ISO/TR 15916:2015
Basic considerations for the safety of hydrogen systems
ISO/TR 15916:2015 provides guidelines for the use of hydrogen in its gaseous and liquid forms as well as its storage in either of these or other forms (hydrides). It identifies the basic safety concerns, hazards and risks, and describes the properties of hydrogen that are relevant to safety. Detailed safety requirements associated with specific hydrogen applications are treated in separate International Standards.
"Hydrogen" in this paper means normal hydrogen (1H2), not deuterium (2H2) or tritium (3H2).
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Foreword
Introduction
1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms and definitions
4 Overview of hydrogen applications
4.1 Basic hydrogen infrastructure
4.1.1 Categories of infrastructure
4.1.2 Production
4.1.3 Storage and transport
4.1.4 Hydrogen use applications
4.2 Typical hydrogen system components
4.2.1 General
4.2.2 Storage vessels
4.2.3 Fluid delivery lines, piping, joints, and seals
4.2.4 Flow controls
4.2.5 Pressure-relief systems
4.2.6 Detection components
4.2.7 Other components
4.2.8 Considerations for conditions external to the system
4.3 Hydrogen fuel
4.4 Environmental effects
5 Basic properties of hydrogen
5.1 General properties
5.1.1 Atomic and molecular properties
5.1.2 Appearance and general characteristics
5.2 Selected thermophysical properties
5.2.1 General
5.2.2 Selected thermophysical properties of gaseous hydrogen
5.2.3 Selected thermophysical properties of cryogenic liquid hydrogen
5.3 Basic combustion properties
5.3.1 General remark on safety characteristics
5.3.2 Selected combustion properties of hydrogen
5.3.3 Explosions
5.3.4 Deflagration
5.3.5 Detonation
5.3.6 Flammability limits
5.3.7 Ignition energy and minimum ignition energy as applied to deflagration
6 Safety considerations for the use of gaseous and liquid hydrogen
6.1 General
6.2 Hazards involved as a consequence of the properties of hydrogen
6.2.1 General
6.2.2 Gaseous hydrogen
6.2.3 Liquid hydrogen
6.3 Factors involved in combustion hazards
6.3.1 Aspects of combustion
6.3.2 Non-premixed combustion processes
6.3.3 Explosions
6.4 Factors involved in pressure hazards
6.4.1 General
6.4.2 Gaseous storage
6.4.3 Liquid hydrogen
6.5 Factors involved in low temperature hazards
6.6 Factors involved in hydrogen embrittlement hazards
6.6.1 Hydrogen embrittlement
6.6.2 Hydrogen attack
6.7 Health hazards
6.7.1 Cold burns
6.7.2 High temperature burns
6.7.3 Asphyxiation
6.8 Team approach and education/training needed for the safe use of hydrogen
7 Mitigation and control of hazards and risks
7.1 General mitigation and control of hazards and risk
7.1.1 General
7.1.2 Lessons learned from past experience
7.1.3 Addressing hazards
7.1.4 Minimizing the severity of the consequences of hazards
7.2 Mitigation of design hazards and risks
7.2.1 Inherently safer design
7.2.2 Considerations in the selection of suitable construction material
7.2.3 Considerations for vessels and components
7.2.4 Prevention of overpressure
7.2.5 Considerations for piping, joints, and connections
7.2.6 Cleaning considerations
7.2.7 Component considerations
7.3 Prevention and mitigation of fire and explosion hazards and risks
7.3.1 General
7.3.2 Prevention of unwanted hydrogen/oxidizer mixtures
7.3.3 Ignition
7.3.4 Deflagration and detonation
7.3.5 Oxygen enrichment
7.4 Detection considerations
7.4.1 Hydrogen gas detection
7.4.2 Fire detection
7.5 Considerations for facilities
7.5.1 General
7.5.2 Locations
7.5.3 Exclusion areas
7.5.4 Protecting barricades
7.5.5 Safety control equipment
7.5.6 Disposal of hydrogen
7.5.7 Buildings
7.5.8 Ventilation
7.5.9 Electrical components
7.5.10 Alarms and warning devices
7.5.11 Fire protection and fire fighting
7.6 Considerations for operations
7.6.1 General
7.6.2 Operating procedures
7.6.3 Personal protective equipment
7.6.4 Cool-down
7.6.5 Transportation
7.6.6 Storage and transfer operations
7.6.7 Safety procedures
7.7 Recommended practices for organizations
7.7.1 General
7.7.2 Control through organizational policies and procedures
7.7.3 Use of approved procedures and checklists
7.7.4 Conduct appropriate reviews
7.7.5 Approved maintenance and quality control programmes
7.7.6 Personnel education/training
7.7.7 Hazard and operability assessment
Annex A (informative) Hydrogen properties
Annex B (informative) Hydrogen combustion data
Annex C (informative) Material data
Annex D (informative) Other storage options
Bibliography
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Foreword
Introduction
1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms and definitions
4 Overview of hydrogen applications
4.1 Basic hydrogen infrastructure
4.1.1 Categories of infrastructure
4.1.2 Production
4.1.3 Storage and transport
4.1.4 Hydrogen use applications
4.2 Typical hydrogen system components
4.2.1 General
4.2.2 Storage vessels
4.2.3 Fluid delivery lines, piping, joints, and seals
4.2.4 Flow controls
4.2.5 Pressure-relief systems
4.2.6 Detection components
4.2.7 Other components
4.2.8 Considerations for conditions external to the system
4.3 Hydrogen fuel
4.4 Environmental effects
5 Basic properties of hydrogen
5.1 General properties
5.1.1 Atomic and molecular properties
5.1.2 Appearance and general characteristics
5.2 Selected thermophysical properties
5.2.1 General
5.2.2 Selected thermophysical properties of gaseous hydrogen
5.2.3 Selected thermophysical properties of cryogenic liquid hydrogen
5.3 Basic combustion properties
5.3.1 General remark on safety characteristics
5.3.2 Selected combustion properties of hydrogen
5.3.3 Explosions
5.3.4 Deflagration
5.3.5 Detonation
5.3.6 Flammability limits
5.3.7 Ignition energy and minimum ignition energy as applied to deflagration
6 Safety considerations for the use of gaseous and liquid hydrogen
6.1 General
6.2 Hazards involved as a consequence of the properties of hydrogen
6.2.1 General
6.2.2 Gaseous hydrogen
6.2.3 Liquid hydrogen
6.3 Factors involved in combustion hazards
6.3.1 Aspects of combustion
6.3.2 Non-premixed combustion processes
6.3.3 Explosions
6.4 Factors involved in pressure hazards
6.4.1 General
6.4.2 Gaseous storage
6.4.3 Liquid hydrogen
6.5 Factors involved in low temperature hazards
6.6 Factors involved in hydrogen embrittlement hazards
6.6.1 Hydrogen embrittlement
6.6.2 Hydrogen attack
6.7 Health hazards
6.7.1 Cold burns
6.7.2 High temperature burns
6.7.3 Asphyxiation
6.8 Team approach and education/training needed for the safe use of hydrogen
7 Mitigation and control of hazards and risks
7.1 General mitigation and control of hazards and risk
7.1.1 General
7.1.2 Lessons learned from past experience
7.1.3 Addressing hazards
7.1.4 Minimizing the severity of the consequences of hazards
7.2 Mitigation of design hazards and risks
7.2.1 Inherently safer design
7.2.2 Considerations in the selection of suitable construction material
7.2.3 Considerations for vessels and components
7.2.4 Prevention of overpressure
7.2.5 Considerations for piping, joints, and connections
7.2.6 Cleaning considerations
7.2.7 Component considerations
7.3 Prevention and mitigation of fire and explosion hazards and risks
7.3.1 General
7.3.2 Prevention of unwanted hydrogen/oxidizer mixtures
7.3.3 Ignition
7.3.4 Deflagration and detonation
7.3.5 Oxygen enrichment
7.4 Detection considerations
7.4.1 Hydrogen gas detection
7.4.2 Fire detection
7.5 Considerations for facilities
7.5.1 General
7.5.2 Locations
7.5.3 Exclusion areas
7.5.4 Protecting barricades
7.5.5 Safety control equipment
7.5.6 Disposal of hydrogen
7.5.7 Buildings
7.5.8 Ventilation
7.5.9 Electrical components
7.5.10 Alarms and warning devices
7.5.11 Fire protection and fire fighting
7.6 Considerations for operations
7.6.1 General
7.6.2 Operating procedures
7.6.3 Personal protective equipment
7.6.4 Cool-down
7.6.5 Transportation
7.6.6 Storage and transfer operations
7.6.7 Safety procedures
7.7 Recommended practices for organizations
7.7.1 General
7.7.2 Control through organizational policies and procedures
7.7.3 Use of approved procedures and checklists
7.7.4 Conduct appropriate reviews
7.7.5 Approved maintenance and quality control programmes
7.7.6 Personnel education/training
7.7.7 Hazard and operability assessment
Annex A (informative) Hydrogen properties
Annex B (informative) Hydrogen combustion data
Annex C (informative) Material data
Annex D (informative) Other storage options
Bibliography