NZS ISO 19136.2:2025
Geographic information – Geography Markup Language (GML) – Part 2: Extended schemas and encoding rules
The ISO 19100 series is a family of international standards focused on standardisation in the field of digital geographic information. The series aims to establish a structured set of standards for information concerning objects or phenomena that are directly or indirectly associated with a location relative to the Earth. Within the scope of geographic information, these standards may specify methods, tools, and services for data management. Data management is understood to include acquiring, processing, analysing, accessing, presenting, and publishing data for users and systems.
The Geography Markup Language (GML) is an XML encoding in compliance with AS/NZS ISO 19118:2012, Geographic information − Encoding for the transport and storage of geographic information modelled in accordance with the conceptual modelling framework used in the ISO 19100 series and including both the spatial and non-spatial properties of geographic features.
This part of ISO 19136 defines the XML schema syntax, mechanisms, and conventions that:
- Provide an open, vendor-neutral framework for the description of geospatial application schemas for the transport and storage of geographic information in XML;
- Allow profiles that support proper subsets of GML framework descriptive capabilities;
- Support the description of geospatial application schemas for specialised domains and information communities;
- Enable the creation and maintenance of linked geographic application schemas and datasets;
- Support the storage and transport of application schemas and datasets;
- Increase the ability of organisations to share geographic application schemas and the information they describe.
The standard was considered for adoption by the P4815 Identical Adoption of Geographic Information Standards and Technical Specifications Committee. The adoption of this standard maintains continuity with the ISO 19100 series and alignment with Australia for trans-Tasman consistency.
This standard is identical with and has been reproduced from ISO 19136-2:2015, Geographic information – Geography Markup Language (GML) − Part 2: Extended schemas and encoding rules.
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NZS ISO 19136.2:2025 Geographic information – Geography Markup Language (GML) – Part 2: Extended schemas and encoding rules
Committee representation
Acknowledgement
Copyright
Preface
Foreword
Introduction
1 Scope
2 Conformance
3 Normative references
4 Terms, definitions, symbols and abbreviated terms
4.1 General
4.2 Terms and definitions
4.3 Symbols and abbreviated terms
5 Conventions
5.1 MIME media types
5.2 XML namespaces
5.3 Deprecated parts of previous versions of GML
6 Additional base types
6.1 Target namespace
6.2 Localisable strings
6.2.1 LanguageStringType
6.2.2 Additional types based on LanguageStringType
6.3 TimePositionUnion
6.4 Requirements class
6.5 Conformance
7 Compact Encodings of Commonly Used GML Geometries
7.1 Target namespace
7.2 Introduction
7.3 SimplePolygon
7.4 SimpleRectangle
7.5 SimpleTriangle
7.6 SimpleArcString
7.7 SimpleArc
7.8 SimpleArcByCenterPoint
7.9 SimpleArcStringByBulge
7.10 SimpleArcByBulge
7.11 SimpleCircle
7.12 SimpleCircleByCenterPoint
7.13 SimpleMultiPoint
7.14 MultiPointPropertyType
7.15 Requirements class
7.16 Conformance
8 Triangulated Irregular Networks
8.1 Target namespace
8.2 Introduction
8.3 TriangulatedSurface
8.4 SimpleTrianglePatch
8.5 TIN
8.6 TINElement
8.7 TINElementPropertyType
8.8 TINElementTypeType
8.9 Requirements class
8.10 Conformance
9 Linear Referencing
9.1 Target namespaces
9.2 Introduction
9.3 Basic Linear Referencing
9.3.1 Target namespace
9.3.2 Introduction
9.3.3 PositionExpression
9.3.4 PositionExpressionPropertyType
9.3.5 LinearElement
9.3.6 LinearElementPropertyType
9.3.7 StartValueType
9.3.8 LinearReferencingMethod
9.3.9 LinearReferencingMethodPropertyType
9.3.10 DistanceExpressionType
9.3.11 DistanceExpressionPropertyType
9.3.12 AlongReferent
9.3.13 AlongReferentPropertyType
9.3.14 Referent
9.3.15 ReferentPropertyType
9.3.16 MeasureType
9.3.17 LRMNameType
9.3.18 LRMTypeType
9.3.19 ReferentTypeType
9.3.20 LinearSRS
9.3.21 LinearSRSPropertyType
9.4 Linear Referencing Towards Referent
9.4.1 Target namespace
9.4.2 Introduction
9.4.3 DualAlongReferent
9.4.4 DualAlongReferentPropertyType
9.5 Linear Referencing Offset
9.5.1 Target namespace
9.5.2 Introduction
9.5.3 LRMWithOffset
9.5.4 LRMWithOffsetPropertyType
9.5.5 LateralOffsetDistanceExpressionType
9.5.6 LateralOffsetExpressionType
9.5.7 VerticalOffsetExpressionType
9.5.8 LateralOffsetDirectionType
9.5.9 VerticalOffsetDirectionType
9.5.10 LateralOffsetLinearSRS
9.5.11 LateralOffsetLinearSRSPropertyType
9.6 Linear Referencing Offset Vectors
9.6.1 Target namespace
9.6.2 Introduction
9.6.3 VectorOffsetDistanceExpressionType
9.6.4 VectorOffsetExpressionType
9.6.5 VectorOffsetLinearSRS
9.6.6 VectorOffsetLinearSRSPropertyType
9.7 Requirements classes
9.8 Conformance
10 ReferenceableGrid
10.1 Target namespace
10.2 Clarifications to ISO 19123:2005
10.3 AbstractReferenceableGrid
10.4 ReferenceableGridByArray
10.5 ReferenceableGridByVectorsType, ReferenceableGridByVectors
10.6 ReferenceableGridByTransformation
10.7 gridCRS
10.8 Coverages using ReferenceableGrid
10.9 Requirements classes
10.10 Conformance
11 Code lists, dictionaries and definitions
11.1 Overview
11.2 Requirements class
11.3 Conformance
12 Encoding rule
12.1 Target namespace
12.2 Improved conversion rule
12.2.1 Conversion rule changes
12.2.2 Requirements class
12.2.3 Conformance
12.3 Association class conversion rule
12.3.1 Overview
12.3.2 Requirements class
12.3.3 Conformance
12.4 Encoding rule extensions
12.4.1 Overview
12.4.2 gmlexr:extendedEncodingRule
12.4.3 Requirements class
12.4.4 Conformance class
Annex A (informative) Linear referencing method examples
Bibliography
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Geographic information – Conceptual schema language
NZS ISO 19136.2:2025 Geographic information – Geography Markup Language (GML) – Part 2: Extended schemas and encoding rules
Committee representation
Acknowledgement
Copyright
Preface
Foreword
Introduction
1 Scope
2 Conformance
3 Normative references
4 Terms, definitions, symbols and abbreviated terms
4.1 General
4.2 Terms and definitions
4.3 Symbols and abbreviated terms
5 Conventions
5.1 MIME media types
5.2 XML namespaces
5.3 Deprecated parts of previous versions of GML
6 Additional base types
6.1 Target namespace
6.2 Localisable strings
6.2.1 LanguageStringType
6.2.2 Additional types based on LanguageStringType
6.3 TimePositionUnion
6.4 Requirements class
6.5 Conformance
7 Compact Encodings of Commonly Used GML Geometries
7.1 Target namespace
7.2 Introduction
7.3 SimplePolygon
7.4 SimpleRectangle
7.5 SimpleTriangle
7.6 SimpleArcString
7.7 SimpleArc
7.8 SimpleArcByCenterPoint
7.9 SimpleArcStringByBulge
7.10 SimpleArcByBulge
7.11 SimpleCircle
7.12 SimpleCircleByCenterPoint
7.13 SimpleMultiPoint
7.14 MultiPointPropertyType
7.15 Requirements class
7.16 Conformance
8 Triangulated Irregular Networks
8.1 Target namespace
8.2 Introduction
8.3 TriangulatedSurface
8.4 SimpleTrianglePatch
8.5 TIN
8.6 TINElement
8.7 TINElementPropertyType
8.8 TINElementTypeType
8.9 Requirements class
8.10 Conformance
9 Linear Referencing
9.1 Target namespaces
9.2 Introduction
9.3 Basic Linear Referencing
9.3.1 Target namespace
9.3.2 Introduction
9.3.3 PositionExpression
9.3.4 PositionExpressionPropertyType
9.3.5 LinearElement
9.3.6 LinearElementPropertyType
9.3.7 StartValueType
9.3.8 LinearReferencingMethod
9.3.9 LinearReferencingMethodPropertyType
9.3.10 DistanceExpressionType
9.3.11 DistanceExpressionPropertyType
9.3.12 AlongReferent
9.3.13 AlongReferentPropertyType
9.3.14 Referent
9.3.15 ReferentPropertyType
9.3.16 MeasureType
9.3.17 LRMNameType
9.3.18 LRMTypeType
9.3.19 ReferentTypeType
9.3.20 LinearSRS
9.3.21 LinearSRSPropertyType
9.4 Linear Referencing Towards Referent
9.4.1 Target namespace
9.4.2 Introduction
9.4.3 DualAlongReferent
9.4.4 DualAlongReferentPropertyType
9.5 Linear Referencing Offset
9.5.1 Target namespace
9.5.2 Introduction
9.5.3 LRMWithOffset
9.5.4 LRMWithOffsetPropertyType
9.5.5 LateralOffsetDistanceExpressionType
9.5.6 LateralOffsetExpressionType
9.5.7 VerticalOffsetExpressionType
9.5.8 LateralOffsetDirectionType
9.5.9 VerticalOffsetDirectionType
9.5.10 LateralOffsetLinearSRS
9.5.11 LateralOffsetLinearSRSPropertyType
9.6 Linear Referencing Offset Vectors
9.6.1 Target namespace
9.6.2 Introduction
9.6.3 VectorOffsetDistanceExpressionType
9.6.4 VectorOffsetExpressionType
9.6.5 VectorOffsetLinearSRS
9.6.6 VectorOffsetLinearSRSPropertyType
9.7 Requirements classes
9.8 Conformance
10 ReferenceableGrid
10.1 Target namespace
10.2 Clarifications to ISO 19123:2005
10.3 AbstractReferenceableGrid
10.4 ReferenceableGridByArray
10.5 ReferenceableGridByVectorsType, ReferenceableGridByVectors
10.6 ReferenceableGridByTransformation
10.7 gridCRS
10.8 Coverages using ReferenceableGrid
10.9 Requirements classes
10.10 Conformance
11 Code lists, dictionaries and definitions
11.1 Overview
11.2 Requirements class
11.3 Conformance
12 Encoding rule
12.1 Target namespace
12.2 Improved conversion rule
12.2.1 Conversion rule changes
12.2.2 Requirements class
12.2.3 Conformance
12.3 Association class conversion rule
12.3.1 Overview
12.3.2 Requirements class
12.3.3 Conformance
12.4 Encoding rule extensions
12.4.1 Overview
12.4.2 gmlexr:extendedEncodingRule
12.4.3 Requirements class
12.4.4 Conformance class
Annex A (informative) Linear referencing method examples
Bibliography
NZS ISO 19136.2:2025
Online Library subscription information
Online library subscriptions provide a cost-effective solution for organisations of any size to access the latest standards, offering 24/7 access to a personalised catalogue. The service ensures subscribers have have the most up-to-date version of selected standards, incluing automatic updates for any amendments or versions. Pricing is dependent on the chosen standards and the number of concurrent users, with discounts applied from the standards PDF price. For customised subscriptions or further inquiries, contact the Online Library team.