AS/NZS IEC 62232:2023
Determination of RF field strength, power density and SAR in the vicinity of base stations for the purpose of evaluating human exposure
Standard identically adopts IEC 62232:2022, which provides methods for the determination of RF field strength, power density and specific absorption rate (SAR) in the vicinity of base stations (BS) for the purpose of evaluating human exposure.
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AS/NZS IEC 62232:2023 Determination of RF field strength, power density and SAR in the vicinity of base stations for the purpose of evaluating human exposure
CONTENTS
FOREWORD
INTRODUCTION
1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms and definitions
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms
4.1 Physical quantities
4.2 Constants
4.3 Abbreviated terms
5 How to use this document
5.1 Quick start guide
5.2 RF evaluation purpose categories
5.3 Implementation case studies
6 Evaluation processes for product compliance, product installation compliance and in-situ RF exposure assessments
6.1 Evaluation process for product compliance
6.1.1 General
6.1.2 Establishing compliance boundaries
6.1.3 Iso-surface compliance boundary definition
6.1.4 Simple compliance boundaries
6.1.5 Methods for establishing the compliance boundary
6.1.6 Uncertainty
6.1.7 Reporting for product compliance
6.2 Evaluation process used for product installation compliance
6.2.1 General
6.2.2 General evaluation procedure for product installations
6.2.3 Product installation compliance based on the actual maximum transmitted power or EIRP
6.2.4 Product installation data collection
6.2.5 Simplified product installation evaluation process
6.2.6 Assessment area selection
6.2.7 Measurements
6.2.8 Computations
6.2.9 Uncertainty
6.2.10 Reporting for product installation compliance
6.3 In-situ RF exposure evaluation or assessment process
6.3.1 General
6.3.2 In-situ measurement process
6.3.3 Site analysis
6.3.4 Case A evaluation
6.3.5 Case B evaluation
6.3.6 Uncertainty
6.3.7 Reporting
6.4 Averaging procedures
6.4.1 Spatial averaging
6.4.2 Time averaging
7 Determining the evaluation method
7.1 Overview
7.2 Process to determine the evaluation method
7.2.1 General
7.2.2 Establishing the evaluation points in relation to the source-environment plane
7.2.3 Exposure metric selection
8 Evaluation methods
8.1 General
8.2 Measurement methods
8.2.1 General
8.2.2 RF field strength and power density measurements
8.2.3 SAR measurements
8.3 Computation methods
8.4 Methods for assessment based on actual maximum approach
8.4.1 General requirements
8.4.2 Actual transmitted power or EIRP monitoring
8.4.3 Actual transmitted power or EIRP control
8.5 Methods for the assessment of RF exposure to multiple sources
8.6 Methods for establishing the BS transmitted power or EIRP
9 Uncertainty
10 Reporting
10.1 General requirements
10.2 Report format
10.3 Opinions and interpretations
Annex€A (informative)Source-environment plane and guidanceon the evaluation method selection
A.1 Guidance on the source-environment plane
A.1.1 General
A.1.2 Source-environment plane example
A.1.3 Source regions
A.2 Select between computation or measurement approaches
A.3 Select measurement method
A.3.1 Selection stages
A.3.2 Selecting between RF field strength, power density and SAR measurement approaches
A.3.3 Selecting between broadband and frequency selective measurement
A.3.4 Selecting RF field strength measurement procedures
A.4 Select computation method
A.5 Additional considerations
A.5.1 Simplicity
A.5.2 Evaluation method ranking
A.5.3 Applying multiple methods for RF exposure evaluation
Annex€B (normative)Evaluation methods
B.1 Overview
B.2 General
B.2.1 Coordinate systems and reference points
B.2.2 Variables
B.3 RF exposure evaluation principles
B.3.1 Simple calculation of RF field strength and power density
B.3.2 Measurement of RF field strength and power density
B.3.3 Spatial averaging
B.3.4 Time averaging
B.3.5 Comparing measured and computed values
B.3.6 Personal RF monitors
B.4 RF field strength and power density measurements
B.4.1 Applicability of RF field strength and power density measurements
B.4.2 In-situ RF exposure measurements
B.4.3 Laboratory based RF field strength and power density measurements
B.4.4 RF field strength and power density measurement uncertainty
B.5 SAR measurements
B.5.1 Overview of SAR measurements
B.5.2 SAR measurement requirements
B.5.3 SAR measurement description
B.5.4 SAR measurement uncertainty
B.6 Basic computation methods
B.6.1 General
B.6.2 Basic computation formulas for RF field strength or power density evaluation
B.6.3 Basic whole-body SAR and peak spatial-average SAR evaluation formulas
B.6.4 Basic compliance boundary assessment method for BS using parabolic dish antennas
B.6.5 Basic compliance boundary assessment method for intentionally radiating cables
B.7 Advanced computation methods
B.7.1 General
B.7.2 Synthetic model and ray tracing algorithms
B.7.3 Full wave RF exposure computation
B.7.4 Full wave SAR computation
B.8 Extrapolation from the evaluated values to the maximum or actual values
B.8.1 Extrapolation method
B.8.2 Extrapolation to maximum in-situ RF field strength or power density using broadband measurements
B.8.3 Extrapolation to maximum in-situ RF field strength / power density using frequency or code selective measurements
B.8.4 Influence of traffic in real operating network
B.8.5 Extrapolation for massive MIMO and beamforming BS
B.8.6 Maximum exposure extrapolation with dynamic spectrum sharing (DSS)
B.9 Guidance for implementing the actual maximum approach
B.9.1 BS actual EIRP evaluation assumptions
B.9.2 Technology duty-cycle factor description
B.9.3 CDF evaluation using modelling studies
B.9.4 CDF evaluation using measurement studies on operational BS sites
B.9.5 Actual transmitted power or EIRP monitoring counters
B.9.6 Configurations with multiple transmitters
B.10 Transmitted power or EIRP evaluation
B.10.1 General
B.10.2 Measurement of the transmitted power in conducted mode
B.10.3 Measurement of the transmitted power in OTA conditions
B.10.4 Measurement of the EIRP in OTA and laboratory conditions
B.10.5 Measurement of the EIRP in OTA and in-situ conditions
Annex€C (informative)Guidelines for the validation of power or EIRP control features and monitoring counter(s) related to the actual maximum approach
C.1 Overview
C.2 Guidelines for validating control feature(s) and monitoring counters
C.3 Validation of power or EIRP monitoring counter in laboratory conditions
C.3.1 Validation of power or EIRP monitoring counter in conducted mode – test€procedure
C.3.2 Validation of power or EIRP monitoring counter in OTA mode – test procedure
C.3.3 Validation of control feature(s) in laboratory conditions
C.3.4 Validation of control features using in-situ measurements
C.4 Validation test report
C.5 Case studies
C.5.1 Case study A – In-situ validation
C.5.2 Case study B – In-situ validation
C.5.3 Case study C – In-situ validation
Annex€D (informative)Rationale supporting simplified product installation criteria
D.1 General
D.2 Class E2
D.3 Class E10
D.4 Class E100
D.5 Class E+
D.6 Simplified formulas for millimetre-wave antennas using massive MIMO or beam steering
Annex€E (informative)Technology-specific exposure evaluation guidance
E.1 Overview to guidance on specific technologies
E.2 Summary of technology-specific information
E.3 Guidance on spectrum analyser settings
E.3.1 Overview of spectrum analyser settings
E.3.2 Detection algorithms
E.3.3 Resolution bandwidth and channel power processing
E.3.4 Integration per service
E.4 Stable transmitted power signals
E.4.1 TDMA/FDMA technology
E.4.2 WCDMA/UMTS technology
E.4.3 OFDM technology
E.5 WCDMA measurement and calibration using a code domain analyser
E.5.1 WCDMA measurements – General
E.5.2 WCDMA decoder characteristics
E.5.3 Calibration
E.6 Wi-Fi measurements
E.6.1 General
E.6.2 Integration time for reproducible measurements
E.6.3 Channel occupation
E.6.4 Some considerations
E.6.5 Measurement configuration and steps
E.6.6 Influence of the application layers
E.6.7 Power control
E.7 LTE measurements
E.7.1 Overview
E.7.2 LTE transmission modes
E.7.3 LTE-FDD frame structure
E.7.4 LTE-TDD frame structure
E.7.5 Maximum LTE exposure evaluation
E.7.6 Instantaneous LTE exposure evaluation
E.7.7 MIMO multiplexing of LTE BS
E.8 NR BS measurements
E.8.1 General
E.8.2 Maximum NR exposure evaluation
E.9 Establishing compliance boundaries using numerical simulations of MIMO array antennas emitting correlated waveforms
E.9.1 General
E.9.2 Field combining near base stations for correlated exposure with the purpose of establishing compliance boundaries
E.9.3 Numerical simulations of MIMO array antennas with densely packed columns
E.9.4 Numerical simulations of large MIMO array antennas
E.10 Massive MIMO antennas
E.10.1 Overview
E.10.2 Deterministic conservative approach
E.10.3 Statistical conservative approach
E.10.4 Example approaches
Annex€F (informative)Guidelines for the assessment of BS compliancewith ICNIRP-2020 brief exposure limits
F.1 General
F.2 Brief exposure limits
F.3 Implications of brief exposure limits on signal modulation and TDD duty cycle
F.4 Implications of brief exposure limits on the actual maximum approach
Annex€G (informative)Uncertainty
G.1 Background
G.2 Requirement to estimate uncertainty
G.3 How to estimate uncertainty
G.4 Guidance on uncertainty and assessment schemes
G.4.1 General
G.4.2 Overview of assessment schemes
G.4.3 Examples of assessment schemes
G.4.4 Assessment schemes and compliance probabilities
G.5 Guidance on uncertainty
G.5.1 Overview
G.5.2 Measurement uncertainty and confidence levels
G.6 Applying uncertainty for compliance assessments
G.7 Example influence quantities for field measurements
G.7.1 General
G.7.2 Calibration uncertainty of measurement antenna or field probe
G.7.3 Frequency response of the measurement antenna or field probe
G.7.4 Isotropy of the measurement antenna or field probe
G.7.5 Frequency response of the spectrum analyser
G.7.6 Temperature response of a broadband field probe
G.7.7 Linearity deviation of a broadband field probe
G.7.8 Mismatch uncertainty
G.7.9 Deviation of the experimental source from numerical source
G.7.10 Meter fluctuation uncertainty for time-varying signals
G.7.11 Uncertainty due to power variation in the RF source
G.7.12 Uncertainty due to field gradients
G.7.13 Mutual coupling between measurement antenna or isotropic probe and object
G.7.14 Uncertainty due to field scattering from the surveyor's body
G.7.15 Measurement device
G.7.16 Fields out of measurement range
G.7.17 Noise
G.7.18 Integration time
G.7.19 Power chain
G.7.20 Positioning system
G.7.21 Matching between probe and the EUT
G.7.22 Drifts in output power of the EUT, probe, temperature, and humidity
G.7.23 Perturbation by the environment
G.8 Example influence quantities for RF field strength computations by ray tracing or full wave methods
G.8.1 General
G.8.2 System
G.8.3 Technique uncertainties
G.8.4 Environmental uncertainties
G.9 Influence quantities for SAR measurements
G.9.1 General
G.9.2 Post-processing
G.9.3 EUT holder
G.9.4 EUT positioning
G.9.5 Phantom shell uncertainty
G.9.6 SAR correction depending on target liquid permittivity and conductivity
G.9.7 Liquid permittivity and conductivity measurements
G.9.8 Liquid temperature
G.10 Influence quantities for SAR calculations
G.11 Spatial averaging
G.11.1 General
G.11.2 Small-scale fading variations
G.11.3 Error on the estimation of local average power density
G.11.4 Characterization of environment statistical properties
G.11.5 Characterization of different spatial averaging schemes
G.12 Influence of human body on measurements of the electric RF field strength
G.12.1 Simulations of the influence of human body on measurements based on the method of moments (surface equivalence principle)
G.12.2 Comparison with measurements
G.12.3 Conclusions
Annex€H (informative)Guidance on comparingevaluated parameters with a limit value
H.1 Overview
H.2 Information recommended to compare evaluated value against limit value
H.3 Performing a limit comparison at a given confidence level
H.4 Performing a limit comparison using a process-based assessment scheme
Bibliography
Figures
Figure€1 – Quick start guide to the evaluation process
Figure€2 – Example of iso-surface compliance boundary
Figure€3 – Example of cylindrical and half-pipe compliance boundaries
Figure€4 – Example of box shaped compliance boundary
Figure€5 – Example of truncated box shaped compliance boundary
Figure€6 – Example illustrating the linear scaling procedure
Figure€7 – Example of massive MIMO antennaand corresponding beams and envelope patterns
Figure€8 – Example of compliance boundary shapefor BS antennas with beam steering
Figure€9 – Example of dish antenna compliance boundary
Figure€10 – Flowchart describing the product installation evaluation process
Figure€11 – Example of a CDF curve representingthe normalized actual transmitted power or EIRP
Figure€12 – Flow chart for product installation compliance basedon the actual maximum transmitted power or EIRP threshold(s)
Figure€13 – Simplified compliance assessment process using installation classes
Figure€14 – Example of DI within a square-shapedassessment domain boundary (ADB) with dimension LADB
Figure€15 – In-situ RF exposure evaluationor assessment process flow chart
Figure€16 – Source-environment plane concept
Figure€17 – Flow chart of the measurement methods
Figure€18 – Flow chart of the relevant computation methods
Figure€19 – Example of segments used for monitoringand control of BS using€mMIMO or beam steering
Figure€A.1 – Example source-environment plane regionsnear a base station antenna on a tower
Figure€A.2 – Example source-environment plane regions near a roof-top antennathat has a narrow vertical (elevation plane) beamwidth (not to scale)
Figure€A.3 – Geometry of an antenna withlargest linear dimension Leff and largest end dimension Lend
Figure€A.4 – Maximum path difference for an antenna with largest linear dimension L
Figure€B.1 – Cartesian, cylindrical and spherical coordinate systemsrelative to the BS antenna (view from the rear panel)
Figure€B.2 – Typical RF exposure assessment case
Figure€B.3 – Reflection due to the presence of a ground plane
Figure€B.4 – Reflections due to the presence of internal walls of the housing and surrounding asphalt and soil configuring a base station installed underground
Figure€B.5 – General representation of RF field strengthor power density measurements
Figure€B.6 – Practical examples of measurement equipment installation
Figure€B.7 – Spatial averaging schemes relative to walkingor standing surface and in the vertical plane oriented to offermaximum area in the direction of the source being evaluated
Figure€B.8 – Spatial averaging relative tospatial-peak field strength point height
Figure€B.9 – Evaluation locations
Figure€B.10 – Relationship of separation of remote radio sourceand evaluation area to separation of evaluation points
Figure€B.11 – Outline of the surface scanning methodology
Figure€B.12 – Block diagram of the antenna measurement system
Figure€B.13 – Minimum radius constraint, where a denotes the minimum radiusof a sphere, centred at the reference point, that encompasses the EUT
Figure€B.14 – Maximum angular sampling spacing constraint
Figure€B.15 – Outline of the volume/surface scanning methodology
Figure€B.16 – Block diagram of typical near-field EUT measurement system
Figure€B.17 – Examples of positioning of the EUT relative to the relevant phantom
Figure€B.18 – Phantom liquid volume and measurement volumeused for whole-body SAR measurements with the box-shaped phantoms
Figure€B.19 – Reference frame employed for cylindrical formulas for RF field strength computation at a point P (left), and on a line perpendicular to boresight (right)
Figure€B.20 – Views illustrating the three valid zones forfield strength computation around an antenna
Figure€B.21 – Enclosed cylinder around collinear array antennas,with and without electrical downtilt
Figure€B.22 – Spherical formulas reference results
Figure€B.23 – Cylindrical formulas reference results
Figure€B.24 – Directions for which SAR estimation expressions are provided
Figure€B.25 – Description of SAR estimation formulas physical parameters
Figure€B.26 – Flow chart for the simplified assessment ofRF compliance boundary in the line of sight of a parabolic dish antenna
Figure€B.27 – Radiating cable geometry
Figure€B.28 – Synthetic model and ray tracing algorithms geometry and parameters
Figure€B.29 – Line 4 far-field positions for synthetic model andray tracing validation example
Figure€B.30 – Antenna parameters for synthetic modeland ray tracing algorithms validation example
Figure€B.31 – Generic 900€MHz BS antenna with nine dipole radiators
Figure€B.32 – Line 1, 2 and 3 near-field positionsfor full wave and ray tracing validation
Figure€B.33 – Generic 1€800€MHz BS antenna with five slot radiators
Figure€B.34 – BS antenna placed in front of a multi-layered lossy cylinder
Figure€B.35 – Time variation over 24€h of the exposure inducedby NR, GSM and FM, each normalized to the mean value
Figure€B.36– Generic structure of a base station transmitted RF signal frame
Figure€B.37 – Example of setup for the direct power level measurementfor BS equipped with direct access conducted output ports
Figure€C.1 – Example of a laboratory test setup for validationof an actual power control feature intended for use with a 5G BS
Figure€C.2 – Example of a test setup for validationof an actual power control feature implemented in a 5G BS
Figure€C.3 – Ground based in-situ validation setup
Figure€C.4 – In-situ validation measurement setup nearthe general public compliance boundary in front of the5G massive MIMO antenna (bore sight position)
Figure€C.5 – Comparison between measured time-averaged EMF andpower control feature (5G counter data) for the ground-based measurements
Figure€C.6 – Measured exposure adaptation in time expressedas a percentage of ICNIRP limits [1], [2] for the measurementsnear the general public compliance boundary
Figure€C.7 – Overview of the measurement site
Figure€C.8 – Ground view of the validation site and measurement setup,located 60€m from the 5G BS, in the line of sight
Figure€C.9 – Power transmitted by the massive MIMO antenna (top trace),channel power (ChP) measurements (middle trace)and transmitted resource blocks (RBs) (bottom trace)
Figure€C.10 – Overview of the test platform
Figure€C.11 – Example of synthetic model simulation of the test area
Figure€C.12 – Examples of traffic load profiles
Figure€C.13 – Example of testing in different segments in the test area
Figure€C.14 – Results of the monitoring validation and baseline test in phase 1
Figure€C.15 – Example of power density measurementsand power density derived from counters
Figure€C.16 – Measured power density and power density derived from counters
Figure€C.17 – Comparisons of both counters and measurements
Figure€D.1 – Measured ER as a function of distance for a BS (G€=€5€dBi, f€=€2€100€MHz) transmitting with an EIRP of 2€W (installation class E2) and 10€W (installation class€E10)
Figure€D.2 – Minimum installation height as a functionof transmitting power corresponding to installation class E10
Figure€D.3 – Compliance distance in the main lobe as a function of EIRP establishedin accordance with the farfield formula corresponding to installation class E100
Figure€D.4 – Minimum installation height as a functionof transmitting power corresponding to installation class E100
Figure€D.5 – Averaged power density at ground level for various installation configurations of equipment with 100 W EIRP (installation class E100)
Figure€D.6 – Compliance distance in the main lobe CDm as a function of EIRP established in accordance with the farfield formula corresponding to installation class€E+
Figure€D.7 – Minimum installation height hm as a function of EIRPcorresponding to installation class E+
Figure€D.8 – Power density distribution in watts per square metre in a vertical cut planefor an 8€×€8 antenna array at 28 GHz (grid step of 10 cm)
Figure€D.9 – Power density distribution in watts per square metre in a vertical cut plane for an 8€×€8 antenna array at 39€GHz (grid step of 10 cm)
Figure€E.1 – Spectral occupancy for GMSK
Figure€E.2 – Spectral occupancy for CDMA
Figure€E.3 – Channel allocation for a WCDMA signal
Figure€E.4 – Example of Wi-Fi frames
Figure€E.5 – Channel occupation versus the integration time for IEEE 802.11b standard
Figure€E.6 – Channel occupation versusnominal throughput rate for IEEE 802.11b/g standards
Figure€E.7 – Wi-Fi spectrum trace snapshot
Figure€E.8 – Frame structure of transmission signal for LTE-FDD downlink
Figure€E.9 – Frame structure LTE-TDD type 2 (for 5€ms switch-point periodicity)
Figure€E.10 – Frame structure of transmission signal for LTE-TDD
Figure€E.11 – LTE-TDD PBCH measurement example
Figure€E.12 – Example of VBW setting for LTE-FDDand LTE-TDD to avoid underestimation
Figure€E.13 – Examples of received waves from LTE-FDD downlink signalsusing a spectrum analyser using zero span mode
Figure€E.14 – LTE-TDD PBCH measurement example spectrumanalyser using zero span mode
Figure€E.15 – Example of VBW setting for NR to avoid underestimation
Figure€E.16 – Examples of measurement accuracy results according to the ratio of VBW and RBW for NR SCS 30€kHz and 1€MHz RBW using various SA types (A to D)
Figure€E.17 – Waterfall reconstruction plot of a 1 s long measurement traceof an NR signal with subcarrier spacing (SCS) 30 kHz(along one component of the electric field)
Figure€E.18 – Example of NR signal frame measured on SAwith SSB signal above PDSCH (data)
Figure€E.19 – Example of NR signal frame measured on SAwith SSB signal below or equal to PDSCH (data)
Figure€E.20 – Time gating of SS burst signal
Figure€E.21 – Representation of the channel bandwidth (CBW)
Figure€E.22 – An example for one port CSI-RS beam design
Figure€E.23 – Plan view representation of statistical conservative model
Figure€E.24 – Binomial cumulative probability function for N€=€24, PR = 0,125
Figure€E.25 – Binomial cumulative probability function for N = 18, PR = 2/7
Figure E.26 – Binomial cumulative probability function for N = 100，PR = 0,125
Figure€E.27 – Binomial cumulative probability function for N = 82, PR = 2/7
Figure€F.1 – Limits for brief exposure (t < 360 s), seeTable€F.1,divided by the corresponding time interval tand normalized with the value obtained for t up to 360€s
Figure€F.2 – FPR_min as a function of the pulse durationassuming a whole-body averaging time of 30 min
Figure€F.3 – FPR_min as a function of the pulse durationassuming an averaging time of 6 min
Figure€G.1 – Examples of general assessment schemes
Figure€G.2 – Target uncertainty scheme overview
Figure€G.3 – Probability of the true value being above (respectively below) the evaluated value depending on the confidence level assuming a normal distribution
Figure€G.4 – Plot of the calibration factors for E (not E2) provided froman example calibration report for an electric field probe
Figure€G.5 – Computational model used for the variational analysisof reflected RF fields from the front of a surveyor
Figure€G.6 – EUT positioning equipment and different positioning errors
Figure€G.7 – Physical model of small-scale fading variations
Figure€G.8 – Example of E-field strength variationsin line of sight of an antenna operating at 2,2€GHz
Figure€G.9 – Error at 95 % on average power estimation
Figure€G.10 – 343 measurement points building a cube (centre)and different templates consisting of a different number of positions
Figure€G.11 – Moving a template (Line 3) through the cube
Figure€G.12 – Standard deviations for GSM 900, DCS 1800 and UMTS
Figure€G.13 – Simulation arrangement
Figure€G.14 – Body influence
Figure€G.15 – Simulation arrangement
Tables
Table€1 – Quick start guide evaluation steps
Table€2 – Example of product installation classes where a simplifiedevaluation process is applicable (based on ICNIRP general public limits [1] and [2])
Table€3 – Exposure metrics validity for evaluation points in each source region
Table€4 – Requirements for RF field strength and power density measurements
Table€5 – Whole-body SAR exclusions based on RF power levels
Table€6 – Requirements for SAR measurements
Table€7 – Applicability of computation methodsfor source-environment regions of Figure€16
Table€8 – Requirements for computation methods
Table€A.1 – Definition of source regions
Table€A.2 – Default source region boundaries
Table A.3 – Source region boundaries for antennaswith maximum dimension less than 2,5 λ
Table A.4 – Source region boundaries for linear/planar antenna arrayswith a maximum dimension greater than or equal to 2,5 λ
Table€A.5 – Source region boundaries for equiphase radiation aperture (e.g. dish) antennas with maximum reflector dimension much greater than a wavelength
Table€A.6 – Source region boundaries for radiating cables
Table A.7 – Far-field distance r measured in metres as a function of angle β
Table€A.8 – Guidance on selecting betweencomputation and measurement approaches
Table€A.9 – Guidance on selecting betweenbroadband and frequency selective measurement
Table€A.10 – Guidance on selectingRF field strength measurement procedures
Table€A.11 – Guidance on selecting computation methods
Table€A.12 – Guidance on specific evaluation method ranking
Table€B.1 – Dimension variables
Table€B.2 – RF power variables
Table€B.3 – Antenna variables
Table€B.4 – Exposure metric variables
Table€B.5 – Broadband measurement system minimum requirements
Table€B.6 – Frequency selective measurement system minimum requirements
Table€B.7 – Example template for estimating the expanded uncertainty of anin-situ RF field strength measurement that used a frequency selective equipment
Table€B.8 – Example template for estimating the expanded uncertainty of anin-situ RF field strength measurement that used a broadband equipment
Table€B.9 – Example template for estimating the expanded uncertaintyof a laboratory-based RF field strength or power density measurementusing the surface scanning method
Table€B.10 – Example template for estimating the expanded uncertaintyof a laboratory-based RF field strength or power density measurementusing the volume scanning method
Table€B.11 – Numerical reference SAR values for reference dipolesand flat phantom – All values are normalized to a forward power of 1 W
Table€B.12 – Phantom liquid volume and measurement volumeused for whole-body SAR measurements [61], [77]
Table€B.13 – Correction factor to compensate for a possible biasin the obtained general public whole-body SAR when assessedusing the large box-shaped phantom for child exposure configurations [72]
Table€B.14 – Measurement uncertainty evaluation templatefor EUT whole-body SAR test
Table€B.15 – Measurement uncertainty evaluation templatefor whole-body SAR system validation
Table€B.16 – Definition of boundaries for selecting the zone of computation
Table€B.17 – Input parameters for cylindrical and spherical formulas validation
Table€B.18 – Applicability of SAR estimation formulas
Table€B.19 – Calculation of A(f, d)
Table€B.20 – Antenna parameters for SAR estimation formulas verification
Table€B.21 – Verification data for SAR estimation formulas – front
Table€B.22 – Verification data for SAR estimation formulas – axial and back
Table€B.23 – Example template for estimating the expanded uncertaintyof a synthetic model and ray tracing RF field strength computation
Table€B.24 – Synthetic model and ray tracingpower density reference results
Table€B.25 – Example template for estimating the expanded uncertaintyof a full wave RF field strength / power density computation
Table€B.26 – Validation 1 full wave field reference results
Table€B.27 – Validation 2 full wave field reference results
Table€B.28 – Example template for estimating the expanded uncertaintyof a full wave SAR computation
Table€B.29 – Validation reference SAR results for computation method
Table€B.30 – Relevant parameters for performingRF exposure modelling studies of a massive MIMO site or site cluster
Table€B.31 – Measurement campaign parameters for performingRF exposure assessment of a massive MIMO site or site cluster
Table€B.32 – Power combination factors applicable to the normalized actual transmitted power CDF in case of combination of multiple independent identical transmitters
Table€B.33 – Power combination factors applicable totwo independent transmitters with a ratio p in amplitude
Table€C.1 – Relative difference between the measured averaged transmitted power and actual power counter value for systems that allow direct power level measurements
Table€C.2 – Correlation between the configured maximum power level and the level reported by actual power counters for BS that allow direct power level measurements
Table€C.3 – Correlation between the configured time-averaged load levels and the actual power counter value for systems that allow direct power level measurements
Table€C.4 – Relative difference between the configured maximum power,measured averaged transmitted power, and actual power countersfor systems that do not support direct power level measurements
Table€C.5 – Correlation between the configured power level and the level reported by power counters for BS that do not support direct power level measurements
Table€C.6 – Correlation between time linearity of the configuredmaximum power level and the level reported by actual power countersfor BS that do not support direct power level measurements
Table€E.1 – Technology specific information
Table€E.2 – Example of spectrum analyser settings for an integration per service
Table€E.3 – Example constant power components for specific TDMA/FDMA technologies
Table€E.4 – WCDMA decoder characteristics
Table€E.5 – Signal configurations
Table€E.6 – WCDMA generator setting for power linearity
Table€E.7 – WCDMA generator setting for decoder calibration
Table€E.8 – WCDMA generator setting for reflection coefficient measurement
Table€E.9 – Uplink-downlink configurations
Table€E.10 – Theoretical extrapolation factor, NRS, based on framestructure given in 3GPP TS 36.104 [21]
Table€E.11 – FBW for each combination of BS channel bandwidthand SSB subcarrier spacing (SCS) for sub-6€GHz signals
Table€E.12 – FBW for each combination of BS channel bandwidthand SSB subcarrier spacing (SCS) for mm-wave signals
Table€E.13 – List of variables in the case study
Table€F.1 – Brief exposure limits for the general public integratedover intervals of between 0 min and 6 min as specified by ICNIRP-2020 [1]
Table€F.2 – Minimum FPR, FPR_min, for which compliance with the time-averagedwhole-body limits ICNIRP-2020 [1] inherently ensures compliance withthe brief exposure limits specified by ICNIRP-2020 [1]
Table€G.1 – Determining target uncertainty
Table€G.2 – Monte Carlo simulation of 10€000 trials, both surveyorand auditor using best estimate
Table€G.3 – Monte Carlo simulation of 10€000 trials, both surveyorand auditor using target uncertainty of 4€dB
Table€G.4 – Monte Carlo simulation of 10€000 trials where surveyor uses upper 95€%€CI and auditor uses lower 95€% CI
Table€G.5 – Guidance on minimum separation distances for somedipole lengths such that the uncertainty does notexceed 5€% or 10€% in a measurement of E
Table€G.6 – Guidance on minimum separation distances for some loop diameters such that the uncertainty does notexceed 5€% or 10€% in a measurement of H
Table€G.7 – Example minimum separation conditionsfor selected dipole lengths for 10€% uncertainty in E
Table€G.8 – Standard estimates of dB variation for the perturbationsin front of a surveyor due to body reflected fields as described in Figure€G.5
Table€G.9 – Standard uncertainty (u) estimates for E and H due to body reflections from the surveyor for common radio services derived from estimates provided in Table€G.8
Table€G.10 – Maximum sensitivity coefficients for liquid permittivity and conductivity over the frequency range 300 MHz to 6 GHz
Table€G.11 – Uncertainty at 95€% for different fading models
Table€G.12 – Correlation coefficients for GSM 900 and DCS 1800
Table€G.13 – Variations of the standard deviations forthe GSM 900, DCS 1800 and UMTS frequency bands
Table€G.14 – Examples of total uncertainty calculation
Table€G.15 – Maximum simulated error due to the influence ofa human body on the measurement values ofan omnidirectional probe
Table€G.16 – Measured influence of a human body onomnidirectional probe measurements
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AS/NZS IEC 62232:2023 Determination of RF field strength, power density and SAR in the vicinity of base stations for the purpose of evaluating human exposure
CONTENTS
FOREWORD
INTRODUCTION
1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms and definitions
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms
4.1 Physical quantities
4.2 Constants
4.3 Abbreviated terms
5 How to use this document
5.1 Quick start guide
5.2 RF evaluation purpose categories
5.3 Implementation case studies
6 Evaluation processes for product compliance, product installation compliance and in-situ RF exposure assessments
6.1 Evaluation process for product compliance
6.1.1 General
6.1.2 Establishing compliance boundaries
6.1.3 Iso-surface compliance boundary definition
6.1.4 Simple compliance boundaries
6.1.5 Methods for establishing the compliance boundary
6.1.6 Uncertainty
6.1.7 Reporting for product compliance
6.2 Evaluation process used for product installation compliance
6.2.1 General
6.2.2 General evaluation procedure for product installations
6.2.3 Product installation compliance based on the actual maximum transmitted power or EIRP
6.2.4 Product installation data collection
6.2.5 Simplified product installation evaluation process
6.2.6 Assessment area selection
6.2.7 Measurements
6.2.8 Computations
6.2.9 Uncertainty
6.2.10 Reporting for product installation compliance
6.3 In-situ RF exposure evaluation or assessment process
6.3.1 General
6.3.2 In-situ measurement process
6.3.3 Site analysis
6.3.4 Case A evaluation
6.3.5 Case B evaluation
6.3.6 Uncertainty
6.3.7 Reporting
6.4 Averaging procedures
6.4.1 Spatial averaging
6.4.2 Time averaging
7 Determining the evaluation method
7.1 Overview
7.2 Process to determine the evaluation method
7.2.1 General
7.2.2 Establishing the evaluation points in relation to the source-environment plane
7.2.3 Exposure metric selection
8 Evaluation methods
8.1 General
8.2 Measurement methods
8.2.1 General
8.2.2 RF field strength and power density measurements
8.2.3 SAR measurements
8.3 Computation methods
8.4 Methods for assessment based on actual maximum approach
8.4.1 General requirements
8.4.2 Actual transmitted power or EIRP monitoring
8.4.3 Actual transmitted power or EIRP control
8.5 Methods for the assessment of RF exposure to multiple sources
8.6 Methods for establishing the BS transmitted power or EIRP
9 Uncertainty
10 Reporting
10.1 General requirements
10.2 Report format
10.3 Opinions and interpretations
Annex€A (informative)Source-environment plane and guidanceon the evaluation method selection
A.1 Guidance on the source-environment plane
A.1.1 General
A.1.2 Source-environment plane example
A.1.3 Source regions
A.2 Select between computation or measurement approaches
A.3 Select measurement method
A.3.1 Selection stages
A.3.2 Selecting between RF field strength, power density and SAR measurement approaches
A.3.3 Selecting between broadband and frequency selective measurement
A.3.4 Selecting RF field strength measurement procedures
A.4 Select computation method
A.5 Additional considerations
A.5.1 Simplicity
A.5.2 Evaluation method ranking
A.5.3 Applying multiple methods for RF exposure evaluation
Annex€B (normative)Evaluation methods
B.1 Overview
B.2 General
B.2.1 Coordinate systems and reference points
B.2.2 Variables
B.3 RF exposure evaluation principles
B.3.1 Simple calculation of RF field strength and power density
B.3.2 Measurement of RF field strength and power density
B.3.3 Spatial averaging
B.3.4 Time averaging
B.3.5 Comparing measured and computed values
B.3.6 Personal RF monitors
B.4 RF field strength and power density measurements
B.4.1 Applicability of RF field strength and power density measurements
B.4.2 In-situ RF exposure measurements
B.4.3 Laboratory based RF field strength and power density measurements
B.4.4 RF field strength and power density measurement uncertainty
B.5 SAR measurements
B.5.1 Overview of SAR measurements
B.5.2 SAR measurement requirements
B.5.3 SAR measurement description
B.5.4 SAR measurement uncertainty
B.6 Basic computation methods
B.6.1 General
B.6.2 Basic computation formulas for RF field strength or power density evaluation
B.6.3 Basic whole-body SAR and peak spatial-average SAR evaluation formulas
B.6.4 Basic compliance boundary assessment method for BS using parabolic dish antennas
B.6.5 Basic compliance boundary assessment method for intentionally radiating cables
B.7 Advanced computation methods
B.7.1 General
B.7.2 Synthetic model and ray tracing algorithms
B.7.3 Full wave RF exposure computation
B.7.4 Full wave SAR computation
B.8 Extrapolation from the evaluated values to the maximum or actual values
B.8.1 Extrapolation method
B.8.2 Extrapolation to maximum in-situ RF field strength or power density using broadband measurements
B.8.3 Extrapolation to maximum in-situ RF field strength / power density using frequency or code selective measurements
B.8.4 Influence of traffic in real operating network
B.8.5 Extrapolation for massive MIMO and beamforming BS
B.8.6 Maximum exposure extrapolation with dynamic spectrum sharing (DSS)
B.9 Guidance for implementing the actual maximum approach
B.9.1 BS actual EIRP evaluation assumptions
B.9.2 Technology duty-cycle factor description
B.9.3 CDF evaluation using modelling studies
B.9.4 CDF evaluation using measurement studies on operational BS sites
B.9.5 Actual transmitted power or EIRP monitoring counters
B.9.6 Configurations with multiple transmitters
B.10 Transmitted power or EIRP evaluation
B.10.1 General
B.10.2 Measurement of the transmitted power in conducted mode
B.10.3 Measurement of the transmitted power in OTA conditions
B.10.4 Measurement of the EIRP in OTA and laboratory conditions
B.10.5 Measurement of the EIRP in OTA and in-situ conditions
Annex€C (informative)Guidelines for the validation of power or EIRP control features and monitoring counter(s) related to the actual maximum approach
C.1 Overview
C.2 Guidelines for validating control feature(s) and monitoring counters
C.3 Validation of power or EIRP monitoring counter in laboratory conditions
C.3.1 Validation of power or EIRP monitoring counter in conducted mode – test€procedure
C.3.2 Validation of power or EIRP monitoring counter in OTA mode – test procedure
C.3.3 Validation of control feature(s) in laboratory conditions
C.3.4 Validation of control features using in-situ measurements
C.4 Validation test report
C.5 Case studies
C.5.1 Case study A – In-situ validation
C.5.2 Case study B – In-situ validation
C.5.3 Case study C – In-situ validation
Annex€D (informative)Rationale supporting simplified product installation criteria
D.1 General
D.2 Class E2
D.3 Class E10
D.4 Class E100
D.5 Class E+
D.6 Simplified formulas for millimetre-wave antennas using massive MIMO or beam steering
Annex€E (informative)Technology-specific exposure evaluation guidance
E.1 Overview to guidance on specific technologies
E.2 Summary of technology-specific information
E.3 Guidance on spectrum analyser settings
E.3.1 Overview of spectrum analyser settings
E.3.2 Detection algorithms
E.3.3 Resolution bandwidth and channel power processing
E.3.4 Integration per service
E.4 Stable transmitted power signals
E.4.1 TDMA/FDMA technology
E.4.2 WCDMA/UMTS technology
E.4.3 OFDM technology
E.5 WCDMA measurement and calibration using a code domain analyser
E.5.1 WCDMA measurements – General
E.5.2 WCDMA decoder characteristics
E.5.3 Calibration
E.6 Wi-Fi measurements
E.6.1 General
E.6.2 Integration time for reproducible measurements
E.6.3 Channel occupation
E.6.4 Some considerations
E.6.5 Measurement configuration and steps
E.6.6 Influence of the application layers
E.6.7 Power control
E.7 LTE measurements
E.7.1 Overview
E.7.2 LTE transmission modes
E.7.3 LTE-FDD frame structure
E.7.4 LTE-TDD frame structure
E.7.5 Maximum LTE exposure evaluation
E.7.6 Instantaneous LTE exposure evaluation
E.7.7 MIMO multiplexing of LTE BS
E.8 NR BS measurements
E.8.1 General
E.8.2 Maximum NR exposure evaluation
E.9 Establishing compliance boundaries using numerical simulations of MIMO array antennas emitting correlated waveforms
E.9.1 General
E.9.2 Field combining near base stations for correlated exposure with the purpose of establishing compliance boundaries
E.9.3 Numerical simulations of MIMO array antennas with densely packed columns
E.9.4 Numerical simulations of large MIMO array antennas
E.10 Massive MIMO antennas
E.10.1 Overview
E.10.2 Deterministic conservative approach
E.10.3 Statistical conservative approach
E.10.4 Example approaches
Annex€F (informative)Guidelines for the assessment of BS compliancewith ICNIRP-2020 brief exposure limits
F.1 General
F.2 Brief exposure limits
F.3 Implications of brief exposure limits on signal modulation and TDD duty cycle
F.4 Implications of brief exposure limits on the actual maximum approach
Annex€G (informative)Uncertainty
G.1 Background
G.2 Requirement to estimate uncertainty
G.3 How to estimate uncertainty
G.4 Guidance on uncertainty and assessment schemes
G.4.1 General
G.4.2 Overview of assessment schemes
G.4.3 Examples of assessment schemes
G.4.4 Assessment schemes and compliance probabilities
G.5 Guidance on uncertainty
G.5.1 Overview
G.5.2 Measurement uncertainty and confidence levels
G.6 Applying uncertainty for compliance assessments
G.7 Example influence quantities for field measurements
G.7.1 General
G.7.2 Calibration uncertainty of measurement antenna or field probe
G.7.3 Frequency response of the measurement antenna or field probe
G.7.4 Isotropy of the measurement antenna or field probe
G.7.5 Frequency response of the spectrum analyser
G.7.6 Temperature response of a broadband field probe
G.7.7 Linearity deviation of a broadband field probe
G.7.8 Mismatch uncertainty
G.7.9 Deviation of the experimental source from numerical source
G.7.10 Meter fluctuation uncertainty for time-varying signals
G.7.11 Uncertainty due to power variation in the RF source
G.7.12 Uncertainty due to field gradients
G.7.13 Mutual coupling between measurement antenna or isotropic probe and object
G.7.14 Uncertainty due to field scattering from the surveyor's body
G.7.15 Measurement device
G.7.16 Fields out of measurement range
G.7.17 Noise
G.7.18 Integration time
G.7.19 Power chain
G.7.20 Positioning system
G.7.21 Matching between probe and the EUT
G.7.22 Drifts in output power of the EUT, probe, temperature, and humidity
G.7.23 Perturbation by the environment
G.8 Example influence quantities for RF field strength computations by ray tracing or full wave methods
G.8.1 General
G.8.2 System
G.8.3 Technique uncertainties
G.8.4 Environmental uncertainties
G.9 Influence quantities for SAR measurements
G.9.1 General
G.9.2 Post-processing
G.9.3 EUT holder
G.9.4 EUT positioning
G.9.5 Phantom shell uncertainty
G.9.6 SAR correction depending on target liquid permittivity and conductivity
G.9.7 Liquid permittivity and conductivity measurements
G.9.8 Liquid temperature
G.10 Influence quantities for SAR calculations
G.11 Spatial averaging
G.11.1 General
G.11.2 Small-scale fading variations
G.11.3 Error on the estimation of local average power density
G.11.4 Characterization of environment statistical properties
G.11.5 Characterization of different spatial averaging schemes
G.12 Influence of human body on measurements of the electric RF field strength
G.12.1 Simulations of the influence of human body on measurements based on the method of moments (surface equivalence principle)
G.12.2 Comparison with measurements
G.12.3 Conclusions
Annex€H (informative)Guidance on comparingevaluated parameters with a limit value
H.1 Overview
H.2 Information recommended to compare evaluated value against limit value
H.3 Performing a limit comparison at a given confidence level
H.4 Performing a limit comparison using a process-based assessment scheme
Bibliography
Figures
Figure€1 – Quick start guide to the evaluation process
Figure€2 – Example of iso-surface compliance boundary
Figure€3 – Example of cylindrical and half-pipe compliance boundaries
Figure€4 – Example of box shaped compliance boundary
Figure€5 – Example of truncated box shaped compliance boundary
Figure€6 – Example illustrating the linear scaling procedure
Figure€7 – Example of massive MIMO antennaand corresponding beams and envelope patterns
Figure€8 – Example of compliance boundary shapefor BS antennas with beam steering
Figure€9 – Example of dish antenna compliance boundary
Figure€10 – Flowchart describing the product installation evaluation process
Figure€11 – Example of a CDF curve representingthe normalized actual transmitted power or EIRP
Figure€12 – Flow chart for product installation compliance basedon the actual maximum transmitted power or EIRP threshold(s)
Figure€13 – Simplified compliance assessment process using installation classes
Figure€14 – Example of DI within a square-shapedassessment domain boundary (ADB) with dimension LADB
Figure€15 – In-situ RF exposure evaluationor assessment process flow chart
Figure€16 – Source-environment plane concept
Figure€17 – Flow chart of the measurement methods
Figure€18 – Flow chart of the relevant computation methods
Figure€19 – Example of segments used for monitoringand control of BS using€mMIMO or beam steering
Figure€A.1 – Example source-environment plane regionsnear a base station antenna on a tower
Figure€A.2 – Example source-environment plane regions near a roof-top antennathat has a narrow vertical (elevation plane) beamwidth (not to scale)
Figure€A.3 – Geometry of an antenna withlargest linear dimension Leff and largest end dimension Lend
Figure€A.4 – Maximum path difference for an antenna with largest linear dimension L
Figure€B.1 – Cartesian, cylindrical and spherical coordinate systemsrelative to the BS antenna (view from the rear panel)
Figure€B.2 – Typical RF exposure assessment case
Figure€B.3 – Reflection due to the presence of a ground plane
Figure€B.4 – Reflections due to the presence of internal walls of the housing and surrounding asphalt and soil configuring a base station installed underground
Figure€B.5 – General representation of RF field strengthor power density measurements
Figure€B.6 – Practical examples of measurement equipment installation
Figure€B.7 – Spatial averaging schemes relative to walkingor standing surface and in the vertical plane oriented to offermaximum area in the direction of the source being evaluated
Figure€B.8 – Spatial averaging relative tospatial-peak field strength point height
Figure€B.9 – Evaluation locations
Figure€B.10 – Relationship of separation of remote radio sourceand evaluation area to separation of evaluation points
Figure€B.11 – Outline of the surface scanning methodology
Figure€B.12 – Block diagram of the antenna measurement system
Figure€B.13 – Minimum radius constraint, where a denotes the minimum radiusof a sphere, centred at the reference point, that encompasses the EUT
Figure€B.14 – Maximum angular sampling spacing constraint
Figure€B.15 – Outline of the volume/surface scanning methodology
Figure€B.16 – Block diagram of typical near-field EUT measurement system
Figure€B.17 – Examples of positioning of the EUT relative to the relevant phantom
Figure€B.18 – Phantom liquid volume and measurement volumeused for whole-body SAR measurements with the box-shaped phantoms
Figure€B.19 – Reference frame employed for cylindrical formulas for RF field strength computation at a point P (left), and on a line perpendicular to boresight (right)
Figure€B.20 – Views illustrating the three valid zones forfield strength computation around an antenna
Figure€B.21 – Enclosed cylinder around collinear array antennas,with and without electrical downtilt
Figure€B.22 – Spherical formulas reference results
Figure€B.23 – Cylindrical formulas reference results
Figure€B.24 – Directions for which SAR estimation expressions are provided
Figure€B.25 – Description of SAR estimation formulas physical parameters
Figure€B.26 – Flow chart for the simplified assessment ofRF compliance boundary in the line of sight of a parabolic dish antenna
Figure€B.27 – Radiating cable geometry
Figure€B.28 – Synthetic model and ray tracing algorithms geometry and parameters
Figure€B.29 – Line 4 far-field positions for synthetic model andray tracing validation example
Figure€B.30 – Antenna parameters for synthetic modeland ray tracing algorithms validation example
Figure€B.31 – Generic 900€MHz BS antenna with nine dipole radiators
Figure€B.32 – Line 1, 2 and 3 near-field positionsfor full wave and ray tracing validation
Figure€B.33 – Generic 1€800€MHz BS antenna with five slot radiators
Figure€B.34 – BS antenna placed in front of a multi-layered lossy cylinder
Figure€B.35 – Time variation over 24€h of the exposure inducedby NR, GSM and FM, each normalized to the mean value
Figure€B.36– Generic structure of a base station transmitted RF signal frame
Figure€B.37 – Example of setup for the direct power level measurementfor BS equipped with direct access conducted output ports
Figure€C.1 – Example of a laboratory test setup for validationof an actual power control feature intended for use with a 5G BS
Figure€C.2 – Example of a test setup for validationof an actual power control feature implemented in a 5G BS
Figure€C.3 – Ground based in-situ validation setup
Figure€C.4 – In-situ validation measurement setup nearthe general public compliance boundary in front of the5G massive MIMO antenna (bore sight position)
Figure€C.5 – Comparison between measured time-averaged EMF andpower control feature (5G counter data) for the ground-based measurements
Figure€C.6 – Measured exposure adaptation in time expressedas a percentage of ICNIRP limits [1], [2] for the measurementsnear the general public compliance boundary
Figure€C.7 – Overview of the measurement site
Figure€C.8 – Ground view of the validation site and measurement setup,located 60€m from the 5G BS, in the line of sight
Figure€C.9 – Power transmitted by the massive MIMO antenna (top trace),channel power (ChP) measurements (middle trace)and transmitted resource blocks (RBs) (bottom trace)
Figure€C.10 – Overview of the test platform
Figure€C.11 – Example of synthetic model simulation of the test area
Figure€C.12 – Examples of traffic load profiles
Figure€C.13 – Example of testing in different segments in the test area
Figure€C.14 – Results of the monitoring validation and baseline test in phase 1
Figure€C.15 – Example of power density measurementsand power density derived from counters
Figure€C.16 – Measured power density and power density derived from counters
Figure€C.17 – Comparisons of both counters and measurements
Figure€D.1 – Measured ER as a function of distance for a BS (G€=€5€dBi, f€=€2€100€MHz) transmitting with an EIRP of 2€W (installation class E2) and 10€W (installation class€E10)
Figure€D.2 – Minimum installation height as a functionof transmitting power corresponding to installation class E10
Figure€D.3 – Compliance distance in the main lobe as a function of EIRP establishedin accordance with the farfield formula corresponding to installation class E100
Figure€D.4 – Minimum installation height as a functionof transmitting power corresponding to installation class E100
Figure€D.5 – Averaged power density at ground level for various installation configurations of equipment with 100 W EIRP (installation class E100)
Figure€D.6 – Compliance distance in the main lobe CDm as a function of EIRP established in accordance with the farfield formula corresponding to installation class€E+
Figure€D.7 – Minimum installation height hm as a function of EIRPcorresponding to installation class E+
Figure€D.8 – Power density distribution in watts per square metre in a vertical cut planefor an 8€×€8 antenna array at 28 GHz (grid step of 10 cm)
Figure€D.9 – Power density distribution in watts per square metre in a vertical cut plane for an 8€×€8 antenna array at 39€GHz (grid step of 10 cm)
Figure€E.1 – Spectral occupancy for GMSK
Figure€E.2 – Spectral occupancy for CDMA
Figure€E.3 – Channel allocation for a WCDMA signal
Figure€E.4 – Example of Wi-Fi frames
Figure€E.5 – Channel occupation versus the integration time for IEEE 802.11b standard
Figure€E.6 – Channel occupation versusnominal throughput rate for IEEE 802.11b/g standards
Figure€E.7 – Wi-Fi spectrum trace snapshot
Figure€E.8 – Frame structure of transmission signal for LTE-FDD downlink
Figure€E.9 – Frame structure LTE-TDD type 2 (for 5€ms switch-point periodicity)
Figure€E.10 – Frame structure of transmission signal for LTE-TDD
Figure€E.11 – LTE-TDD PBCH measurement example
Figure€E.12 – Example of VBW setting for LTE-FDDand LTE-TDD to avoid underestimation
Figure€E.13 – Examples of received waves from LTE-FDD downlink signalsusing a spectrum analyser using zero span mode
Figure€E.14 – LTE-TDD PBCH measurement example spectrumanalyser using zero span mode
Figure€E.15 – Example of VBW setting for NR to avoid underestimation
Figure€E.16 – Examples of measurement accuracy results according to the ratio of VBW and RBW for NR SCS 30€kHz and 1€MHz RBW using various SA types (A to D)
Figure€E.17 – Waterfall reconstruction plot of a 1 s long measurement traceof an NR signal with subcarrier spacing (SCS) 30 kHz(along one component of the electric field)
Figure€E.18 – Example of NR signal frame measured on SAwith SSB signal above PDSCH (data)
Figure€E.19 – Example of NR signal frame measured on SAwith SSB signal below or equal to PDSCH (data)
Figure€E.20 – Time gating of SS burst signal
Figure€E.21 – Representation of the channel bandwidth (CBW)
Figure€E.22 – An example for one port CSI-RS beam design
Figure€E.23 – Plan view representation of statistical conservative model
Figure€E.24 – Binomial cumulative probability function for N€=€24, PR = 0,125
Figure€E.25 – Binomial cumulative probability function for N = 18, PR = 2/7
Figure E.26 – Binomial cumulative probability function for N = 100，PR = 0,125
Figure€E.27 – Binomial cumulative probability function for N = 82, PR = 2/7
Figure€F.1 – Limits for brief exposure (t < 360 s), seeTable€F.1,divided by the corresponding time interval tand normalized with the value obtained for t up to 360€s
Figure€F.2 – FPR_min as a function of the pulse durationassuming a whole-body averaging time of 30 min
Figure€F.3 – FPR_min as a function of the pulse durationassuming an averaging time of 6 min
Figure€G.1 – Examples of general assessment schemes
Figure€G.2 – Target uncertainty scheme overview
Figure€G.3 – Probability of the true value being above (respectively below) the evaluated value depending on the confidence level assuming a normal distribution
Figure€G.4 – Plot of the calibration factors for E (not E2) provided froman example calibration report for an electric field probe
Figure€G.5 – Computational model used for the variational analysisof reflected RF fields from the front of a surveyor
Figure€G.6 – EUT positioning equipment and different positioning errors
Figure€G.7 – Physical model of small-scale fading variations
Figure€G.8 – Example of E-field strength variationsin line of sight of an antenna operating at 2,2€GHz
Figure€G.9 – Error at 95 % on average power estimation
Figure€G.10 – 343 measurement points building a cube (centre)and different templates consisting of a different number of positions
Figure€G.11 – Moving a template (Line 3) through the cube
Figure€G.12 – Standard deviations for GSM 900, DCS 1800 and UMTS
Figure€G.13 – Simulation arrangement
Figure€G.14 – Body influence
Figure€G.15 – Simulation arrangement
Tables
Table€1 – Quick start guide evaluation steps
Table€2 – Example of product installation classes where a simplifiedevaluation process is applicable (based on ICNIRP general public limits [1] and [2])
Table€3 – Exposure metrics validity for evaluation points in each source region
Table€4 – Requirements for RF field strength and power density measurements
Table€5 – Whole-body SAR exclusions based on RF power levels
Table€6 – Requirements for SAR measurements
Table€7 – Applicability of computation methodsfor source-environment regions of Figure€16
Table€8 – Requirements for computation methods
Table€A.1 – Definition of source regions
Table€A.2 – Default source region boundaries
Table A.3 – Source region boundaries for antennaswith maximum dimension less than 2,5 λ
Table A.4 – Source region boundaries for linear/planar antenna arrayswith a maximum dimension greater than or equal to 2,5 λ
Table€A.5 – Source region boundaries for equiphase radiation aperture (e.g. dish) antennas with maximum reflector dimension much greater than a wavelength
Table€A.6 – Source region boundaries for radiating cables
Table A.7 – Far-field distance r measured in metres as a function of angle β
Table€A.8 – Guidance on selecting betweencomputation and measurement approaches
Table€A.9 – Guidance on selecting betweenbroadband and frequency selective measurement
Table€A.10 – Guidance on selectingRF field strength measurement procedures
Table€A.11 – Guidance on selecting computation methods
Table€A.12 – Guidance on specific evaluation method ranking
Table€B.1 – Dimension variables
Table€B.2 – RF power variables
Table€B.3 – Antenna variables
Table€B.4 – Exposure metric variables
Table€B.5 – Broadband measurement system minimum requirements
Table€B.6 – Frequency selective measurement system minimum requirements
Table€B.7 – Example template for estimating the expanded uncertainty of anin-situ RF field strength measurement that used a frequency selective equipment
Table€B.8 – Example template for estimating the expanded uncertainty of anin-situ RF field strength measurement that used a broadband equipment
Table€B.9 – Example template for estimating the expanded uncertaintyof a laboratory-based RF field strength or power density measurementusing the surface scanning method
Table€B.10 – Example template for estimating the expanded uncertaintyof a laboratory-based RF field strength or power density measurementusing the volume scanning method
Table€B.11 – Numerical reference SAR values for reference dipolesand flat phantom – All values are normalized to a forward power of 1 W
Table€B.12 – Phantom liquid volume and measurement volumeused for whole-body SAR measurements [61], [77]
Table€B.13 – Correction factor to compensate for a possible biasin the obtained general public whole-body SAR when assessedusing the large box-shaped phantom for child exposure configurations [72]
Table€B.14 – Measurement uncertainty evaluation templatefor EUT whole-body SAR test
Table€B.15 – Measurement uncertainty evaluation templatefor whole-body SAR system validation
Table€B.16 – Definition of boundaries for selecting the zone of computation
Table€B.17 – Input parameters for cylindrical and spherical formulas validation
Table€B.18 – Applicability of SAR estimation formulas
Table€B.19 – Calculation of A(f, d)
Table€B.20 – Antenna parameters for SAR estimation formulas verification
Table€B.21 – Verification data for SAR estimation formulas – front
Table€B.22 – Verification data for SAR estimation formulas – axial and back
Table€B.23 – Example template for estimating the expanded uncertaintyof a synthetic model and ray tracing RF field strength computation
Table€B.24 – Synthetic model and ray tracingpower density reference results
Table€B.25 – Example template for estimating the expanded uncertaintyof a full wave RF field strength / power density computation
Table€B.26 – Validation 1 full wave field reference results
Table€B.27 – Validation 2 full wave field reference results
Table€B.28 – Example template for estimating the expanded uncertaintyof a full wave SAR computation
Table€B.29 – Validation reference SAR results for computation method
Table€B.30 – Relevant parameters for performingRF exposure modelling studies of a massive MIMO site or site cluster
Table€B.31 – Measurement campaign parameters for performingRF exposure assessment of a massive MIMO site or site cluster
Table€B.32 – Power combination factors applicable to the normalized actual transmitted power CDF in case of combination of multiple independent identical transmitters
Table€B.33 – Power combination factors applicable totwo independent transmitters with a ratio p in amplitude
Table€C.1 – Relative difference between the measured averaged transmitted power and actual power counter value for systems that allow direct power level measurements
Table€C.2 – Correlation between the configured maximum power level and the level reported by actual power counters for BS that allow direct power level measurements
Table€C.3 – Correlation between the configured time-averaged load levels and the actual power counter value for systems that allow direct power level measurements
Table€C.4 – Relative difference between the configured maximum power,measured averaged transmitted power, and actual power countersfor systems that do not support direct power level measurements
Table€C.5 – Correlation between the configured power level and the level reported by power counters for BS that do not support direct power level measurements
Table€C.6 – Correlation between time linearity of the configuredmaximum power level and the level reported by actual power countersfor BS that do not support direct power level measurements
Table€E.1 – Technology specific information
Table€E.2 – Example of spectrum analyser settings for an integration per service
Table€E.3 – Example constant power components for specific TDMA/FDMA technologies
Table€E.4 – WCDMA decoder characteristics
Table€E.5 – Signal configurations
Table€E.6 – WCDMA generator setting for power linearity
Table€E.7 – WCDMA generator setting for decoder calibration
Table€E.8 – WCDMA generator setting for reflection coefficient measurement
Table€E.9 – Uplink-downlink configurations
Table€E.10 – Theoretical extrapolation factor, NRS, based on framestructure given in 3GPP TS 36.104 [21]
Table€E.11 – FBW for each combination of BS channel bandwidthand SSB subcarrier spacing (SCS) for sub-6€GHz signals
Table€E.12 – FBW for each combination of BS channel bandwidthand SSB subcarrier spacing (SCS) for mm-wave signals
Table€E.13 – List of variables in the case study
Table€F.1 – Brief exposure limits for the general public integratedover intervals of between 0 min and 6 min as specified by ICNIRP-2020 [1]
Table€F.2 – Minimum FPR, FPR_min, for which compliance with the time-averagedwhole-body limits ICNIRP-2020 [1] inherently ensures compliance withthe brief exposure limits specified by ICNIRP-2020 [1]
Table€G.1 – Determining target uncertainty
Table€G.2 – Monte Carlo simulation of 10€000 trials, both surveyorand auditor using best estimate
Table€G.3 – Monte Carlo simulation of 10€000 trials, both surveyorand auditor using target uncertainty of 4€dB
Table€G.4 – Monte Carlo simulation of 10€000 trials where surveyor uses upper 95€%€CI and auditor uses lower 95€% CI
Table€G.5 – Guidance on minimum separation distances for somedipole lengths such that the uncertainty does notexceed 5€% or 10€% in a measurement of E
Table€G.6 – Guidance on minimum separation distances for some loop diameters such that the uncertainty does notexceed 5€% or 10€% in a measurement of H
Table€G.7 – Example minimum separation conditionsfor selected dipole lengths for 10€% uncertainty in E
Table€G.8 – Standard estimates of dB variation for the perturbationsin front of a surveyor due to body reflected fields as described in Figure€G.5
Table€G.9 – Standard uncertainty (u) estimates for E and H due to body reflections from the surveyor for common radio services derived from estimates provided in Table€G.8
Table€G.10 – Maximum sensitivity coefficients for liquid permittivity and conductivity over the frequency range 300 MHz to 6 GHz
Table€G.11 – Uncertainty at 95€% for different fading models
Table€G.12 – Correlation coefficients for GSM 900 and DCS 1800
Table€G.13 – Variations of the standard deviations forthe GSM 900, DCS 1800 and UMTS frequency bands
Table€G.14 – Examples of total uncertainty calculation
Table€G.15 – Maximum simulated error due to the influence ofa human body on the measurement values ofan omnidirectional probe
Table€G.16 – Measured influence of a human body onomnidirectional probe measurements
AS/NZS IEC 62232:2023
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