ISO TS 23302:2021
Nanotechnologies - Requirements and recommendations for the identification of measurands that characterise nano-objects and materials that contain them
ISO TS 23302:2021 This document specifies requirements and recommendations for the identification of measurands to characterize nano-objects and their agglomerates and aggregates, and to assess specific properties relevant to the performance of materials that contain them. It provides recommendations for relevant measurement.
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Foreword
Introduction
1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms and definitions
3.1 General core terms
3.2 Measurand related terms
4 Abbreviated terms
5 Approaches to identify measurands to characterize nano-objects and their agglomerates and aggregates, and materials containing nano-objects
5.1 Procedure
5.2 Types of measurands
5.3 State of nano-objects
6 Measurands related to size and shape measurement of nano-objects and their agglomerates and aggregates
6.1 General
6.2 Measurands related to size and shape measurement
6.2.1 Overview
6.2.2 General relevant standards
6.3 Measurands related to size and shape measurement in aerosols
6.3.1 Overview
6.3.2 General relevant standards
6.3.3 Electrical low-pressure impaction
6.3.4 Cascade impactors
6.3.5 Differential mobility analysing system
6.3.6 Relevant standards
6.3.7 Optical particle counter
6.3.8 Relevant standards
6.3.9 Aerodynamic particle sizing
6.3.10 TEM combined with TEM grid samplers
6.3.11 Relevant standards
6.3.12 Scanning electron microscopy
6.3.13 Relevant standards
6.4 Measurands related to size and shape measurement in powders
6.4.1 Overview
6.4.2 Relevant standards
6.4.3 Scanning electron microscopy
6.4.4 Relevant standards
6.4.5 Gas adsorption, the BET method
6.4.6 Relevant standard
6.4.7 Laser diffraction
6.4.8 Relevant standard
6.4.9 X-ray diffraction
6.4.10 Relevant standards
6.4.11 Raman spectroscopy
6.5 Measurands related to size and shape measurements of nano-objects in liquid dispersions
6.5.1 Overview
6.5.2 Centrifugal liquid sedimentation
6.5.3 Relevant standards
6.5.4 Dynamic light scattering
6.5.5 Relevant standards
6.5.6 Laser diffraction
6.5.7 Relevant standard
6.5.8 Small angle X-ray scattering
6.5.9 Relevant standard
6.5.10 Particle tracking analysis
6.5.11 Relevant standards
6.5.12 Electron microscopy
6.5.13 Field flow fractionation
6.5.14 Relevant standard
6.5.15 Single particle ICP-MS
6.5.16 Relevant standard
6.6 Measurands related to size and shape measurement on surfaces (microscopy techniques)
6.6.1 Overview
6.6.2 Scanning electron microscopy
6.6.3 Atomic force microscopy
6.6.4 Relevant standards
7 Measurands related to chemical analysis of nano-objects and their agglomerates and aggregates
7.1 General
7.2 Measurands related to surface chemical analysis of nano-objects and their agglomerates and aggregates
7.2.1 Measurands
7.2.2 Auger electron spectroscopy
7.2.3 Relevant standards
7.2.4 Electron energy loss spectroscopy
7.2.5 Relevant standard
7.2.6 Secondary ion mass spectroscopy
7.2.7 Relevant standards
7.2.8 X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy
7.2.9 Relevant standards
7.2.10 X-ray diffraction
7.2.11 Relevant standard
7.2.12 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
7.2.13 Relevant standards
7.2.14 Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy
7.2.15 Low energy ion scattering
7.3 Measurands related to the chemical analysis of nano-objects as bulk samples
7.3.1 Measurands
7.3.2 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
7.3.3 Relevant standards
7.3.4 Thermal analysis with evolved gas analyser plus FTIR or QMS
7.3.5 Relevant standards
7.3.6 Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy
7.3.7 Relevant standards
7.3.8 Raman spectroscopy
7.3.9 Inductively coupled plasma techniques
7.3.10 Relevant standards
7.3.11 Contact angle
8 Measurands related to mass and density
8.1 General
8.2 Aerosols
8.2.1 Measurands
8.2.2 Relevant standards
8.2.3 Aerosol particle mass analyser
8.2.4 Time of flight mass spectrometry
8.3 Powders
8.3.1 Measurands
8.3.2 Pycnometry
8.3.3 Relevant standards
8.4 Liquid dispersions
8.4.1 Measurands
8.4.2 Relevant standards
8.4.3 Centrifugal liquid sedimentation (isopycnic method)
8.4.4 Static light scattering
8.4.5 Resonant mass measurement
9 Measurands related to charge — Liquid dispersions
9.1 Measurands
9.2 Relevant standards
9.3 Electrophoretic light scattering
9.4 Electroacoustic phenomena measurements
10 Measurands related to crystallinity
10.1 Measurands
10.2 Small-angle/wide-angle X-ray scattering
10.3 X-ray diffraction
10.4 High-resolution transmission electron microscopy
10.5 Electron backscattered diffraction
10.6 Neutron diffraction
10.7 Reflection high-energy electron diffraction and low-energy electron diffraction
10.8 Differential scanning calorimetry
10.9 Relevant standards
10.10 Solid state nuclear magnetic resonance crystallography
10.11 Raman crystallography
10.12 Relevant standards
11 Optical properties measurands
11.1 General
11.2 Measurands
11.3 Spectroscopy techniques
11.4 Relevant standards
12 Electrical and electronic measurands
12.1 Measurands
12.2 Techniques
12.2.1 2- or 4-point conductance measurements
12.2.2 Angle-resolved ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy
12.2.3 Scanning tunnelling microscopy
12.2.4 Conductive atomic force microscopy
12.2.5 Piezoforce microscopy
13 Magnetic measurands
13.1 General
13.2 Measurands
13.3 Techniques
13.3.1 Superconducting quantum interference device
13.3.2 Vibrating sample magnetometer
13.3.3 Mössbauer spectroscopy
13.3.4 Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy
13.3.5 Magneto-optical Kerr-effect
13.3.6 Magnetic force microscopy
13.3.7 Scanning Hall effect microscopy
13.3.8 Spin-polarized scanning tunnelling microscopy
13.3.9 Relevant standards
14 Thermal measurands
14.1 Measurands
14.2 Techniques
14.2.1 Measurement of specific heat capacity
14.2.2 Scanning thermal microscopy
14.3 Relevant standard
15 Other performance related measurands
15.1 General
15.2 Powders — Dustiness
15.2.1 Measurands
15.2.2 Relevant standards
15.3 Liquid dispersions
15.3.1 Measurands
15.3.2 Viscosity
15.3.3 Dispersibility
15.3.4 Relevant standard
15.3.5 Solubility and rate of dissolution
15.3.6 Relevant standards
15.4 Mechanical properties
15.4.1 General
15.4.2 Measurement of elastic constants by static methods
15.4.3 Relevant standards
15.4.4 Measurement of elastic constants by dynamic methods
15.4.5 Relevant standards
15.4.6 Measurement of elastic and plastic properties by instrumented indentation methods
15.4.7 Relevant standards
15.4.8 Measurement of surface properties and wear
15.4.9 Relevant standard
Bibliography
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Foreword
Introduction
1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms and definitions
3.1 General core terms
3.2 Measurand related terms
4 Abbreviated terms
5 Approaches to identify measurands to characterize nano-objects and their agglomerates and aggregates, and materials containing nano-objects
5.1 Procedure
5.2 Types of measurands
5.3 State of nano-objects
6 Measurands related to size and shape measurement of nano-objects and their agglomerates and aggregates
6.1 General
6.2 Measurands related to size and shape measurement
6.2.1 Overview
6.2.2 General relevant standards
6.3 Measurands related to size and shape measurement in aerosols
6.3.1 Overview
6.3.2 General relevant standards
6.3.3 Electrical low-pressure impaction
6.3.4 Cascade impactors
6.3.5 Differential mobility analysing system
6.3.6 Relevant standards
6.3.7 Optical particle counter
6.3.8 Relevant standards
6.3.9 Aerodynamic particle sizing
6.3.10 TEM combined with TEM grid samplers
6.3.11 Relevant standards
6.3.12 Scanning electron microscopy
6.3.13 Relevant standards
6.4 Measurands related to size and shape measurement in powders
6.4.1 Overview
6.4.2 Relevant standards
6.4.3 Scanning electron microscopy
6.4.4 Relevant standards
6.4.5 Gas adsorption, the BET method
6.4.6 Relevant standard
6.4.7 Laser diffraction
6.4.8 Relevant standard
6.4.9 X-ray diffraction
6.4.10 Relevant standards
6.4.11 Raman spectroscopy
6.5 Measurands related to size and shape measurements of nano-objects in liquid dispersions
6.5.1 Overview
6.5.2 Centrifugal liquid sedimentation
6.5.3 Relevant standards
6.5.4 Dynamic light scattering
6.5.5 Relevant standards
6.5.6 Laser diffraction
6.5.7 Relevant standard
6.5.8 Small angle X-ray scattering
6.5.9 Relevant standard
6.5.10 Particle tracking analysis
6.5.11 Relevant standards
6.5.12 Electron microscopy
6.5.13 Field flow fractionation
6.5.14 Relevant standard
6.5.15 Single particle ICP-MS
6.5.16 Relevant standard
6.6 Measurands related to size and shape measurement on surfaces (microscopy techniques)
6.6.1 Overview
6.6.2 Scanning electron microscopy
6.6.3 Atomic force microscopy
6.6.4 Relevant standards
7 Measurands related to chemical analysis of nano-objects and their agglomerates and aggregates
7.1 General
7.2 Measurands related to surface chemical analysis of nano-objects and their agglomerates and aggregates
7.2.1 Measurands
7.2.2 Auger electron spectroscopy
7.2.3 Relevant standards
7.2.4 Electron energy loss spectroscopy
7.2.5 Relevant standard
7.2.6 Secondary ion mass spectroscopy
7.2.7 Relevant standards
7.2.8 X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy
7.2.9 Relevant standards
7.2.10 X-ray diffraction
7.2.11 Relevant standard
7.2.12 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
7.2.13 Relevant standards
7.2.14 Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy
7.2.15 Low energy ion scattering
7.3 Measurands related to the chemical analysis of nano-objects as bulk samples
7.3.1 Measurands
7.3.2 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
7.3.3 Relevant standards
7.3.4 Thermal analysis with evolved gas analyser plus FTIR or QMS
7.3.5 Relevant standards
7.3.6 Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy
7.3.7 Relevant standards
7.3.8 Raman spectroscopy
7.3.9 Inductively coupled plasma techniques
7.3.10 Relevant standards
7.3.11 Contact angle
8 Measurands related to mass and density
8.1 General
8.2 Aerosols
8.2.1 Measurands
8.2.2 Relevant standards
8.2.3 Aerosol particle mass analyser
8.2.4 Time of flight mass spectrometry
8.3 Powders
8.3.1 Measurands
8.3.2 Pycnometry
8.3.3 Relevant standards
8.4 Liquid dispersions
8.4.1 Measurands
8.4.2 Relevant standards
8.4.3 Centrifugal liquid sedimentation (isopycnic method)
8.4.4 Static light scattering
8.4.5 Resonant mass measurement
9 Measurands related to charge — Liquid dispersions
9.1 Measurands
9.2 Relevant standards
9.3 Electrophoretic light scattering
9.4 Electroacoustic phenomena measurements
10 Measurands related to crystallinity
10.1 Measurands
10.2 Small-angle/wide-angle X-ray scattering
10.3 X-ray diffraction
10.4 High-resolution transmission electron microscopy
10.5 Electron backscattered diffraction
10.6 Neutron diffraction
10.7 Reflection high-energy electron diffraction and low-energy electron diffraction
10.8 Differential scanning calorimetry
10.9 Relevant standards
10.10 Solid state nuclear magnetic resonance crystallography
10.11 Raman crystallography
10.12 Relevant standards
11 Optical properties measurands
11.1 General
11.2 Measurands
11.3 Spectroscopy techniques
11.4 Relevant standards
12 Electrical and electronic measurands
12.1 Measurands
12.2 Techniques
12.2.1 2- or 4-point conductance measurements
12.2.2 Angle-resolved ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy
12.2.3 Scanning tunnelling microscopy
12.2.4 Conductive atomic force microscopy
12.2.5 Piezoforce microscopy
13 Magnetic measurands
13.1 General
13.2 Measurands
13.3 Techniques
13.3.1 Superconducting quantum interference device
13.3.2 Vibrating sample magnetometer
13.3.3 Mössbauer spectroscopy
13.3.4 Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy
13.3.5 Magneto-optical Kerr-effect
13.3.6 Magnetic force microscopy
13.3.7 Scanning Hall effect microscopy
13.3.8 Spin-polarized scanning tunnelling microscopy
13.3.9 Relevant standards
14 Thermal measurands
14.1 Measurands
14.2 Techniques
14.2.1 Measurement of specific heat capacity
14.2.2 Scanning thermal microscopy
14.3 Relevant standard
15 Other performance related measurands
15.1 General
15.2 Powders — Dustiness
15.2.1 Measurands
15.2.2 Relevant standards
15.3 Liquid dispersions
15.3.1 Measurands
15.3.2 Viscosity
15.3.3 Dispersibility
15.3.4 Relevant standard
15.3.5 Solubility and rate of dissolution
15.3.6 Relevant standards
15.4 Mechanical properties
15.4.1 General
15.4.2 Measurement of elastic constants by static methods
15.4.3 Relevant standards
15.4.4 Measurement of elastic constants by dynamic methods
15.4.5 Relevant standards
15.4.6 Measurement of elastic and plastic properties by instrumented indentation methods
15.4.7 Relevant standards
15.4.8 Measurement of surface properties and wear
15.4.9 Relevant standard
Bibliography