ISO 18095:2018
Condition monitoring and diagnostics of power transformers
ISO 18095:2018 gives guidelines for the monitoring techniques to be considered when setting up a condition monitoring programme for power transformers and includes references to associated standards required in this process. It is intended to help in the implementation of a coherent condition monitoring and condition-based maintenance programme, such as described following ISO 17359.
ISO 18095:2018 is applicable to single-phase alternating current power transformers of ≥ 1 kVA and three phase alternating current power transformers of ≥ 5 kVA.
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Foreword
Introduction
1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms and definitions
4 Abbreviated terms
5 Approach to selecting appropriate condition monitoring techniques
5.1 Implementing condition monitoring of transformers
5.2 Components, failure modes and detection techniques
6 Power transformer types
6.1 Oil-filled transformers
6.2 Dry-type transformers
6.3 Gas-insulated transformers (GITs)
7 Power transformer failure mode analysis
7.1 Components
7.2 Categories of failure mode
7.2.1 General
7.2.2 Dielectric failures
7.2.3 Thermal
7.2.4 Mechanical
7.2.5 External
7.3 Failure modes
7.4 Influences on rate of failure mode progression
7.4.1 General
7.4.2 Loading
7.4.3 Environment
7.4.4 Design
7.4.5 Maintenance
7.4.6 Protection
8 Range of techniques
9 Overview of techniques for condition monitoring power transformers
9.1 Mains current/voltage/load
9.1.1 Fault mechanism
9.1.2 Technique
9.1.3 Faults detected/components covered
9.2 Visual
9.2.1 Fault mechanism
9.2.2 Technique
9.2.3 Faults detected/components covered
9.3 Oil condition
9.3.1 Fault mechanism
9.3.2 Technique
9.3.3 Faults detected/components covered
9.4 Temperature including thermography
9.4.1 Fault mechanism
9.4.2 Technique
9.4.3 Faults detected/components covered
9.5 Partial discharge (PD)
9.5.1 Fault mechanism
9.5.2 Techniques
9.5.3 Faults detected/components covered
9.6 Dissolved gas analysis (DGA)
9.6.1 Fault mechanism
9.6.2 Technique
9.6.3 Faults detected/components covered
9.7 Noise
9.7.1 Fault mechanism
9.7.2 Technique
9.7.3 Faults detected/components covered
9.8 Ultrasound
9.8.1 Fault mechanism
9.8.2 Technique
9.8.3 Faults detected/components covered
9.9 Vibration
9.9.1 Fault mechanism
9.9.2 Technique
9.9.3 Faults detected/components covered
9.10 Power factor/tan-delta and capacitance
9.10.1 Fault mechanism
9.10.2 Technique
9.10.3 Faults detected/components covered
9.11 Resistance
9.11.1 Fault mechanism
9.11.2 Technique
9.11.3 Faults detected/components covered
9.12 Dielectric frequency response (DFR), polarization/depolarisation current (PDC), recovery voltage method (RVM)
9.12.1 Fault mechanism
9.12.2 Technique
9.12.3 Faults detected
9.13 Frequency response analysis (FRA)
9.13.1 Fault mechanism
9.13.2 Technique
9.13.3 Faults detected
9.14 Ten (10) kV single-phase excitation current
9.14.1 Fault mechanism
9.14.2 Technique
9.14.3 Faults detected/components covered
9.15 Leakage reactance flux
9.15.1 Fault mechanism
9.15.2 Technique
9.15.3 Faults detected/components covered
9.16 Bushing capacitance measurement
9.16.1 Fault mechanism
9.16.2 Technique
9.16.3 Faults detected/components covered
9.17 Novel techniques
9.17.1 Winding clamping force estimation (WCE) method
9.17.2 Online model-based voltage and current waveform analysis
10 Establishing the programme
10.1 Selection of techniques — Individually and in combination
10.2 Selection of frequency of each monitoring technique
Annex A (informative) Factors influencing the life of paper-based insulation and the role of transformer oil analysis/dissolved gas analysis
Annex B (informative) Example of typical condition monitoring programme — Output as a result of use of this document
Annex C (informative) Failure mode and symptoms analysis (FMSA)
Bibliography
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Foreword
Introduction
1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms and definitions
4 Abbreviated terms
5 Approach to selecting appropriate condition monitoring techniques
5.1 Implementing condition monitoring of transformers
5.2 Components, failure modes and detection techniques
6 Power transformer types
6.1 Oil-filled transformers
6.2 Dry-type transformers
6.3 Gas-insulated transformers (GITs)
7 Power transformer failure mode analysis
7.1 Components
7.2 Categories of failure mode
7.2.1 General
7.2.2 Dielectric failures
7.2.3 Thermal
7.2.4 Mechanical
7.2.5 External
7.3 Failure modes
7.4 Influences on rate of failure mode progression
7.4.1 General
7.4.2 Loading
7.4.3 Environment
7.4.4 Design
7.4.5 Maintenance
7.4.6 Protection
8 Range of techniques
9 Overview of techniques for condition monitoring power transformers
9.1 Mains current/voltage/load
9.1.1 Fault mechanism
9.1.2 Technique
9.1.3 Faults detected/components covered
9.2 Visual
9.2.1 Fault mechanism
9.2.2 Technique
9.2.3 Faults detected/components covered
9.3 Oil condition
9.3.1 Fault mechanism
9.3.2 Technique
9.3.3 Faults detected/components covered
9.4 Temperature including thermography
9.4.1 Fault mechanism
9.4.2 Technique
9.4.3 Faults detected/components covered
9.5 Partial discharge (PD)
9.5.1 Fault mechanism
9.5.2 Techniques
9.5.3 Faults detected/components covered
9.6 Dissolved gas analysis (DGA)
9.6.1 Fault mechanism
9.6.2 Technique
9.6.3 Faults detected/components covered
9.7 Noise
9.7.1 Fault mechanism
9.7.2 Technique
9.7.3 Faults detected/components covered
9.8 Ultrasound
9.8.1 Fault mechanism
9.8.2 Technique
9.8.3 Faults detected/components covered
9.9 Vibration
9.9.1 Fault mechanism
9.9.2 Technique
9.9.3 Faults detected/components covered
9.10 Power factor/tan-delta and capacitance
9.10.1 Fault mechanism
9.10.2 Technique
9.10.3 Faults detected/components covered
9.11 Resistance
9.11.1 Fault mechanism
9.11.2 Technique
9.11.3 Faults detected/components covered
9.12 Dielectric frequency response (DFR), polarization/depolarisation current (PDC), recovery voltage method (RVM)
9.12.1 Fault mechanism
9.12.2 Technique
9.12.3 Faults detected
9.13 Frequency response analysis (FRA)
9.13.1 Fault mechanism
9.13.2 Technique
9.13.3 Faults detected
9.14 Ten (10) kV single-phase excitation current
9.14.1 Fault mechanism
9.14.2 Technique
9.14.3 Faults detected/components covered
9.15 Leakage reactance flux
9.15.1 Fault mechanism
9.15.2 Technique
9.15.3 Faults detected/components covered
9.16 Bushing capacitance measurement
9.16.1 Fault mechanism
9.16.2 Technique
9.16.3 Faults detected/components covered
9.17 Novel techniques
9.17.1 Winding clamping force estimation (WCE) method
9.17.2 Online model-based voltage and current waveform analysis
10 Establishing the programme
10.1 Selection of techniques — Individually and in combination
10.2 Selection of frequency of each monitoring technique
Annex A (informative) Factors influencing the life of paper-based insulation and the role of transformer oil analysis/dissolved gas analysis
Annex B (informative) Example of typical condition monitoring programme — Output as a result of use of this document
Annex C (informative) Failure mode and symptoms analysis (FMSA)
Bibliography