ISO 230-1:2012
Test code for machine tools — Part 1: Geometric accuracy of machines operating under no-load or quasi-static conditions
ISO 230-1:2012 specifies methods for testing the accuracy of machine tools, operating either under no-load or under quasi-static conditions, by means of geometric and machining tests. The methods can also be applied to other types of industrial machines.
It covers power-driven machines, which can be used for machining metal, wood, etc., by the removal of chips or swarf material or by plastic deformation. It does not cover power-driven portable hand tools.
ISO 230-1:2012 relates to the testing of geometric accuracy. It is not applicable to the operational testing of the machine tool (vibrations, stick-slip motion of components, etc.) or to the checking of characteristics (speeds, feeds).
It does not cover the geometric accuracy of high-speed machine motions where machining forces are typically smaller than acceleration forces.
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1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms and definitions
3.1 General
3.2 Terms for machine coordinate system and motion nomenclature
3.3 Terms for static compliance and hysteresis
3.4 Terms for linear axes
3.4.1 General
3.5 Terms for axes of rotation
3.5.1 General
3.6 Terms for parallelism error and squareness error of axes of motion
3.6.1 General
3.7 Terms for other relationships between axis average lines
3.8 Terms for multi-axes motion or kinematic tests
3.9 Terms for geometric accuracy of machine functional surfaces, machine tool components and test pieces
3.9.1 General
4 Tolerances
4.1 General
4.1.1 Rules concerning tolerances and conformance zone
4.1.2 Specified measuring boundaries
4.1.3 Local tolerances
4.1.4 Overall or inclusive tolerances
4.2 Tolerances applicable to machine tool functional surfaces, machine tool components and test pieces
4.3 Additional limiting conditions associated with tolerances
5 Uncertainty of measurements, test methods and measuring instruments
6 Preliminary operations
6.1 Installation of the machine before tests
6.1.1 General
6.1.2 Levelling
6.2 Conditions before machine tests
6.2.1 Disassembling of certain components
6.2.2 Temperature conditions of certain components before tests
6.2.3 Preliminary checks
6.2.4 Operating conditions
6.3 Test setup and instrumentation
6.3.1 General
6.3.2 Setup hysteresis and play test
6.3.3 Setup stability test
7 Machine static compliance and hysteresis tests
7.1 General
7.2 Tests for machine static compliance and hysteresis by applying force externally
7.2.1 General
7.2.2 Test procedure
7.2.3 Data analysis
7.3 Tests for machine static compliance and hysteresis by applying force internally
7.3.1 General
7.3.2 Test procedure
7.3.3 Data analysis
7.4 Tests for machines with rotary axes
8 Geometric accuracy tests of axes of linear motion
8.1 General
8.2 Straightness error motion tests
8.2.1 General
8.2.2 Measurement setups and instrumentation
8.2.2.1 Straightedge and a linear displacement sensor
8.2.2.1.1 Straightedge reversal method for measurement of straightness error motion
8.2.2.2 Microscope and taut wire
8.2.2.3 Alignment telescope
8.2.2.4 Alignment laser
8.2.2.5 Laser straightness interferometer
8.2.3 Measurement procedure and data analysis
8.3 Linear positioning error motion tests
8.3.1 General
8.3.2 Measurement setup and instrumentation
8.3.2.1 Laser interferometer
8.3.2.2 Linear scale
8.3.3 Measurement procedure and data analysis
8.4 Angular error motions tests
8.4.1 General
8.4.2 Measurement setup and instrumentation
8.4.2.1 Precision level
8.4.2.2 Autocollimator
8.4.2.3 Laser angle interferometer
8.4.2.4 Method using differential straightness measurements
8.4.3 Measurement procedure and data analysis
9 Geometric accuracy tests of axes of rotation
9.1 Reference to ISO 230-7
9.2 Angular positioning error motion
9.2.1 General
9.2.2 Measurement setup and instrumentation
9.2.2.1 Polygon with autocollimator
9.2.2.2 Reference indexing table with laser interferometer/autocollimator
9.2.2.3 Reference rotary (angle) encoder
9.2.3 Test procedures and data analysis
9.2.3.1 Periodic angular positioning error motion
10 Alignment of axes of motion — Parallelism, squareness, coaxiality and intersection
10.1 Parallelism of axes of motion
10.1.1 General
10.1.2 Parallelism error between two axes of linear motion (in two planes)
10.1.2.1 Stationary point run-out method
10.1.2.2 Method based on the two straightness error motion measurements
10.1.3 Parallelism error between an axis of linear motion and a stationary axis
10.1.4 Parallelism error between an axis of linear motion and an axis average line of a rotary axis or machine spindle
10.1.4.1 General
10.1.4.2 Method using laser straightness interferometer
10.1.4.3 Method using a test mandrel or a straightedge and a linear displacement sensor
10.1.4.4 Method using a test sphere and a linear displacement sensor
10.1.5 Parallelism error between two axes of rotation
10.1.5.1 General
10.1.5.2 Method using a test mandrel
10.1.5.3 Method using two test spheres
10.2 Coaxiality error of axis average lines
10.2.1 General
10.2.2 Stationary point run-out method (rim and face method)
10.3 Squareness error of axes of motion
10.3.1 General
10.3.2 Squareness error between two axes of linear motion
10.3.2.1 General
10.3.2.2 Method using mechanical reference square and a linear displacement sensor
10.3.2.3 Method using reference straightedge and a reference indexing table
10.3.2.4 Method using optical square and laser straightness interferometer
10.3.2.5 Data analysis
10.3.2.6 Estimating of squareness error by means of circular test and diagonal displacement test (indirect method)
10.3.3 Squareness error between an axis of linear motion and an axis average line of a rotary axis or a machine spindle
10.3.4 Squareness error between two axis average lines
10.4 Intersection of axis average lines
10.4.1 General
10.4.2 Intersection of square axis average lines
10.4.3 Intersection of non-square axis average lines
10.4.4 Indirect measurement
11 Multi-axes motion (kinematic) tests
11.1 General
11.2 Linear trajectories
11.2.1 General
11.2.2 Diagonal displacement tests
11.2.2.1 General
11.2.2.2 Face diagonal test
11.2.2.3 Body diagonal test
11.2.3 Diagonal straightness tests
11.2.3.1 General
11.2.3.2 Face diagonal straightness test
11.2.3.3 Body diagonal straightness test
11.3 Circular trajectories
11.3.1 General
11.3.2 Full circular trajectories
11.3.3 Partial circular trajectories
11.3.4 Measuring instruments, methods and setups for circular trajectories generated by two or three linear axes — Two-dimensional or three-dimensional circular tests
11.3.4.1 General
11.3.4.2 Method using rotating one-dimensional linear displacement sensor
11.3.4.3 Method using circular master and two-dimensional displacement sensor
11.3.4.4 Method using telescoping ball bar
11.3.4.5 Method using two-dimensional digital scale
11.3.4.6 Method using two linear displacement sensors and a reference square artefact
11.3.5 Circular motion generated by any combination of linear and rotary axes
11.3.5.1 General
11.3.5.2 Method using a linear displacement sensor and a spherical artefact
11.3.5.3 Method using three linear displacement sensors and a spherical artefact — Radial test
11.3.5.4 Method using telescoping ball bar
11.4 Conical (shape) motion
11.5 Spherical interpolation test using spherical artefacts and linear displacement sensors
11.6 Flatness error of a surface generated by two axes of linear motion
11.6.1 Method using reference surface plate and linear displacement sensor
11.6.2 Method using a sweeping alignment laser
11.7 Special tests
11.7.1 General
11.7.2 One-dimensional ball array measurements
11.7.3 Two-dimensional ball array measurements
11.7.4 Three-dimensional ball array measurements
11.7.5 Multilateration method with laser interferometer
12 Geometric accuracy tests of machine functional surfaces — Straightness, flatness, perpendicularity and parallelism
12.1 Straightness error of machine functional surfaces
12.1.1 General
12.1.2 Methods based on measurement of distance
12.1.2.1 General
12.1.2.2 Straightedge method
12.1.2.3 Taut-wire and microscope method
12.1.2.4 Alignment telescope method
12.1.3 Methods based on the measurement of angles
12.1.3.1 General
12.1.3.2 Precision level method
12.1.3.3 Autocollimation method
12.1.3.4 Method by laser angle interferometer
12.1.3.5 Sequential three-points method
12.1.4 Straightness error of reference grooves or reference surface of tables
12.1.5 Straightness error of slideways
12.1.6 Straightness error of V-surfaces
12.1.7 Straightness error of cylindrical surfaces
12.1.8 Straightness error of single vertical surfaces
12.1.9 Straightness error of surfaces on slant-bed configuration
12.2 Flatness of machine tables
12.2.1 Measurement of flatness error by means of a surface plate
12.2.2 Measurement by means of a surface plate and a linear displacement sensor
12.2.3 Measurement by means of straightedge(s)
12.2.3.1 Measurement by means of a family of straight lines by displacement of a straightedge
12.2.3.2 Measurement by means of straightedges, a precision level and a linear displacement sensor
12.2.4 Measurement of flatness error by means of a precision level
12.2.4.1 General
12.2.4.2 Measurement of a rectangular surface
12.2.4.2.1 Interpretation of measured results
12.2.4.3 Measurement of plane surfaces with circular contours
12.2.5 Measurement of flatness by optical methods
12.2.5.1 Measurement by an autocollimator
12.2.5.2 Measurement by a sweep optical square
12.2.5.3 Measurement by a sweeping alignment laser
12.2.5.4 Measurement by a laser interferometer system
12.3 Position and orientation of functional surfaces
12.3.1 General
12.3.2 Parallelism of lines and planes
12.3.2.1 General
12.3.2.2 Parallelism of two planes
12.3.2.2.1 General
12.3.2.2.2 Measurements using straightedge and linear displacement sensor
12.3.2.2.3 Measurement using precision level
12.3.2.3 Parallelism of two axes
12.3.2.3.1 General
12.3.2.3.2 In a plane passing through two axes
12.3.2.3.3 In a second plane perpendicular to the first
12.3.2.4 Parallelism between an axis and a plane
12.3.2.5 Parallelism between an axis of linear motion and a plane
12.3.2.5.1 Measurement where the plane is on the moving component itself
12.3.2.5.2 Measurement where the plane is not on the moving component itself
12.3.2.6 Parallelism between an axis and the intersection of two planes
12.3.2.7 Parallelism between an axis of motion and the intersection of two planes
12.3.2.8 Parallelism between the intersection of two planes and a third plane
12.3.2.9 Parallelism between two straight lines, each formed by the intersection of two planes
12.3.3 Equidistance of two axes
12.3.3.1 General
12.3.3.2 Special case of the equidistance of two axes from the plane of pivoting of one of the axes
12.3.4 Coaxiality
12.4 Squareness error and perpendicularity error between lines and planes
12.4.1 General
12.4.2 Two planes at 90° to each other
12.4.3 Two fixed axes at 90° to each other
12.4.4 A stationary axis and a plane at 90° to each other
12.4.5 Squareness error between an axis of linear motion and a plane
12.4.6 Squareness error between an axis of linear motion and a stationary axis
12.4.7 Squareness between an axis of rotation and a stationary axis
12.4.8 Squareness of an axis of rotation to a plane
12.4.9 Squareness of an axis of rotation to the intersection of two planes
12.4.10 A fixed axis at 90° to the intersection of two planes
12.4.11 When the intersection of two planes is at 90° to another plane
12.4.12 When two straight lines, each formed by the intersection of two planes, are at 90° to each other
12.5 Run-out of rotational components
12.5.1 Precautions before testing
12.5.2 External surface
12.5.3 Internal surface
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1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms and definitions
3.1 General
3.2 Terms for machine coordinate system and motion nomenclature
3.3 Terms for static compliance and hysteresis
3.4 Terms for linear axes
3.4.1 General
3.5 Terms for axes of rotation
3.5.1 General
3.6 Terms for parallelism error and squareness error of axes of motion
3.6.1 General
3.7 Terms for other relationships between axis average lines
3.8 Terms for multi-axes motion or kinematic tests
3.9 Terms for geometric accuracy of machine functional surfaces, machine tool components and test pieces
3.9.1 General
4 Tolerances
4.1 General
4.1.1 Rules concerning tolerances and conformance zone
4.1.2 Specified measuring boundaries
4.1.3 Local tolerances
4.1.4 Overall or inclusive tolerances
4.2 Tolerances applicable to machine tool functional surfaces, machine tool components and test pieces
4.3 Additional limiting conditions associated with tolerances
5 Uncertainty of measurements, test methods and measuring instruments
6 Preliminary operations
6.1 Installation of the machine before tests
6.1.1 General
6.1.2 Levelling
6.2 Conditions before machine tests
6.2.1 Disassembling of certain components
6.2.2 Temperature conditions of certain components before tests
6.2.3 Preliminary checks
6.2.4 Operating conditions
6.3 Test setup and instrumentation
6.3.1 General
6.3.2 Setup hysteresis and play test
6.3.3 Setup stability test
7 Machine static compliance and hysteresis tests
7.1 General
7.2 Tests for machine static compliance and hysteresis by applying force externally
7.2.1 General
7.2.2 Test procedure
7.2.3 Data analysis
7.3 Tests for machine static compliance and hysteresis by applying force internally
7.3.1 General
7.3.2 Test procedure
7.3.3 Data analysis
7.4 Tests for machines with rotary axes
8 Geometric accuracy tests of axes of linear motion
8.1 General
8.2 Straightness error motion tests
8.2.1 General
8.2.2 Measurement setups and instrumentation
8.2.2.1 Straightedge and a linear displacement sensor
8.2.2.1.1 Straightedge reversal method for measurement of straightness error motion
8.2.2.2 Microscope and taut wire
8.2.2.3 Alignment telescope
8.2.2.4 Alignment laser
8.2.2.5 Laser straightness interferometer
8.2.3 Measurement procedure and data analysis
8.3 Linear positioning error motion tests
8.3.1 General
8.3.2 Measurement setup and instrumentation
8.3.2.1 Laser interferometer
8.3.2.2 Linear scale
8.3.3 Measurement procedure and data analysis
8.4 Angular error motions tests
8.4.1 General
8.4.2 Measurement setup and instrumentation
8.4.2.1 Precision level
8.4.2.2 Autocollimator
8.4.2.3 Laser angle interferometer
8.4.2.4 Method using differential straightness measurements
8.4.3 Measurement procedure and data analysis
9 Geometric accuracy tests of axes of rotation
9.1 Reference to ISO 230-7
9.2 Angular positioning error motion
9.2.1 General
9.2.2 Measurement setup and instrumentation
9.2.2.1 Polygon with autocollimator
9.2.2.2 Reference indexing table with laser interferometer/autocollimator
9.2.2.3 Reference rotary (angle) encoder
9.2.3 Test procedures and data analysis
9.2.3.1 Periodic angular positioning error motion
10 Alignment of axes of motion — Parallelism, squareness, coaxiality and intersection
10.1 Parallelism of axes of motion
10.1.1 General
10.1.2 Parallelism error between two axes of linear motion (in two planes)
10.1.2.1 Stationary point run-out method
10.1.2.2 Method based on the two straightness error motion measurements
10.1.3 Parallelism error between an axis of linear motion and a stationary axis
10.1.4 Parallelism error between an axis of linear motion and an axis average line of a rotary axis or machine spindle
10.1.4.1 General
10.1.4.2 Method using laser straightness interferometer
10.1.4.3 Method using a test mandrel or a straightedge and a linear displacement sensor
10.1.4.4 Method using a test sphere and a linear displacement sensor
10.1.5 Parallelism error between two axes of rotation
10.1.5.1 General
10.1.5.2 Method using a test mandrel
10.1.5.3 Method using two test spheres
10.2 Coaxiality error of axis average lines
10.2.1 General
10.2.2 Stationary point run-out method (rim and face method)
10.3 Squareness error of axes of motion
10.3.1 General
10.3.2 Squareness error between two axes of linear motion
10.3.2.1 General
10.3.2.2 Method using mechanical reference square and a linear displacement sensor
10.3.2.3 Method using reference straightedge and a reference indexing table
10.3.2.4 Method using optical square and laser straightness interferometer
10.3.2.5 Data analysis
10.3.2.6 Estimating of squareness error by means of circular test and diagonal displacement test (indirect method)
10.3.3 Squareness error between an axis of linear motion and an axis average line of a rotary axis or a machine spindle
10.3.4 Squareness error between two axis average lines
10.4 Intersection of axis average lines
10.4.1 General
10.4.2 Intersection of square axis average lines
10.4.3 Intersection of non-square axis average lines
10.4.4 Indirect measurement
11 Multi-axes motion (kinematic) tests
11.1 General
11.2 Linear trajectories
11.2.1 General
11.2.2 Diagonal displacement tests
11.2.2.1 General
11.2.2.2 Face diagonal test
11.2.2.3 Body diagonal test
11.2.3 Diagonal straightness tests
11.2.3.1 General
11.2.3.2 Face diagonal straightness test
11.2.3.3 Body diagonal straightness test
11.3 Circular trajectories
11.3.1 General
11.3.2 Full circular trajectories
11.3.3 Partial circular trajectories
11.3.4 Measuring instruments, methods and setups for circular trajectories generated by two or three linear axes — Two-dimensional or three-dimensional circular tests
11.3.4.1 General
11.3.4.2 Method using rotating one-dimensional linear displacement sensor
11.3.4.3 Method using circular master and two-dimensional displacement sensor
11.3.4.4 Method using telescoping ball bar
11.3.4.5 Method using two-dimensional digital scale
11.3.4.6 Method using two linear displacement sensors and a reference square artefact
11.3.5 Circular motion generated by any combination of linear and rotary axes
11.3.5.1 General
11.3.5.2 Method using a linear displacement sensor and a spherical artefact
11.3.5.3 Method using three linear displacement sensors and a spherical artefact — Radial test
11.3.5.4 Method using telescoping ball bar
11.4 Conical (shape) motion
11.5 Spherical interpolation test using spherical artefacts and linear displacement sensors
11.6 Flatness error of a surface generated by two axes of linear motion
11.6.1 Method using reference surface plate and linear displacement sensor
11.6.2 Method using a sweeping alignment laser
11.7 Special tests
11.7.1 General
11.7.2 One-dimensional ball array measurements
11.7.3 Two-dimensional ball array measurements
11.7.4 Three-dimensional ball array measurements
11.7.5 Multilateration method with laser interferometer
12 Geometric accuracy tests of machine functional surfaces — Straightness, flatness, perpendicularity and parallelism
12.1 Straightness error of machine functional surfaces
12.1.1 General
12.1.2 Methods based on measurement of distance
12.1.2.1 General
12.1.2.2 Straightedge method
12.1.2.3 Taut-wire and microscope method
12.1.2.4 Alignment telescope method
12.1.3 Methods based on the measurement of angles
12.1.3.1 General
12.1.3.2 Precision level method
12.1.3.3 Autocollimation method
12.1.3.4 Method by laser angle interferometer
12.1.3.5 Sequential three-points method
12.1.4 Straightness error of reference grooves or reference surface of tables
12.1.5 Straightness error of slideways
12.1.6 Straightness error of V-surfaces
12.1.7 Straightness error of cylindrical surfaces
12.1.8 Straightness error of single vertical surfaces
12.1.9 Straightness error of surfaces on slant-bed configuration
12.2 Flatness of machine tables
12.2.1 Measurement of flatness error by means of a surface plate
12.2.2 Measurement by means of a surface plate and a linear displacement sensor
12.2.3 Measurement by means of straightedge(s)
12.2.3.1 Measurement by means of a family of straight lines by displacement of a straightedge
12.2.3.2 Measurement by means of straightedges, a precision level and a linear displacement sensor
12.2.4 Measurement of flatness error by means of a precision level
12.2.4.1 General
12.2.4.2 Measurement of a rectangular surface
12.2.4.2.1 Interpretation of measured results
12.2.4.3 Measurement of plane surfaces with circular contours
12.2.5 Measurement of flatness by optical methods
12.2.5.1 Measurement by an autocollimator
12.2.5.2 Measurement by a sweep optical square
12.2.5.3 Measurement by a sweeping alignment laser
12.2.5.4 Measurement by a laser interferometer system
12.3 Position and orientation of functional surfaces
12.3.1 General
12.3.2 Parallelism of lines and planes
12.3.2.1 General
12.3.2.2 Parallelism of two planes
12.3.2.2.1 General
12.3.2.2.2 Measurements using straightedge and linear displacement sensor
12.3.2.2.3 Measurement using precision level
12.3.2.3 Parallelism of two axes
12.3.2.3.1 General
12.3.2.3.2 In a plane passing through two axes
12.3.2.3.3 In a second plane perpendicular to the first
12.3.2.4 Parallelism between an axis and a plane
12.3.2.5 Parallelism between an axis of linear motion and a plane
12.3.2.5.1 Measurement where the plane is on the moving component itself
12.3.2.5.2 Measurement where the plane is not on the moving component itself
12.3.2.6 Parallelism between an axis and the intersection of two planes
12.3.2.7 Parallelism between an axis of motion and the intersection of two planes
12.3.2.8 Parallelism between the intersection of two planes and a third plane
12.3.2.9 Parallelism between two straight lines, each formed by the intersection of two planes
12.3.3 Equidistance of two axes
12.3.3.1 General
12.3.3.2 Special case of the equidistance of two axes from the plane of pivoting of one of the axes
12.3.4 Coaxiality
12.4 Squareness error and perpendicularity error between lines and planes
12.4.1 General
12.4.2 Two planes at 90° to each other
12.4.3 Two fixed axes at 90° to each other
12.4.4 A stationary axis and a plane at 90° to each other
12.4.5 Squareness error between an axis of linear motion and a plane
12.4.6 Squareness error between an axis of linear motion and a stationary axis
12.4.7 Squareness between an axis of rotation and a stationary axis
12.4.8 Squareness of an axis of rotation to a plane
12.4.9 Squareness of an axis of rotation to the intersection of two planes
12.4.10 A fixed axis at 90° to the intersection of two planes
12.4.11 When the intersection of two planes is at 90° to another plane
12.4.12 When two straight lines, each formed by the intersection of two planes, are at 90° to each other
12.5 Run-out of rotational components
12.5.1 Precautions before testing
12.5.2 External surface
12.5.3 Internal surface