ISO 4359:2013
Flow measurement structures — Rectangular, trapezoidal and U-shaped flumes
ISO 4359:2013 specifies methods for the measurement of flow in rivers and artificial channels under steady or slowly varying flow conditions, using certain types of standing-wave, or critical-depth, flumes.
A wide variety of flumes has been developed, but only those which have received general acceptance after adequate research and field testing, and which therefore do not require in situ calibration, are considered.
The flow conditions considered are uniquely dependent on the upstream head, i.e. subcritical flow must exist upstream of the flume, after which the flow accelerates through the contraction and passes through its critical depth. The water level downstream of the structure is low enough to have no influence upon its performance.
ISO 4359:2013 is applicable to three commonly used types of flumes, covering a wide range of applications, namely rectangular-throated, trapezoidal-throated and U-throated.
It is not applicable to a form of flume referred to in the literature (sometimes called a "Venturi" flume) in which the flow remains subcritical throughout.
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Section sec_1
Section sec_2
Section sec_3
Section sec_4
Section sec_5
Section sec_5.1
Table tab_b
Figure fig_1
Section sec_5.2
Section sec_5.3
Figure fig_2
Section sec_5.4
Section sec_5.5
Section sec_5.6
Section sec_5.7
Section sec_5.8
Section sec_5.9
Section sec_5.10
Section sec_6
Section sec_6.1
Section sec_6.1.1
Section sec_6.1.2
Section sec_6.1.3
Section sec_6.1.4
Section sec_6.1.5
Section sec_6.1.6
Section sec_6.1.7
Section sec_6.1.8
Section sec_6.1.9
Section sec_6.2
Section sec_6.2.1
Section sec_6.2.1.1
Section sec_6.2.1.2
Section sec_6.2.1.3
Section sec_6.2.1.4
Section sec_6.2.2
Section sec_6.2.2.1
Section sec_6.2.2.2
Section sec_6.2.2.3
Section sec_6.2.2.4
Section sec_6.2.3
Section sec_6.2.3.1
Section sec_6.2.3.2
Figure fig_3
Section sec_6.2.4
Section sec_6.2.4.1
Section sec_6.2.4.2
Section sec_7
Section sec_7.1
Section sec_7.2
Section sec_7.3
Section sec_7.4
Section sec_8
Section sec_8.1
Section sec_8.1.1
Section sec_8.1.2
Section sec_8.2
Section sec_8.2.1
Section sec_8.2.2
Section sec_8.2.3
Section sec_8.3
Section sec_8.3.1
Section sec_8.3.2
Section sec_8.3.3
Section sec_8.3.4
Section sec_8.3.5
Section sec_8.3.6
Section sec_8.4
Section sec_8.4.1
Section sec_8.4.2
Section sec_8.4.3
Section sec_8.4.4
Section sec_9
Section sec_9.1
Section sec_9.1.1
Section sec_9.1.2
Section sec_9.1.3
Section sec_9.1.4
Section sec_9.1.5
Section sec_9.1.6
Section sec_9.2
Section sec_9.2.1
Section sec_9.2.2
Table tab_g
Figure fig_4
Table tab_h
Figure fig_5
Table tab_i
Figure fig_6
Table tab_j
Figure fig_7
Section sec_9.2.3
Section sec_9.2.4
Table tab_l
Figure fig_8
Section sec_9.2.5
Section sec_9.2.6
Section sec_9.2.7
Section sec_9.2.8
Section sec_9.2.9
Table tab_1
Table tab_n
Figure fig_9
Section sec_9.2.10
Section sec_9.2.11
Section sec_9.2.12
Table tab_p
Figure fig_10
Table tab_q
Figure fig_11
Table tab_r
Figure fig_12
Section sec_9.3
Section sec_9.3.1
Section sec_9.3.2
Section sec_9.3.3
Section sec_9.4
Section sec_9.4.1
Section sec_9.4.2
Section sec_9.4.3
Section sec_9.4.4
Section sec_9.4.5
Section sec_9.4.6
Section sec_9.5
Table tab_2
Section sec_10
Section sec_10.1
Section sec_10.1.1
Section sec_10.1.2
Section sec_10.1.3
Section sec_10.1.4
Section sec_10.1.5
Section sec_10.2
Section sec_10.3
Section sec_10.3.1
Section sec_10.3.2
Section sec_10.3.3
Section sec_10.4
Section sec_10.4.1
Section sec_10.4.2
Section sec_10.4.3
Section sec_10.4.4
Section sec_10.4.5
Section sec_10.4.6
Section sec_10.4.7
Section sec_10.4.8
Section sec_10.4.9
Table tab_3
Section sec_10.4.10
Table tab_4
Section sec_10.4.11
Section sec_10.4.12
Section sec_10.4.13
Section sec_10.5
Section sec_10.5.1
Section sec_10.5.2
Section sec_10.6
Section sec_10.6.1
Section sec_10.6.2
Section sec_10.6.3
Section sec_10.6.4
Section sec_10.6.5
Section sec_10.6.6
Section sec_10.6.7
Section sec_11
Section sec_11.1
Section sec_11.1.1
Section sec_11.1.2
Section sec_11.1.3
Section sec_11.1.4
Section sec_11.1.5
Section sec_11.1.6
Section sec_11.2
Section sec_11.3
Section sec_11.3.1
Section sec_11.3.2
Section sec_11.3.3
Section sec_11.3.4
Section sec_11.4
Section sec_11.4.1
Section sec_11.4.2
Section sec_11.4.3
Section sec_11.4.4
Section sec_11.4.5
Section sec_11.4.6
Section sec_11.4.7
Section sec_11.4.8
Section sec_11.4.9
Section sec_11.4.10
Section sec_11.4.11
Section sec_11.4.12
Section sec_11.4.13
Section sec_11.5
Section sec_11.5.1
Section sec_11.5.2
Section sec_11.5.3
Section sec_11.5.4
Section sec_11.5.5
Section sec_11.5.6
Section sec_11.5.7
Section sec_11.5.8
Section sec_11.5.9
Section sec_11.6
Section sec_11.6.1
Section sec_11.6.2
Section sec_11.6.3
Section sec_11.6.4
Section sec_11.6.5
Section sec_11.6.6
Section sec_11.6.7
Section sec_12
Section sec_12.1
Section sec_12.1.1
Section sec_12.1.2
Section sec_12.1.3
Section sec_12.1.4
Section sec_12.1.5
Section sec_12.2
Section sec_12.3
Section sec_12.3.1
Section sec_12.3.2
Section sec_12.3.3
Section sec_12.3.4
Section sec_12.4
Section sec_12.4.1
Section sec_12.4.2
Section sec_12.4.3
Section sec_12.4.4
Section sec_12.4.5
Section sec_12.4.6
Section sec_12.4.7
Section sec_12.4.8
Section sec_12.4.9
Section sec_12.4.10
Section sec_12.4.11
Section sec_12.4.12
Section sec_12.4.13
Section sec_12.5
Section sec_12.5.1
Section sec_12.5.2
Section sec_12.5.3
Section sec_12.5.4
Section sec_12.5.5
Section sec_12.5.6
Section sec_12.5.7
Section sec_12.5.8
Section sec_12.5.9
Section sec_12.6
Section sec_12.6.1
Section sec_12.6.2
Section sec_12.6.3
Section sec_12.6.4
Section sec_12.6.5
Section sec_12.6.6
Section sec_12.6.7
Section sec_12.6.8
Section sec_13
Section sec_13.1
Section sec_13.1.1
Section sec_13.1.2
Section sec_13.1.3
Section sec_13.1.4
Section sec_13.1.5
Section sec_13.2
Section sec_13.2.1
Section sec_13.2.2
Section sec_13.2.3
Section sec_13.2.4
Section sec_13.2.5
Section sec_13.2.6
Section sec_13.2.7
Section sec_13.2.8
Table tab_ak
Figure fig_13
Section sec_13.3
Section sec_13.4
Section sec_13.4.1
Section sec_13.4.2
Section sec_14
Section sec_14.1
Section sec_14.1.1
Section sec_14.1.2
Section sec_14.2
Section sec_14.3
Section sec_14.4
Section sec_14.5
Section sec_14.5.1
Section sec_14.5.2
Section sec_14.5.3
Section sec_14.6
Section sec_14.6.1
Section sec_14.6.2
Section sec_14.6.3
Section sec_14.6.4
Section sec_14.6.5
Section sec_14.7
Section sec_14.7.1
Section sec_14.7.2
Section sec_14.7.3
Section sec_14.7.4
Section sec_14.7.5
Table tab_5
Annex sec_A
Table tab_al
Figure fig_A.1
Table tab_am
Figure fig_A.2
Table tab_an
Figure fig_A.3
Table tab_ao
Figure fig_A.4
Table tab_ap
Figure fig_A.5
Table tab_aq
Figure fig_A.6
Table tab_ar
Figure fig_A.7
Table tab_as
Figure fig_A.8
Annex sec_B
Annex sec_B.1
Table tab_at
Figure fig_B.1
Annex sec_B.2
Annex sec_B.3
Annex sec_B.4
Annex sec_B.5
Table tab_B.1
Annex sec_B.6
Annex sec_B.6.1
Annex sec_B.6.2
Figure fig_B.2
Annex sec_B.6.3
Figure fig_B.3
Annex sec_B.6.4
Table tab_au
Figure fig_B.4
Annex sec_B.6.5
Table tab_av
Figure fig_B.5
Annex sec_B.7
Annex sec_C
Annex sec_D
Annex sec_D.1
Annex sec_D.2
Table tab_D.1
Table tab_D.2
Reference ref_1
Reference ref_2
Reference ref_3
Reference ref_4
Reference ref_5
Reference ref_6
Reference ref_7
Reference ref_8
Reference ref_9
Reference ref_10
Reference ref_11
Table tab_C.1
Foreword
1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms and definitions
4 Symbols
5 Flume types and principles of operation
6 Installation
6.1 Selection of site
6.2 Installation conditions
7 Maintenance
8 Measurement of head
8.1 General
8.2 Location of head measurement(s)
8.3 Gauge wells
8.4 Zero setting
9 General equations for discharge
9.1 Discharge based on critical flow in the flume throat
9.2 Discharge based on observed upstream head
9.3 Calculation of stage-discharge relationships
9.4 Approach velocity and coefficient of velocity
9.5 Selection of flume size and shape
10 Rectangular-throated flume
10.1 Description
10.2 Location of head measurement section
10.3 Provision for modular flow
10.4 Evaluation of discharge for a given observed upstream head
10.5 Computation of stage-discharge relationship
10.6 Limits of application
11 Trapezoidal-throated flumes
11.1 Description
11.2 Location of head measurement section
11.3 Provision for modular flow
11.4 Evaluation of discharge — Coefficient method
11.5 Computation of stage-discharge relationship
11.6 Limits of application
12 U-throated (round-bottomed) flumes
12.1 Description
12.2 Location of head measurement section
12.3 Provision for modular flow
12.4 Evaluation of discharge — Coefficient method
12.5 Computation of stage-discharge relationship
12.6 Limits of application
13 Uncertainties of flow measurement
13.1 General
13.2 Combining measurement uncertainties
13.3 Percentage uncertainty of discharge coefficient u*(C) for critical-depth flumes
13.4 Uncertainty budget
14 Example of uncertainty calculations
14.1 General
14.2 Characteristics — Gauging structure
14.3 Characteristics — Discharge calculation
14.4 Characteristics — Discharge coefficient
14.5 Characteristics — Gauged head instrumentation
14.6 Characteristics — Throat width
14.7 Overall uncertainty in discharge
Annex A (informative) Simplified head-discharge relationships for flume
Annex B (informative) Introduction to measurement uncertainty
Annex C (informative) Sample measurement performance for use in hydrometric worked examples
Annex D (informative) Spreadsheets for use with this International Standard
Bibliography
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Section sec_1
Section sec_2
Section sec_3
Section sec_4
Section sec_5
Section sec_5.1
Table tab_b
Figure fig_1
Section sec_5.2
Section sec_5.3
Figure fig_2
Section sec_5.4
Section sec_5.5
Section sec_5.6
Section sec_5.7
Section sec_5.8
Section sec_5.9
Section sec_5.10
Section sec_6
Section sec_6.1
Section sec_6.1.1
Section sec_6.1.2
Section sec_6.1.3
Section sec_6.1.4
Section sec_6.1.5
Section sec_6.1.6
Section sec_6.1.7
Section sec_6.1.8
Section sec_6.1.9
Section sec_6.2
Section sec_6.2.1
Section sec_6.2.1.1
Section sec_6.2.1.2
Section sec_6.2.1.3
Section sec_6.2.1.4
Section sec_6.2.2
Section sec_6.2.2.1
Section sec_6.2.2.2
Section sec_6.2.2.3
Section sec_6.2.2.4
Section sec_6.2.3
Section sec_6.2.3.1
Section sec_6.2.3.2
Figure fig_3
Section sec_6.2.4
Section sec_6.2.4.1
Section sec_6.2.4.2
Section sec_7
Section sec_7.1
Section sec_7.2
Section sec_7.3
Section sec_7.4
Section sec_8
Section sec_8.1
Section sec_8.1.1
Section sec_8.1.2
Section sec_8.2
Section sec_8.2.1
Section sec_8.2.2
Section sec_8.2.3
Section sec_8.3
Section sec_8.3.1
Section sec_8.3.2
Section sec_8.3.3
Section sec_8.3.4
Section sec_8.3.5
Section sec_8.3.6
Section sec_8.4
Section sec_8.4.1
Section sec_8.4.2
Section sec_8.4.3
Section sec_8.4.4
Section sec_9
Section sec_9.1
Section sec_9.1.1
Section sec_9.1.2
Section sec_9.1.3
Section sec_9.1.4
Section sec_9.1.5
Section sec_9.1.6
Section sec_9.2
Section sec_9.2.1
Section sec_9.2.2
Table tab_g
Figure fig_4
Table tab_h
Figure fig_5
Table tab_i
Figure fig_6
Table tab_j
Figure fig_7
Section sec_9.2.3
Section sec_9.2.4
Table tab_l
Figure fig_8
Section sec_9.2.5
Section sec_9.2.6
Section sec_9.2.7
Section sec_9.2.8
Section sec_9.2.9
Table tab_1
Table tab_n
Figure fig_9
Section sec_9.2.10
Section sec_9.2.11
Section sec_9.2.12
Table tab_p
Figure fig_10
Table tab_q
Figure fig_11
Table tab_r
Figure fig_12
Section sec_9.3
Section sec_9.3.1
Section sec_9.3.2
Section sec_9.3.3
Section sec_9.4
Section sec_9.4.1
Section sec_9.4.2
Section sec_9.4.3
Section sec_9.4.4
Section sec_9.4.5
Section sec_9.4.6
Section sec_9.5
Table tab_2
Section sec_10
Section sec_10.1
Section sec_10.1.1
Section sec_10.1.2
Section sec_10.1.3
Section sec_10.1.4
Section sec_10.1.5
Section sec_10.2
Section sec_10.3
Section sec_10.3.1
Section sec_10.3.2
Section sec_10.3.3
Section sec_10.4
Section sec_10.4.1
Section sec_10.4.2
Section sec_10.4.3
Section sec_10.4.4
Section sec_10.4.5
Section sec_10.4.6
Section sec_10.4.7
Section sec_10.4.8
Section sec_10.4.9
Table tab_3
Section sec_10.4.10
Table tab_4
Section sec_10.4.11
Section sec_10.4.12
Section sec_10.4.13
Section sec_10.5
Section sec_10.5.1
Section sec_10.5.2
Section sec_10.6
Section sec_10.6.1
Section sec_10.6.2
Section sec_10.6.3
Section sec_10.6.4
Section sec_10.6.5
Section sec_10.6.6
Section sec_10.6.7
Section sec_11
Section sec_11.1
Section sec_11.1.1
Section sec_11.1.2
Section sec_11.1.3
Section sec_11.1.4
Section sec_11.1.5
Section sec_11.1.6
Section sec_11.2
Section sec_11.3
Section sec_11.3.1
Section sec_11.3.2
Section sec_11.3.3
Section sec_11.3.4
Section sec_11.4
Section sec_11.4.1
Section sec_11.4.2
Section sec_11.4.3
Section sec_11.4.4
Section sec_11.4.5
Section sec_11.4.6
Section sec_11.4.7
Section sec_11.4.8
Section sec_11.4.9
Section sec_11.4.10
Section sec_11.4.11
Section sec_11.4.12
Section sec_11.4.13
Section sec_11.5
Section sec_11.5.1
Section sec_11.5.2
Section sec_11.5.3
Section sec_11.5.4
Section sec_11.5.5
Section sec_11.5.6
Section sec_11.5.7
Section sec_11.5.8
Section sec_11.5.9
Section sec_11.6
Section sec_11.6.1
Section sec_11.6.2
Section sec_11.6.3
Section sec_11.6.4
Section sec_11.6.5
Section sec_11.6.6
Section sec_11.6.7
Section sec_12
Section sec_12.1
Section sec_12.1.1
Section sec_12.1.2
Section sec_12.1.3
Section sec_12.1.4
Section sec_12.1.5
Section sec_12.2
Section sec_12.3
Section sec_12.3.1
Section sec_12.3.2
Section sec_12.3.3
Section sec_12.3.4
Section sec_12.4
Section sec_12.4.1
Section sec_12.4.2
Section sec_12.4.3
Section sec_12.4.4
Section sec_12.4.5
Section sec_12.4.6
Section sec_12.4.7
Section sec_12.4.8
Section sec_12.4.9
Section sec_12.4.10
Section sec_12.4.11
Section sec_12.4.12
Section sec_12.4.13
Section sec_12.5
Section sec_12.5.1
Section sec_12.5.2
Section sec_12.5.3
Section sec_12.5.4
Section sec_12.5.5
Section sec_12.5.6
Section sec_12.5.7
Section sec_12.5.8
Section sec_12.5.9
Section sec_12.6
Section sec_12.6.1
Section sec_12.6.2
Section sec_12.6.3
Section sec_12.6.4
Section sec_12.6.5
Section sec_12.6.6
Section sec_12.6.7
Section sec_12.6.8
Section sec_13
Section sec_13.1
Section sec_13.1.1
Section sec_13.1.2
Section sec_13.1.3
Section sec_13.1.4
Section sec_13.1.5
Section sec_13.2
Section sec_13.2.1
Section sec_13.2.2
Section sec_13.2.3
Section sec_13.2.4
Section sec_13.2.5
Section sec_13.2.6
Section sec_13.2.7
Section sec_13.2.8
Table tab_ak
Figure fig_13
Section sec_13.3
Section sec_13.4
Section sec_13.4.1
Section sec_13.4.2
Section sec_14
Section sec_14.1
Section sec_14.1.1
Section sec_14.1.2
Section sec_14.2
Section sec_14.3
Section sec_14.4
Section sec_14.5
Section sec_14.5.1
Section sec_14.5.2
Section sec_14.5.3
Section sec_14.6
Section sec_14.6.1
Section sec_14.6.2
Section sec_14.6.3
Section sec_14.6.4
Section sec_14.6.5
Section sec_14.7
Section sec_14.7.1
Section sec_14.7.2
Section sec_14.7.3
Section sec_14.7.4
Section sec_14.7.5
Table tab_5
Annex sec_A
Table tab_al
Figure fig_A.1
Table tab_am
Figure fig_A.2
Table tab_an
Figure fig_A.3
Table tab_ao
Figure fig_A.4
Table tab_ap
Figure fig_A.5
Table tab_aq
Figure fig_A.6
Table tab_ar
Figure fig_A.7
Table tab_as
Figure fig_A.8
Annex sec_B
Annex sec_B.1
Table tab_at
Figure fig_B.1
Annex sec_B.2
Annex sec_B.3
Annex sec_B.4
Annex sec_B.5
Table tab_B.1
Annex sec_B.6
Annex sec_B.6.1
Annex sec_B.6.2
Figure fig_B.2
Annex sec_B.6.3
Figure fig_B.3
Annex sec_B.6.4
Table tab_au
Figure fig_B.4
Annex sec_B.6.5
Table tab_av
Figure fig_B.5
Annex sec_B.7
Annex sec_C
Annex sec_D
Annex sec_D.1
Annex sec_D.2
Table tab_D.1
Table tab_D.2
Reference ref_1
Reference ref_2
Reference ref_3
Reference ref_4
Reference ref_5
Reference ref_6
Reference ref_7
Reference ref_8
Reference ref_9
Reference ref_10
Reference ref_11
Table tab_C.1
Foreword
1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms and definitions
4 Symbols
5 Flume types and principles of operation
6 Installation
6.1 Selection of site
6.2 Installation conditions
7 Maintenance
8 Measurement of head
8.1 General
8.2 Location of head measurement(s)
8.3 Gauge wells
8.4 Zero setting
9 General equations for discharge
9.1 Discharge based on critical flow in the flume throat
9.2 Discharge based on observed upstream head
9.3 Calculation of stage-discharge relationships
9.4 Approach velocity and coefficient of velocity
9.5 Selection of flume size and shape
10 Rectangular-throated flume
10.1 Description
10.2 Location of head measurement section
10.3 Provision for modular flow
10.4 Evaluation of discharge for a given observed upstream head
10.5 Computation of stage-discharge relationship
10.6 Limits of application
11 Trapezoidal-throated flumes
11.1 Description
11.2 Location of head measurement section
11.3 Provision for modular flow
11.4 Evaluation of discharge — Coefficient method
11.5 Computation of stage-discharge relationship
11.6 Limits of application
12 U-throated (round-bottomed) flumes
12.1 Description
12.2 Location of head measurement section
12.3 Provision for modular flow
12.4 Evaluation of discharge — Coefficient method
12.5 Computation of stage-discharge relationship
12.6 Limits of application
13 Uncertainties of flow measurement
13.1 General
13.2 Combining measurement uncertainties
13.3 Percentage uncertainty of discharge coefficient u*(C) for critical-depth flumes
13.4 Uncertainty budget
14 Example of uncertainty calculations
14.1 General
14.2 Characteristics — Gauging structure
14.3 Characteristics — Discharge calculation
14.4 Characteristics — Discharge coefficient
14.5 Characteristics — Gauged head instrumentation
14.6 Characteristics — Throat width
14.7 Overall uncertainty in discharge
Annex A (informative) Simplified head-discharge relationships for flume
Annex B (informative) Introduction to measurement uncertainty
Annex C (informative) Sample measurement performance for use in hydrometric worked examples
Annex D (informative) Spreadsheets for use with this International Standard
Bibliography