicname
8.3.1.1.1.17 Ordering-name
8.3.1.1.1.18 Paragraphname
8.3.1.1.1.19 Parametername
8.3.1.1.1.20 Programname
8.3.1.1.1.21 Programprototypename
8.3.1.1.1.22 Propertyname
8.3.1.1.1.23 Recordkeyname
8.3.1.1.1.24 Recordname
8.3.1.1.1.25 Reportname
8.3.1.1.1.26 Screenname
8.3.1.1.1.27 Sectionname
8.3.1.1.1.28 Symboliccharacter
8.3.1.1.1.29 Typename
8.3.1.1.1.30 Userfunctionname
8.3.1.1.2 Systemnames
8.3.1.1.2.1 Call-convention-name
8.3.1.1.2.2 Codename
8.3.1.1.2.3 Computername
8.3.1.1.2.4 Devicename
8.3.1.1.2.5 Entryconventionname
8.3.1.1.2.6 External-locale-name
8.3.1.1.2.7 Featurename
8.3.1.1.2.8 Libraryname
8.3.1.1.2.9 Switchname
8.3.1.1.2.10 Textname
8.3.1.1.3 Reserved words
8.3.1.1.3.1 Required words
8.3.1.1.3.2 Optional words
8.3.1.1.4 Contextsensitive words
8.3.1.1.5 Intrinsicfunctionnames
8.3.1.1.6 Exceptionnames
8.3.1.2 Literals
8.3.1.2.1 Alphanumeric literals
8.3.1.2.1.1 General format
8.3.1.2.1.2 Syntax rules
8.3.1.2.1.3 General rules
8.3.1.2.2 Numeric literals
8.3.1.2.2.1 Fixedpoint numeric literals
8.3.1.2.2.2 Floatingpoint numeric literals
8.3.1.2.3 Boolean literals
8.3.1.2.3.1 General format
8.3.1.2.3.2 Syntax rules
8.3.1.2.3.3 General rules
8.3.1.2.4 National literals
8.3.1.2.4.1 General format
8.3.1.2.4.2 Syntax rules
8.3.1.2.4.3 General rules
8.3.1.2.5 Figurative constant values
8.3.1.2.5.1 General format
8.3.1.2.5.2 Syntax rules
8.3.1.2.5.3 General rules
8.3.1.3 Picture characterstrings
8.3.2 Separators
8.4 References
8.4.1 Uniqueness of reference
8.4.1.1 Qualification
8.4.1.1.1 General format
8.4.1.1.2 Syntax rules
8.4.1.2 Subscripts
8.4.1.2.1 General format
8.4.1.2.2 Syntax rules
8.4.1.2.3 General rules
8.4.2 Identifiers
8.4.2.1 Identifier
8.4.2.1.1 General format
8.4.2.1.2 Syntax rules
8.4.2.1.3 General rules
8.4.2.2 Functionidentifier
8.4.2.2.1 General format
8.4.2.2.2 Syntax rules
8.4.2.2.3 General rules
8.4.2.3 Referencemodification
8.4.2.3.1 General format
8.4.2.3.2 Syntax rules
8.4.2.3.3 General rules
8.4.2.4 Inline method invocation
8.4.2.4.1 General format
8.4.2.4.2 Syntax rules
8.4.2.4.3 General rules
8.4.2.5 Objectview
8.4.2.5.1 General format
8.4.2.5.2 Syntax rules
8.4.2.5.3 General rules
8.4.2.6 EXCEPTIONOBJECT
8.4.2.6.1 General format
8.4.2.6.2 Syntax rules
8.4.2.6.3 General rules
8.4.2.7 NULL
8.4.2.7.1 General format
8.4.2.7.2 Syntax rules
8.4.2.7.3 General rules
8.4.2.8 SELF and SUPER
8.4.2.8.1 General format
8.4.2.8.2 Syntax rules
8.4.2.8.3 General rules
8.4.2.9 Object property
8.4.2.9.1 General format
8.4.2.9.2 Syntax rules
8.4.2.9.3 General rules
8.4.2.10 Predefinedaddress
8.4.2.10.1 General format
8.4.2.10.2 Syntax rules
8.4.2.10.3 General rules
8.4.2.11 Data-address-identifier
8.4.2.11.1 General Format
8.4.2.11.2 Syntax rules
8.4.2.11.3 General rules
8.4.2.12 Program-address-identifier
8.4.2.12.1 General Format
8.4.2.12.2 Syntax rules
8.4.2.12.3 General rules
8.4.2.13 LINAGE-COUNTER
8.4.2.13.1 General format
8.4.2.13.2 Syntax rules
8.4.2.13.3 General rules
8.4.2.14 Report counters
8.4.2.14.1 General format
8.4.2.14.2 Syntax rules
8.4.2.14.3 General rules
8.4.3 Conditionname
8.4.3.1 General format
8.4.3.2 Syntax rules
8.4.4 Explicit and implicit references
8.4.5 Scope of names
8.4.5.1 Local and global names
8.4.5.1.1 Scope of conditionnames, constant-names, datanames, filenames, recordnames, report...
8.4.5.1.2 Scope of indexnames
8.4.5.1.3 Scope of record-key-names
8.4.5.1.4 Scope of PAGE-COUNTER AND LINE-COUNTER
8.4.5.1.5 Scope of LINAGE-COUNTER
8.4.5.2 Scope of programnames
8.4.5.3 Scope of classnames and interfacenames
8.4.5.4 Scope of methodnames
8.4.5.5 Scope of function-prototype-names
8.4.5.6 Scope of user-function-names
8.4.5.7 Scope of program-prototype-names
8.4.5.8 Scope of compilation-variable-names
8.4.5.9 Scope of parameter-names
8.4.5.10 Scope of property-names
8.5 Data description and representation
8.5.1 Computer independent data description
8.5.1.1 Files and records
8.5.1.2 Levels
8.5.1.2.1 Levelnumbers
8.5.1.3 Limitations of character handling
8.5.1.4 Algebraic signs
8.5.1.5 Alignment of data items in storage
8.5.1.5.1 Alignment of alphanumeric groups and of data items of usage display
8.5.1.5.2 Alignment of data items of usage national
8.5.1.5.3 Alignment of data items of usage bit
8.5.1.5.4 Item alignment for increased object-code efficiency
8.5.1.5.5 Alignment of strongly-typed group items
8.5.2 Class and category of data items and literals
Table 3 — Class and category relationships for elementary data items
8.5.2.1 Alphabetic category
8.5.2.2 Alphanumeric category
8.5.2.3 Alphanumeric-edited category
8.5.2.4 Boolean category
8.5.2.5 Data-pointer category
8.5.2.6 Index category
8.5.2.7 National category
8.5.2.8 National-edited category
8.5.2.9 Numeric category
8.5.2.10 Numeric-edited category
8.5.2.11 Object-reference category
8.5.2.12 Program-pointer category
8.5.3 Types
8.5.3.1 Weakly-typed items
8.5.3.2 Strongly-typed group items
8.5.4 Zero-length items
8.6 Scope and life cycle of data
8.6.1 Global names and local names
8.6.2 External and internal items
8.6.3 Automatic, initial, and static internal items
8.6.4 Based entries and based data items
8.6.5 Common, initial, and recursive attributes
8.6.6 Sharing data items
8.7 Operators
8.7.1 Arithmetic operators
8.7.2 Boolean operators
8.7.3 Concatenation operator
8.7.4 Invocation operator
8.7.5 Relational operators
8.7.5.1 General format
8.7.5.2 Syntax rules
8.7.6 Logical operators
8.8 Expressions
8.8.1 Arithmetic expressions
8.8.1.1 Native and standard arithmetic
Table 4 — Combinations of symbols in arithmetic expressions
8.8.1.2 Native arithmetic
8.8.1.3 Standard arithmetic
8.8.1.3.1 Standard intermediate data item
8.8.1.3.1.1 Precision and allowable magnitude
8.8.1.3.1.2 Normalized values
8.8.1.3.1.3 Rounding rules
8.8.1.3.2 Addition
8.8.1.3.3 Subtraction
8.8.1.3.4 Multiplication
8.8.1.3.5 Division
8.8.1.3.6 Exponentiation
8.8.1.3.7 Unary plus
8.8.1.3.8 Unary minus
8.8.2 Boolean expressions
Table 5 — Combination of symbols in boolean expressions
8.8.3 Concatenation expressions
8.8.3.1 General format
8.8.3.2 Syntax rules
8.8.3.3 General rules
8.8.4 Conditional expressions
8.8.4.1 Simple conditions
8.8.4.1.1 Relation conditions
8.8.4.1.1.1 General format
8.8.4.1.1.2 Syntax rules
8.8.4.1.1.3 Comparison of numeric operands
8.8.4.1.1.4 Comparison of a numeric integer operand with an operand of class alphanumeric or nati...
8.8.4.1.1.5 Comparison of alphanumeric and national operands
8.8.4.1.1.6 Comparison of alphanumeric operands
8.8.4.1.1.6.1 Standard comparison
8.8.4.1.1.6.2 Locale-based comparison
8.8.4.1.1.7 Comparison of boolean operands
8.8.4.1.1.8 Comparison of national operands
8.8.4.1.1.8.1 Standard comparison
8.8.4.1.1.8.2 Locale-based comparison
8.8.4.1.1.9 Comparison of strongly-typed group items
8.8.4.1.1.10 Comparisons involving indexnames or index data items
8.8.4.1.1.11 Comparisons of operands of class object
8.8.4.1.1.12 Comparison of pointer operands
8.8.4.1.2 Boolean condition
8.8.4.1.2.1 General format
8.8.4.1.2.2 Syntax rules
8.8.4.1.2.3 General rules
8.8.4.1.3 Class condition
8.8.4.1.3.1 General format
8.8.4.1.3.2 Syntax rules
8.8.4.1.3.3 General rules
8.8.4.1.4 Conditionname condition (conditional variable)
8.8.4.1.4.1 General Format
8.8.4.1.4.2 Rules
8.8.4.1.5 Switchstatus condition
8.8.4.1.5.1 General format
8.8.4.1.5.2 Rules
8.8.4.1.6 Sign condition
8.8.4.1.6.1 General format
8.8.4.1.6.2 Rules
8.8.4.1.7 Omittedargument condition
8.8.4.1.7.1 General format
8.8.4.1.7.2 Syntax rules
8.8.4.1.7.3 General rules
8.8.4.2 Complex conditions
8.8.4.2.1 Negated conditions
8.8.4.2.1.1 General format
8.8.4.2.2 Combined conditions
8.8.4.2.2.1 General format
8.8.4.2.3 Precedence of logical operators and the use of parentheses
Table 6 — Combinations of conditions, logical operators, and parentheses
8.8.4.2.4 Abbreviated combined relation conditions
8.8.4.2.4.1 General format
8.8.4.2.4.2 Syntax Rules
8.8.4.2.4.3 General rules
8.8.4.3 Order of evaluation of conditions
8.9 Reserved words
8.10 Contextsensitive words
8.11 Intrinsic function names
8.12 Compiler-directive words
8.13 External repository
9 I-O, objects, and user-defined functions
9.1 Files
9.1.1 Physical and logical files
9.1.2 Record area
9.1.3 File connector
9.1.4 Open mode
9.1.5 Sharing file connectors
9.1.6 Fixed file attributes
9.1.7 Organization
9.1.7.1 Sequential
9.1.7.2 Relative
9.1.7.3 Indexed
9.1.8 Access modes
9.1.8.1 Sequential access mode
9.1.8.2 Random access mode
9.1.8.3 Dynamic access mode
9.1.9 Reel and unit
9.1.10 Current volume pointer
9.1.11 File position indicator
9.1.12 IO status
9.1.12.1 Successful completion
9.1.12.2 Implementordefined successful completion
9.1.12.3 At end condition with unsuccessful completion
9.1.12.4 Invalid key condition with unsuccessful completion
9.1.12.5 Permanent error condition with unsuccessful completion
9.1.12.6 Logic error condition with unsuccessful completion
9.1.12.7 Record operation conflict condition with unsuccessful completion
9.1.12.8 File sharing conflict condition with unsuccessful completion
9.1.12.9 Implementordefined condition with unsuccessful completion
9.1.13 Invalid key condition
9.1.14 Sharing mode
9.1.15 Record locking
9.1.16 Sort file
9.1.17 Merge file
9.1.18 Dynamic file assignment
9.1.19 Report file
9.2 Screens
9.2.1 Terminal screen
9.2.2 Function keys
9.2.3 CRT status
9.2.4 Cursor
9.2.5 Cursor locator
9.2.6 Current screen item
9.2.7 Color number
9.3 Objects
9.3.1 Objects and classes
9.3.2 Object references
9.3.3 Predefined object references
9.3.4 Methods
9.3.5 Method invocation
9.3.6 Method prototypes
9.3.7 Conformance and interfaces
9.3.7.1 Conformance for object orientation
9.3.7.1.1 Interfaces
9.3.7.1.2 Conformance between interfaces
9.3.7.1.3 Conformance for parameterized classes and parameterized interfaces
9.3.8 Polymorphism
9.3.9 Class inheritance
9.3.10 Interface inheritance
9.3.11 Interface implementation
9.3.12 Parameterized classes
9.3.13 Parameterized interfaces
9.3.14 Object life cycle
9.3.14.1 Life cycle for factory objects
9.3.14.2 Life cycle for instance objects
9.4 User-defined functions
10 Structured compilation group
10.1 Compilation units and runtime modules
10.2 Source units
10.3 Contained source units
10.4 Source elements and runtime elements
10.5 COBOL compilation group
10.5.1 General format
10.5.2 Syntax rules
10.5.3 General rules
10.6 End markers
10.6.1 General format
10.6.2 Syntax rules
10.6.3 General rules
11 Identification division
11.1 Identification division structure
11.1.1 General format
11.2 CLASSID paragraph
11.2.1 General format
11.2.2 Syntax rules
11.2.3 General rules
11.3 FACTORY paragraph
11.3.1 General format
11.3.2 Syntax rules
11.3.3 General rules
11.4 FUNCTIONID paragraph
11.4.1 General format
11.4.2 Syntax rules
11.4.3 General rules
11.5 INTERFACEID paragraph
11.5.1 General format
11.5.2 Syntax rules
11.5.3 General rules
11.6 METHODID paragraph
11.6.1 General format
11.6.2 Syntax rules
11.6.3 General rules
11.7 OBJECT paragraph
11.7.1 General format
11.7.2 Syntax rules
11.7.3 General rules
11.8 OPTIONS paragraph
11.8.1 General format
11.8.2 Syntax rules
11.8.3 General Rules
11.8.4 ARITHMETIC clause
11.8.4.1 General format
11.8.4.2 General rules
11.8.5 ENTRYCONVENTION clause
11.8.5.1 General format
11.8.5.2 Syntax rules
11.8.5.3 General rules
11.9 PROGRAMID paragraph
11.9.1 General format
11.9.2 Syntax rules
11.9.3 General rules
12 Environment division
12.1 Environment division structure
12.1.1 General format
12.2 Configuration section
12.2.1 General format
12.2.2 Syntax rules
12.2.3 General rules
12.2.4 SOURCECOMPUTER paragraph
12.2.4.1 General format
12.2.4.2 Syntax rules
12.2.4.3 General rules
12.2.5 OBJECTCOMPUTER paragraph
12.2.5.1 General format
12.2.5.2 Syntax rules
12.2.5.3 General rules
12.2.6 SPECIALNAMES paragraph
12.2.6.1 General format
12.2.6.2 Syntax rules
12.2.6.3 General rules
Table 7 — Relationship of alphabet-name to coded character set and collating sequence
12.2.7 REPOSITORY paragraph
12.2.7.1 General format
12.2.7.2 Syntax rules
12.2.7.3 General rules
12.3 Inputoutput section
12.3.1 General format
12.3.2 Syntax rules
12.3.3 FILECONTROL paragraph
12.3.3.1 General format
12.3.4 File control entry
12.3.4.1 General format
12.3.4.2 Syntax rules
12.3.4.3 General rules
12.3.4.4 ACCESS MODE clause
12.3.4.4.1 General format
12.3.4.4.2 Syntax rules
12.3.4.4.3 General rules
12.3.4.5 ALTERNATE RECORD KEY clause
12.3.4.5.1 General format
12.3.4.5.2 Syntax rules
12.3.4.5.3 General rules
12.3.4.6 COLLATING SEQUENCE clause
12.3.4.6.1 General format
12.3.4.6.2 Syntax rules
12.3.4.6.3 General rules
12.3.4.7 FILE STATUS clause
12.3.4.7.1 General format
12.3.4.7.2 Syntax rules
12.3.4.7.3 General rules
12.3.4.8 LOCK MODE clause
12.3.4.8.1 General format
12.3.4.8.2 Syntax rules
12.3.4.8.3 General rules
12.3.4.9 ORGANIZATION clause
12.3.4.9.1 General format
12.3.4.9.2 General rules
12.3.4.10 PADDING CHARACTER clause
12.3.4.10.1 General format
12.3.4.10.2 Syntax rules
12.3.4.10.3 General rules
12.3.4.11 RECORD DELIMITER clause
12.3.4.11.1 General format
12.3.4.11.2 Syntax rules
12.3.4.11.3 General rules
12.3.4.12 RECORD KEY clause
12.3.4.12.1 General format
12.3.4.12.2 Syntax rules
12.3.4.12.3 General rules
12.3.4.13 RELATIVE KEY clause
12.3.4.13.1 General format
12.3.4.13.2 Syntax rules
12.3.4.13.3 General rules
12.3.4.14 RESERVE clause
12.3.4.14.1 General format
12.3.4.14.2 General rules
12.3.4.15 SHARING clause
12.3.4.15.1 General format
12.3.4.15.2 General rules
12.3.5 IOCONTROL paragraph
12.3.5.1 General format
12.3.6 SAME clause
12.3.6.1 General format
12.3.6.2 Syntax rules
12.3.6.3 General rules
13 Data division
13.1 Data division structure
13.1.1 General format
13.2 Explicit and implicit attributes
13.3 File section
13.3.1 General format
13.3.2 Syntax rules
13.3.3 General Rules
13.3.4 File description entry
13.3.4.1 General format
13.3.4.2 Syntax rules
13.3.4.3 General rules
13.3.5 Sortmerge file description entry
13.3.5.1 General format
13.3.5.2 Syntax rules
13.3.5.3 General rules
13.4 Workingstorage section
13.4.1 General format
13.4.2 Syntax rules
13.4.3 General rules
13.5 Local-storage section
13.5.1 General format
13.5.2 Syntax rules
13.5.3 General rules
13.6 Linkage section
13.6.1 General format
13.6.2 Syntax rules
13.6.3 General rules
13.7 Report section
13.7.1 General format
13.7.2 Syntax rules
13.7.3 Report description entry
13.7.4 Report group description entry
13.7.5 Report subdivisions
13.7.5.1 Physical subdivisions of a report
13.7.5.1.1 Pages
13.7.5.1.2 Lines
13.7.5.1.3 Report Items
13.7.5.2 Logical Subdivisions of a Report
13.8 Screen section
13.8.1 General format
13.8.2 Syntax rules
13.9 Constant entry
13.9.1 General format
13.9.2 Syntax rules
13.9.3 General rules
1) If literal-1 or compilation-variable-name-1 is specified, the effect of specifying constant-na...
2) If literal-1 or compilation-variable-name1 is specified, the class and category of constant-n...
3) If arithmetic-expression-1, data-name-1, or data-name-2 is specified, the effect of writing co...
4) If arithmetic-expression-1 is specified, it is evaluated in accordance with 7.2.5, Compile-tim...
5) If the BYTE-LENGTH phrase is specified, the class and category of constant-name-1 is numeric. ...
6) If the LENGTH phrase is specified, the class and category of constant-name-1 is numeric. Const...
13.10 Record description entry
13.11 77-level data description entry
13.12 Report description entry
13.12.1 General format
13.12.2 Syntax rules
13.12.3 General rules
13.13 Report group description entry
13.13.1 General format
13.13.2 Syntax rules
13.13.3 General rules
13.14 Data description entry
13.14.1 General format
13.14.2 Syntax rules
13.14.3 General rules
13.15 Screen description entry
13.15.1 General format
13.15.2 Syntax rules
13.15.3 General rules
13.16 Data division clauses
13.16.1 ALIGNED clause
13.16.1.1 General format
13.16.1.2 Syntax rules
13.16.1.3 General rules
13.16.2 ANY LENGTH clause
13.16.2.1 General format
13.16.2.2 Syntax rules
13.16.2.3 General rules
13.16.3 AUTO clause
13.16.3.1 General format
13.16.3.2 General rules
13.16.4 BACKGROUNDCOLOR clause
13.16.4.1 General format
13.16.4.2 Syntax rules
13.16.4.3 General rules
13.16.5 BASED clause
13.16.5.1 General format
13.16.5.2 Syntax rules
13.16.5.3 General rules
13.16.6 BELL clause
13.16.6.1 General format
13.16.6.2 General rules
13.16.7 BLANK clause
13.16.7.1 General format
13.16.7.2 General rules
13.16.8 BLANK WHEN ZERO clause
13.16.8.1 General format
13.16.8.2 Syntax rules
13.16.8.3 General rules
13.16.9 BLINK clause
13.16.9.1 General Format
13.16.9.2 General Rules
13.16.10 BLOCK CONTAINS clause
13.16.10.1 General format
13.16.10.2 Syntax rules
13.16.10.3 General rules
13.16.11 CLASS clause
13.16.11.1 General format
13.16.11.2 Syntax rules
13.16.11.3 General rules
13.16.12 CODE clause
13.16.12.1 General format
13.16.12.2 Syntax rules
13.16.12.3 General rules
13.16.13 CODESET clause
13.16.13.1 General format
13.16.13.2 Syntax rules
13.16.13.3 General rules
13.16.14 COLUMN clause
13.16.14.1 General format
13.16.14.2 Syntax rules
13.16.14.3 General rules
13.16.15 CONTROL clause
13.16.15.1 General format
13.16.15.2 Syntax rules
13.16.15.3 General rules
13.16.16 DEFAULT clause
13.16.16.1 General format
13.16.16.2 Syntax rules
13.16.16.3 General rules
13.16.17 DESTINATION clause
13.16.17.1 General format
13.16.17.2 Syntax rules
13.16.17.3 General rules
13.16.18 Entry-name clause
13.16.18.1 General format
13.16.18.2 Syntax rules
13.16.18.3 General rules
13.16.19 ERASE clause
13.16.19.1 General format
13.16.19.2 Syntax rules
13.16.19.3 General rules
13.16.20 EXTERNAL clause
13.16.20.1 General format
13.16.20.2 Syntax rules
13.16.20.3 General rules
13.16.21 FOREGROUNDCOLOR clause
13.16.21.1 General format
13.16.21.2 Syntax rules
13.16.21.3 General rules
13.16.22 FORMAT clause
13.16.22.1 General format
13.16.22.2 Syntax rules
13.16.22.3 General rules
13.16.23 FROM clause
13.16.23.1 General format
13.16.23.2 Syntax rules
13.16.23.3 General rules
13.16.24 FULL clause
13.16.24.1 General format
13.16.24.2 General rules
13.16.25 GLOBAL clause
13.16.25.1 General format
13.16.25.2 Syntax rules
13.16.25.3 General rules
13.16.26 GROUP INDICATE clause
13.16.26.1 General format
13.16.26.2 Syntax rules
13.16.26.3 General rules
13.16.27 GROUP-USAGE clause
13.16.27.1 General format
13.16.27.2 Syntax rules
13.16.27.3 General rules
13.16.28 HIGHLIGHT clause
13.16.28.1 General format
13.16.28.2 General rules
13.16.29 INVALID clause
13.16.29.1 General format
13.16.29.2 Syntax rules
13.16.29.3 General rules
13.16.30 JUSTIFIED clause
13.16.30.1 General format
13.16.30.2 Syntax rules
13.16.30.3 General rules
13.16.31 Levelnumber
13.16.31.1 General format
13.16.31.2 Syntax rules
13.16.31.3 General rules
13.16.32 LINAGE clause
13.16.32.1 General format
13.16.32.2 Syntax rules
13.16.32.3 General rules
13.16.33 LINE clause
13.16.33.1 General format
13.16.33.2 Syntax rules
13.16.33.3 General rules
13.16.34 LOWLIGHT clause
13.16.34.1 General format
13.16.34.2 General rules
13.16.35 NEXT GROUP clause
13.16.35.1 General format
13.16.35.2 Syntax rules
13.16.35.3 General rules
13.16.36 OCCURS clause
13.16.36.1 General format
13.16.36.2 Syntax rules
13.16.36.3 General rules
13.16.37 PAGE clause
13.16.37.1 General format
13.16.37.2 Syntax rules
13.16.37.3 General rules
13.16.38 PICTURE clause
13.16.38.1 General format
13.16.38.2 Syntax rules
13.16.38.3 General rules
13.16.38.4 Editing rules
Table 8 — Category and type of editing
Table 9 — Results of fixed insertion editing
Table 10 — Results of floating insertion editing
13.16.38.5 Precedence rules
Table 11 — Format 1 picture symbol order of precedence
Table 12 — Format 2 picture symbol order of precedence
13.16.39 PRESENT WHEN clause
13.16.39.1 General format
13.16.39.2 Syntax rules
13.16.39.3 General rules
13.16.40 PROPERTY clause
13.16.40.1 General format
13.16.40.2 Syntax rules
13.16.40.3 General rules
13.16.41 RECORD clause
13.16.41.1 General format
13.16.41.2 Syntax rules
13.16.41.3 General rules
13.16.42 REDEFINES clause
13.16.42.1 General format
13.16.42.2 Syntax rules
13.16.42.3 General rules
13.16.43 RENAMES clause
13.16.43.1 General format
13.16.43.2 Syntax rules
13.16.43.3 General rules
13.16.44 REPORT clause
13.16.44.1 General format
13.16.44.2 Syntax rules
13.16.44.3 General rules
13.16.45 REQUIRED clause
13.16.45.1 General format
13.16.45.2 General rules
13.16.46 REVERSEVIDEO clause
13.16.46.1 General format
13.16.46.2 General rules
13.16.47 SAME AS clause
13.16.47.1 General format
13.16.47.2 Syntax rules
13.16.47.3 General rules
13.16.48 SECURE clause
13.16.48.1 General format
13.16.48.2 General rules
13.16.49 SELECT WHEN clause
13.16.49.1 General format
13.16.49.2 Syntax rules
13.16.49.3 General rules
13.16.50 SIGN clause
13.16.50.1 General format
13.16.50.2 Syntax rules
13.16.50.3 General rules
13.16.51 SOURCE clause
13.16.51.1 General format
13.16.51.2 Syntax rules
13.16.51.3 General rules
13.16.52 SUM clause
13.16.52.1 General format
13.16.52.2 Syntax rules
13.16.52.3 General rules
13.16.53 SYNCHRONIZED clause
13.16.53.1 General format
13.16.53.2 Syntax rules
13.16.53.3 General rules
13.16.54 TO clause
13.16.54.1 General format
13.16.54.2 Syntax rules
13.16.54.3 General rules
13.16.55 TYPE clause
13.16.55.1 General format
13.16.55.2 Syntax rules
13.16.55.3 General rules
13.16.56 TYPEDEF clause
13.16.56.1 General format
13.16.56.2 Syntax rules
13.16.56.3 General rules
13.16.57 UNDERLINE clause
13.16.57.1 General format
13.16.57.2 General rules
13.16.58 USAGE clause
13.16.58.1 General format
13.16.58.2 Syntax rules
13.16.58.3 General rules
13.16.59 USING clause
13.16.59.1 General format
13.16.59.2 Syntax rules
13.16.59.3 General rules
13.16.60 VALIDATE-STATUS clause
13.16.60.1 General format
13.16.60.2 Syntax rules
13.16.60.3 General rules
13.16.61 VALUE clause
13.16.61.1 General format
13.16.61.2 Syntax rules
13.16.61.3 General rules
13.16.62 VARYING clause
13.16.62.1 General format
13.16.62.2 Syntax rules
13.16.62.3 General rules
14 Procedure division
14.1 Procedure division structure
14.1.1 General format
14.1.2 Syntax rules
14.1.3 General rules
14.2 Declaratives
14.3 Procedures
14.3.1 Sections
14.3.2 Paragraphs
14.4 Procedural statements and sentences
Table 13 — Procedural statements
14.4.1 Conditional phrase
14.4.2 Scope of statements
14.4.2.1 Explicit scope termination
14.4.2.2 Implicit scope termination
14.5 Execution
14.5.1 Run unit organization
14.5.2 State of a function, method, object, or program
14.5.2.1 State of a function, method, or program
14.5.2.1.1 Active state
14.5.2.1.2 Initial and lastused states of data
14.5.2.1.2.1 Initial state
14.5.2.1.2.2 Lastused state
14.5.2.2 Initial state of object data
14.5.3 Explicit and implicit transfers of control
14.5.4 Item identification
14.5.5 Results of runtime element execution
14.5.6 Locale identification
14.5.7 Sending and receiving operands
14.5.8 Alignment of data within data items
14.5.9 Overlapping operands
14.5.10 Normal run unit termination
14.5.11 Abnormal run unit termination
14.5.12 Condition handling
14.5.12.1 Exception conditions
14.5.12.1.1 Normal completion of a declarative procedure
14.5.12.1.2 Fatal exception conditions
14.5.12.1.3 Nonfatal exception conditions
14.5.12.1.4 Exception objects
14.5.12.1.5 Exceptionnames and exception conditions
Table 14 — Exception-names and exception conditions
14.5.12.2 Incompatible data
14.6 Common phrases and features for statements
14.6.1 At end condition
14.6.2 Invalid key condition
14.6.3 ROUNDED phrase
14.6.4 SIZE ERROR phrase and size error condition
14.6.5 CORRESPONDING phrase
14.6.6 Arithmetic statements
14.6.7 THROUGH phrase
14.6.8 RETRY phrase
14.6.8.1 General format
14.6.8.2 General rules
14.7 Conformance for parameters and returning items
14.7.1 Parameters
14.7.1.1 Group items
14.7.1.2 Elementary items
14.7.1.2.1 Elementary items passed by reference
14.7.1.2.2 Elementary items passed by content or by value
14.7.2 Returning items
14.7.2.1 Group items
14.7.2.2 Elementary items
14.8 Statements
14.8.1 ACCEPT statement
14.8.1.1 General format
14.8.1.2 Syntax rules
14.8.1.3 General rules
14.8.2 ADD statement
14.8.2.1 General format
14.8.2.2 Syntax rules
14.8.2.3 General rules
14.8.3 ALLOCATE statement
14.8.3.1 General format
14.8.3.2 Syntax rules
14.8.3.3 General rules
14.8.4 CALL statement
14.8.4.1 General format
14.8.4.2 Syntax rules
14.8.4.3 General rules
14.8.5 CANCEL statement
14.8.5.1 General format
14.8.5.2 Syntax rules
14.8.5.3 General rules
14.8.6 CLOSE statement
14.8.6.1 General format
14.8.6.2 Syntax rules
14.8.6.3 General rules
Table 15 — Relationship of categories of physical files and the format of the CLOSE statement
14.8.7 COMPUTE statement
14.8.7.1 General format
14.8.7.2 Syntax rules
14.8.7.3 General rules
14.8.8 CONTINUE statement
14.8.8.1 General format
14.8.8.2 Syntax rules
14.8.8.3 General rules
14.8.9 DELETE statement
14.8.9.1 General format
14.8.9.2 Syntax rules
14.8.9.3 General rules
14.8.10 DISPLAY statement
14.8.10.1 General format
14.8.10.2 Syntax rules
14.8.10.3 General rules
14.8.11 DIVIDE statement
14.8.11.1 General format
14.8.11.2 Syntax rules
14.8.11.3 General rules
14.8.12 EVALUATE statement
14.8.12.1 General format
14.8.12.2 Syntax rules
Table 16 — Combination of operands in the EVALUATE statement
14.8.12.3 General rules
14.8.13 EXIT statement
14.8.13.1 General format
14.8.13.2 Syntax rules
14.8.13.3 General rules
14.8.14 FREE statement
14.8.14.1 General format
14.8.14.2 Syntax rules
14.8.14.3 General rules
14.8.15 GENERATE statement
14.8.15.1 General format
14.8.15.2 Syntax rules
14.8.15.3 General rules
14.8.16 GO TO statement
14.8.16.1 General format
14.8.16.2 Syntax rules
14.8.16.3 General rules
14.8.17 GOBACK statement
14.8.17.1 General format
14.8.17.2 Syntax rules
14.8.17.3 General rules
14.8.18 IF statement
14.8.18.1 General format
14.8.18.2 Syntax rules
14.8.18.3 General rules
14.8.19 INITIALIZE statement
14.8.19.1 General format
14.8.19.2 Syntax rules
14.8.19.3 General rules
14.8.20 INITIATE statement
14.8.20.1 General format
14.8.20.2 Syntax rules
14.8.20.3 General rules
14.8.21 INSPECT statement
14.8.21.1 General format
14.8.21.2 Syntax rules
14.8.21.3 General rules
14.8.22 INVOKE statement
14.8.22.1 General format
14.8.22.2 Syntax Rules
14.8.22.3 General Rules
14.8.23 MERGE statement
14.8.23.1 General format
14.8.23.2 Syntax rules
14.8.23.3 General rules
14.8.24 MOVE statement
14.8.24.1 General format
14.8.24.2 Syntax rules
Table 17 — Validity of types of MOVE statements
14.8.24.3 General rules
Table 18 — Category of figurative constants used in the MOVE statement
14.8.25 MULTIPLY statement
14.8.25.1 General format
14.8.25.2 Syntax rules
14.8.25.3 General rules
14.8.26 OPEN statement
14.8.26.1 General format
14.8.26.2 Syntax rules
14.8.26.3 General rules
Table 19 — Opening available and unavailable files (file not currently open)
Table 20 — Opening available shared files that are currently open by another file connector
Table 21 — Permissible I-O statements by access mode and open mode
14.8.27 PERFORM statement
14.8.27.1 General format
14.8.27.2 Syntax rules
14.8.27.3 General rules
14.8.28 RAISE statement
14.8.28.1 General Format
14.8.28.2 Syntax Rules
14.8.28.3 General Rules
14.8.29 READ statement
14.8.29.1 General format
14.8.29.2 Syntax rules
14.8.29.3 General rules
14.8.30 RELEASE statement
14.8.30.1 General format
14.8.30.2 Syntax rules
14.8.30.3 General rules
14.8.31 RESUME statement
14.8.31.1 General format
14.8.31.2 Syntax rules
14.8.31.3 General rules
14.8.32 RETURN statement
14.8.32.1 General format
14.8.32.2 Syntax rules
14.8.32.3 General rules
14.8.33 REWRITE statement
14.8.33.1 General format
14.8.33.2 Syntax rules
14.8.33.3 General rules
14.8.34 SEARCH statement
14.8.34.1 General format
14.8.34.2 Syntax rules
14.8.34.3 General rules
14.8.35 SET statement
14.8.35.1 General format
14.8.35.2 Syntax rules
14.8.35.3 General rules
14.8.36 SORT statement
14.8.36.1 General format
14.8.36.2 Syntax rules
14.8.36.3 General rules
14.8.37 START statement
14.8.37.1 General format
14.8.37.2 Syntax rules
14.8.37.3 General rules
14.8.38 STOP statement
14.8.38.1 General format
14.8.38.2 Syntax rules
14.8.38.3 General rules
14.8.39 STRING statement
14.8.39.1 General format
14.8.39.2 Syntax rules
14.8.39.3 General rules
14.8.40 SUBTRACT statement
14.8.40.1 General format
14.8.40.2 Syntax rules
14.8.40.3 General rules
14.8.41 SUPPRESS statement
14.8.41.1 General format
14.8.41.2 Syntax rules
14.8.41.3 General rules
14.8.42 TERMINATE statement
14.8.42.1 General format
14.8.42.2 Syntax rules
14.8.42.3 General rules
14.8.43 UNLOCK statement
14.8.43.1 General format
14.8.43.2 Syntax rules
14.8.43.3 General rules
14.8.44 UNSTRING statement
14.8.44.1 General format
14.8.44.2 Syntax rules
14.8.44.3 General rules
14.8.45 USE statement
14.8.45.1 General format
14.8.45.2 Syntax rules
14.8.45.3 General rules
14.8.46 VALIDATE statement
14.8.46.1 General format
14.8.46.2 Syntax rules
14.8.46.3 General rules
14.8.47 WRITE statement
14.8.47.1 General format
14.8.47.2 Syntax rules
14.8.47.3 General rules
15 Intrinsic functions
15.1 Types of functions
15.2 Arguments
15.3 Returned values
15.3.1 Numeric and integer functions
1) the returned value shall equal the value of the equivalent arithmetic expression.
2) the result of an equivalent arithmetic expression is implementordefined if one or more of the...
a) One or more of the arguments are implementordefined.
b) One or more of the arithmetic expressions that compose the equivalent arithmetic expression pr...
c) The returned value is explicitly implementordefined.
15.4 Date conversion functions
15.5 Summary of functions
Table 22 — Table of functions
15.6 ABS function
15.6.1 General format
15.6.2 Arguments
15.6.3 Returned values
15.7 ACOS function
15.7.1 General format
15.7.2 Arguments
15.7.3 Returned values
15.8 ANNUITY function
15.8.1 General format
15.8.2 Arguments
15.8.3 Returned values
15.9 ASIN function
15.9.1 General format
15.9.2 Arguments
15.9.3 Returned values
15.10 ATAN function
15.10.1 General format
15.10.2 Arguments
15.10.3 Returned values
15.11 BOOLEANOF-INTEGER function
15.11.1 General format
15.11.2 Arguments
15.11.3 Returned values
15.12 BYTE-LENGTH function
15.12.1 General format
15.12.2 Arguments
15.12.3 Returned values
15.13 CHAR function
15.13.1 General format
15.13.2 Arguments
15.13.3 Returned values
15.14 CHARNATIONAL function
15.14.1 General format
15.14.2 Arguments
15.14.3 Returned values
15.15 COS function
15.15.1 General format
15.15.2 Arguments
15.15.3 Returned values
15.16 CURRENTDATE function
15.16.1 General format
15.16.2 Returned values
15.17 DATEOFINTEGER function
15.17.1 General format
15.17.2 Arguments
15.17.3 Returned values
15.18 DATETOYYYYMMDD function
15.18.1 General format
15.18.2 Arguments
15.18.3 Returned values
15.19 DAYOFINTEGER function
15.19.1 General format
15.19.2 Arguments
15.19.3 Returned values
15.20 DAYTOYYYYDDD function
15.20.1 General format
15.20.2 Arguments
15.20.3 Returned values
15.21 DISPLAYOF function
15.21.1 General format
15.21.2 Arguments
15.21.3 Returned values
15.22 E function
15.22.1 General format
15.22.2 Returned values
15.23 EXCEPTIONFILE function
15.23.1 General Format
15.23.2 Returned values
15.24 EXCEPTIONFILE-N function
15.24.1 General Format
15.24.2 Returned values
15.25 EXCEPTIONLOCATION function
15.25.1 General format
15.25.2 Returned values
15.26 EXCEPTIONLOCATION-N function
15.26.1 General format
15.26.2 Returned values
15.27 EXCEPTIONSTATEMENT function
15.27.1 General format
15.27.2 Returned values
15.28 EXCEPTIONSTATUS function
15.28.1 General format
15.28.2 Returned values
15.29 EXP function
15.29.1 General format
15.29.2 Arguments
15.29.3 Returned values
15.30 EXP10 function
15.30.1 General format
15.30.2 Arguments
15.30.3 Returned values
15.31 FACTORIAL function
15.31.1 General format
15.31.2 Arguments
15.31.3 Returned values
15.32 FRACTIONPART function
15.32.1 General format
15.32.2 Arguments
15.32.3 Returned values
15.33 HIGHESTALGEBRAIC function
15.33.1 General format
15.33.2 Arguments
15.33.3 Returned values
15.34 INTEGER function
15.34.1 General format
15.34.2 Arguments
15.34.3 Returned values
15.35 INTEGER-OF-BOOLEAN function
15.35.1 General format
15.35.2 Arguments
15.35.3 Returned values
15.36 INTEGEROFDATE function
15.36.1 General format
15.36.2 Arguments
15.36.3 Returned values
15.37 INTEGEROFDAY function
15.37.1 General format
15.37.2 Arguments
15.37.3 Returned values
15.38 INTEGERPART function
15.38.1 General format
15.38.2 Arguments
15.38.3 Returned values
15.39 LENGTH function
15.39.1 General format
15.39.2 Arguments
15.39.3 Returned values
15.40 LOCALECOMPARE function
15.40.1 General format
15.40.2 Arguments
15.40.3 Returned values
15.41 LOCALE-DATE function
15.41.1 General format
15.41.2 Arguments
15.41.3 Returned values
15.42 LOCALE-TIME function
15.42.1 General format
15.42.2 Arguments
15.42.3 Returned values
15.43 LOG function
15.43.1 General format
15.43.2 Arguments
15.43.3 Returned values
15.44 LOG10 function
15.44.1 General format
15.44.2 Arguments
15.44.3 Returned values
15.45 LOWER-CASE function
15.45.1 General format
15.45.2 Arguments
15.45.3 Returned values
15.46 LOWEST-ALGEBRAIC function
15.46.1 General format
15.46.2 Arguments
15.46.3 Returned values
15.47 MAX function
15.47.1 General format
15.47.2 Arguments
15.47.3 Returned values
15.48 MEAN function
15.48.1 General format
15.48.2 Arguments
15.48.3 Returned values
15.49 MEDIAN function
15.49.1 General format
15.49.2 Arguments
15.49.3 Returned values
15.50 MIDRANGE function
15.50.1 General format
15.50.2 Arguments
15.50.3 Returned values
15.51 MIN function
15.51.1 General format
15.51.2 Arguments
15.51.3 Returned values
15.52 MOD function
15.52.1 General format
15.52.2 Arguments
15.52.3 Returned values
15.53 NATIONALOF function
15.53.1 General format
15.53.2 Arguments
15.53.3 Returned values
15.54 NUMVAL function
15.54.1 General format
15.54.2 Arguments
15.54.3 Returned values
15.55 NUMVALC function
15.55.1 General format
15.55.2 Arguments
15.55.3 Returned values
15.56 NUMVAL-F function
15.56.1 General format
15.56.2 Arguments
15.56.3 Returned values
15.57 ORD function
15.57.1 General format
15.57.2 Arguments
15.57.3 Returned values
15.58 ORDMAX function
15.58.1 General format
15.58.2 Arguments
15.58.3 Returned values
15.59 ORDMIN function
15.59.1 General format
15.59.2 Arguments
15.59.3 Returned values
15.60 PI function
15.60.1 General format
15.60.2 Returned values
15.61 PRESENTVALUE function
15.61.1 General format
15.61.2 Arguments
15.61.3 Returned values
15.62 RANDOM function
15.62.1 General format
15.62.2 Arguments
15.62.3 Returned values
15.63 RANGE function
15.63.1 General format
15.63.2 Arguments
15.63.3 Returned values
15.64 REM function
15.64.1 General format
15.64.2 Arguments
15.64.3 Returned values
15.65 REVERSE function
15.65.1 General format
15.65.2 Arguments
15.65.3 Returned values
15.66 SIGN function
15.66.1 General Format
15.66.2 Arguments
15.66.3 Returned Values
15.67 SIN function
15.67.1 General format
15.67.2 Arguments
15.67.3 Returned values
15.68 SQRT function
15.68.1 General format
15.68.2 Arguments
15.68.3 Returned values
15.69 STANDARDCOMPARE function
15.69.1 General format
15.69.2 Arguments
15.69.3 Returned values
15.70 STANDARDDEVIATION function
15.70.1 General format
15.70.2 Arguments
15.70.3 Returned values
15.71 SUM function
15.71.1 General format
15.71.2 Arguments
15.71.3 Returned values
15.72 TAN function
15.72.1 General format
15.72.2 Arguments
15.72.3 Returned values
15.73 TEST-DATE-YYYYMMDD function
15.73.1 General Format
15.73.2 Arguments
15.73.3 Returned values
15.74 TEST-DAY-YYYYDDD function
15.74.1 General Format
15.74.2 Arguments
15.74.3 Returned values
15.75 TEST-NUMVAL function
15.75.1 General Format
15.75.2 Arguments
15.75.3 Returned values
15.76 TEST-NUMVAL-C function
15.76.1 General Format
15.76.2 Arguments
15.76.3 Returned values
15.77 TEST-NUMVAL-F function
15.77.1 General Format
15.77.2 Arguments
15.77.3 Returned values
15.78 UPPERCASE function
15.78.1 General format
15.78.2 Arguments
15.78.3 Returned values
15.79 VARIANCE function
15.79.1 General format
15.79.2 Arguments
15.79.3 Returned values
15.80 WHENCOMPILED function
15.80.1 General format
15.80.2 Returned values
15.81 YEARTOYYYY function
15.81.1 General format
15.81.2 Arguments
15.81.3 Returned values
16 Standard classes
16.1 BASE class
16.1.1 New method
16.1.1.1 General rules
16.1.2 FactoryObject method
16.1.2.1 General rules
Annex A (normative) Communications facility
A.1 Data division
A.1.1 Communication section
A.1.1.1 Communication description entry
A.1.1.2 Record description structure
A.1.2 Communication description entry
A.1.2.1 General format
A.1.2.2 Syntax rules
A.1.2.3 General rules
A.1.2.4 Communication status key conditions
Table A.1 — Communication status key conditions
A.1.2.5 Error key values
Table A.2 — Error key values
A.2 Procedure division
A.2.1 ACCEPT MESSAGE COUNT statement
A.2.1.1 General format
A.2.1.2 Syntax rules
A.2.1.3 General rules
A.2.2 DISABLE statement
A.2.2.1 General format
A.2.2.2 Syntax rules
A.2.2.3 General rules
A.2.3 ENABLE statement
A.2.3.1 General format
A.2.3.2 Syntax rules
A.2.3.3 General rules
A.2.4 PURGE statement
A.2.4.1 General format
A.2.4.2 Syntax rules
A.2.4.3 General rules
A.2.5 RECEIVE statement
A.2.5.1 General format
A.2.5.2 Syntax rules
A.2.5.3 General rules
A.2.6 SEND statement
A.2.6.1 General format
A.2.6.2 Syntax rules
A.2.6.3 General rules
Table A.3 — SEND statement indicators
Annex B (normative) Language element lists
B.1 Implementordefined language element list
B.2 Undefined language element list
B.3 Processordependent language element list
Annex C (normative) Characters permitted in user-defined words
C.1 Notation
C.2 Repertoire of characters permitted in user-defined words
C.2.1 Characters from TR 10176:2001, Annex A
C.2.2 Additional characters
Annex D (normative) Mapping of uppercase letters to lowercase letters
D.1 Notations
D.2 Case mapping list
D.2.1 General case mappings
D.2.2 Additional case mappings
Annex E (informative) Concepts
E.1 Files
E.1.1 File organization
E.1.1.1 Sequential organization
E.1.1.2 Relative organization
E.1.1.3 Indexed organization
E.1.1.4 Logical records
E.1.1.4.1 Fixedlength records
E.1.1.4.2 Variablelength records
E.1.1.4.3 Implementordefined record types
E.1.2 File processing
E.1.2.1 Record operations
E.1.2.1.1 Sequential access mode
E.1.2.1.2 Random access mode
E.1.2.1.3 Dynamic access mode
E.1.2.1.4 Open mode
E.1.2.1.5 Current volume pointer
E.1.2.1.6 File position indicator
E.1.2.1.7 Linage concepts
E.1.2.2 File operations
E.1.2.2.1 Sorting and merging
E.1.2.2.1.1 Sorting
E.1.2.2.1.2 Merging
E.1.2.3 Exception handling
E.1.2.3.1 IO status
E.1.2.3.2 Exception declaratives
E.1.2.3.3 Exception functions
E.1.2.3.4 Optional phrases
E.1.3 File sharing and record locking
E.1.3.1 File sharing
E.1.3.2 Record locking
E.1.3.2.1 Automatic locking
E.1.3.2.2 Manual locking
Table E.1 — Summary of record lock acquisition and release
E.1.3.3 Retry
E.2 Table handling
E.2.1 Table definition
E.2.2 Values of tables
E.2.3 References to table items
E.2.4 Subscripting
E.2.4.1 Subscripting using indexnames
E.2.4.2 Subscripting example
E.2.4.3 SEARCH example
Figure E.1 — Format 1 SEARCH statement having two WHEN phrases
E.2.5 Sorting tables
E.2.5.1 Example 1
E.2.5.2 Example 2
E.2.5.3 Example 3
E.2.5.4 Example 4
E.3 Shared memory area
E.4 Compilation group and run unit organization and communication
E.4.1 Compilation group and run unit organization
E.4.1.1 Source level organization
Figure E.2 — Compilation group sample structure example
Figure E.3 — Compilation group and run unit structures
E.4.1.2 Runtime level organization
E.4.1.3 Example
E.4.2 Recursive and initial programs
E.4.3 Accessing data and files
E.4.3.1 Names
E.4.3.2 Items
E.4.3.2.1 Item types
E.4.3.2.1.1 Workingstorage records
E.4.3.2.1.2 File connectors
E.4.3.2.1.3 Record areas for files
E.4.3.2.1.4 Screen records
E.4.3.2.1.5 Other items
E.4.3.2.2 Item attributes
E.4.3.2.2.1 Workingstorage records
E.4.3.2.2.2 File connectors
E.4.3.2.2.3 Other items
E.4.3.3 Name resolution
E.4.4 Program attributes
E.4.4.1 Common programs
E.4.4.2 Initial programs
E.4.4.3 Recursive programs
E.4.5 Interprogram communication
E.4.5.1 Transfer of control
E.4.5.1.1 Transfer of control to a program
E.4.5.1.1.1 Names of programs
E.4.5.1.1.2 Scope of the CALL statement
E.4.5.1.1.3 Scope of names of programs
E.4.5.1.2 Transfer of control to a function
E.4.5.1.2.1 Names of functions
E.4.5.1.2.2 Scope of a function-identifier
E.4.5.1.3 Transfer of control to a method
E.4.5.2 Passing arguments
E.4.5.2.1 Identifying arguments
E.4.5.2.2 Argument passing mechanisms
E.4.5.2.3 Passing addresses
E.4.5.2.4 Returning items
E.4.5.2.5 Prototypes
E.4.5.2.6 Defaults when no prototype is used
E.4.5.2.7 Defaults when a prototype is used
E.4.5.3 Sharing data
E.4.5.4 Sharing files
E.5 Communications facility
E.5.1 Message control system
E.5.2 Run unit
E.5.3 Relationship of a runtime element to the MCS and communication devices
Figure E.4 — COBOL communication environment
E.5.3.1 Invoking the run unit
E.5.3.1.1 Scheduled initiation of the run unit
E.5.3.1.2 Invocation of the run unit by the MCS
E.5.3.1.3 Determining the method of scheduling
E.5.4 Concept of messages and message segments
E.5.5 Concept of queues
E.5.5.1 Independent enqueueing and dequeueing
E.5.5.2 Enabling and disabling queues
E.5.5.3 Enqueueing and dequeueing methods
E.5.5.4 Queue hierarchy
Figure E.5 — Hierarchy of queues
E.5.6 Concept of transaction communication
E.6 Intrinsic function facility
E.7 Debugging
E.8 Types
E.8.1 Weakly-typed items
E.8.2 Strongly-typed group items
E.9 Addresses and pointers
E.9.1 Data-addresses and data-pointers
E.9.1.1 Restricted data-pointers
E.9.1.2 Examples
E.9.2 Program-addresses and program-pointers
E.9.2.1 Restricted program-pointers
E.10 Boolean support and bit manipulation
Table E.2 — Examples of boolean operations
E.11 Character sets
E.11.1 Character set representations
E.11.2 Programming to use alphanumeric and national character data
E.11.3 Source code portability
E.12 Collating sequences
E.12.1 Methods of defining collating sequences
E.12.2 Methods of selecting a collating sequence
E.12.2.1 Using the defaults
E.12.2.2 Using a specific collating sequence
E.12.2.3 Using a locale
E.12.2.4 Selecting a collating sequence for indexed files
E.12.3 Compile-time collating sequences
E.12.4 Intrinsic functions for comparisons
E.13 Culturally-specific, culturally-adaptable, and multilingual applications
E.13.1 Culturally-specific applications
E.13.2 Culturally-adaptable applications
E.13.2.1 Locale selection
E.13.2.1.1 Switching locales in a COBOL runtime module
E.13.2.1.2 Switching locales outside of COBOL
E.13.2.2 Locale-based monetary and numeric formatting
E.13.2.3 Locale-based collating sequences
E.13.2.4 Locale-based case classification of letters
E.13.2.5 Date and time formatting
E.13.3 Multilingual applications
E.14 External switches
E.15 Common exception processing
E.16 Standard arithmetic
E.16.1 Maximum error due to truncation and rounding
E.16.1.1 Arithmetic statements
E.16.1.1.1 ADD and SUBTRACT statements
E.16.1.1.2 MULTIPLY statement
E.16.1.1.3 DIVIDE statement
E.16.1.2 Arithmetic operations in arithmetic expressions
E.16.1.2.1 Unary operations and operands with no operator
E.16.1.2.2 Addition and subtraction
E.16.1.2.3 Multiplication
E.16.1.2.4 Division
E.16.1.2.5 Exponentiation
E.16.1.2.6 SQRT function
E.16.2 Examples
E.17 Object oriented concepts
E.17.1 Classes
E.17.2 Objects
E.17.2.1 Object instantiations
E.17.2.2 Object data definitions
E.17.2.3 Object references
E.17.2.4 Factory objects
E.17.3 Methods
E.17.3.1 Method invocation
E.17.3.2 Method prototypes
E.17.4 Other object oriented programming features
E.17.4.1 Inheritance
Figure E.6 — Manager class
Figure E.7 — Banking hierarchy
E.17.4.2 Restricting inheritance and modification with the FINAL clause
E.17.4.3 Conformance
E.17.4.4 Interfaces and polymorphism
E.17.5 Object management
E.17.5.1 Objects
E.17.6 Class library
E.17.7 Parameterized classes
E.17.8 Files in object orientation
E.17.8.1 Files in instance objects
E.17.8.2 Files in factory objects
E.17.9 Exception objects
E.17.10 Sample application
E.17.10.1 Main program
E.17.10.2 Account class
E.18 Report writer
E.18.1 Reports and report files
E.18.2 RD entry
E.18.2.1 PAGE
Figure E.8 — Example of page layout
E.18.2.2 CONTROL
E.18.2.3 CODE
E.18.2.4 Example
E.18.3 Basic report group description
E.18.3.1 TYPE
E.18.3.2 LINE and NEXT GROUP
E.18.3.3 COLUMN
E.18.3.4 SOURCE, VALUE, and PICTURE
E.18.3.5 Example:
E.18.4 Modifying the report group layout
E.18.4.1 PRESENT WHEN
E.18.4.2 GROUP INDICATE
E.18.5 Repetition
E.18.5.1 OCCURS
E.18.5.2 Multiple form of LINE, COLUMN, SOURCE, VALUE
E.18.5.3 VARYING
E.18.6 Totalling
E.18.7 Procedure division statements
E.18.8 Report counters
E.19 Validate facility
E.19.1 Format validation
E.19.2 Input distribution
E.19.3 Content validation
E.19.4 Relation validation
E.19.5 Error indication
E.19.6 Validation of more complex formats
E.19.7 Examples of validation
E.19.7.1 Example of validation of USAGE DISPLAY items
E.19.7.2 Example of validation of non-display items
E.20 Conditional expressions
Figure E.9 — Evaluation of the condition-1 AND condition-2 AND ... condition-n
Figure E.10 — Evaluation of the condition-1 OR condition-2 OR ... condition-n
Figure E.11 — Evaluation of condition-1 OR condition-2 AND condition-3
Figure E.12 — Evaluation of (condition-1 OR NOT condition-2) AND condition-3 AND condition-4
E.21 Examples of the execution of the INSPECT statement
E.22 Examples of the execution of the PERFORM statement
Figure E.13 — The VARYING option of a PERFORM statement with the TEST BEFORE phrase having one co...
Figure E.14 — The VARYING option of a PERFORM statement with the TEST BEFORE phrase having two co...
Figure E.15 — The VARYING option of a PERFORM statement with the TEST AFTER phrase having one con...
Figure E.16 — The VARYING option of a PERFORM statement with the TEST AFTER phrase having two con...
E.23 Example of freeform reference format
E.24 Conditional compilation
E.25 CALL-CONVENTION directive
Annex F (informative) Substantive changes list
F.1 Substantive changes potentially affecting existing programs
F.2 Substantive changes not affecting existing programs
Annex G (informative) Archaic and obsolete language element lists
G.1 Archaic language elements
G.2 Obsolete language elements
Annex H (informative) Known errors in the standard
H.1 Rationale
H.2 List of errors
Bibliography
Index
Amendments
- ISO/IEC 1989:2002/Cor 1:2006. Published 19/06/2006
- ISO/IEC 1989:2002/Cor 2:2006. Published 19/06/2006
- ISO/IEC 1989:2002/Cor 3:2009. Published 23/07/2009
- ISO/IEC 1989:2002/COR1:2006. Published 19/06/2006
- ISO/IEC 1989:2002/COR2:2006. Published 19/06/2006
- ISO/IEC 1989:2002/COR3:2009. Published 23/07/2009