ISO/TR 14047:2012
Environmental management — Life cycle assessment — Illustrative examples on how to apply ISO 14044 to impact assessment situations
The purpose of ISO/TR 14047:2012 is to provide examples to illustrate current practice of life cycle impact assessment according to ISO 14044:2006. These examples are only a sample of all possible examples that could satisfy the provisions of ISO 14044. They offer "a way" or "ways" rather than the "unique way" of applying ISO 14044. They reflect the key elements of the life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) phase of the LCA. The examples presented in ISO/TR 14047:2012 are not exclusive and other examples exist to illustrate the methodological issues described.
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Scope
Organization of examples in this Technical Report
Mandatory and optional elements
Scope of examples
Organization of document and route map
Elements of LCIA as illustrated in the examples
Overview
Mandatory elements
Selection of impacts categories, category indicators and cha
Identification of possible indicators
Environmental relevance
Choice of impact categories
Assignment of LCI results (classification)
Calculation of category indicator results (characterization)
Optional elements (related to ISO 14044:2006, 4.4.3)
Calculating the magnitude of category indicator results rela
Grouping: sorting and ranking of the impact categories
Weighting
Data quality analysis
Examples of the mandatory elements of LCIA
General description
Example 1 - Use of two different materials for gas pipelines
Overview
Selection of impact categories, category indicators and char
Selection of impact categories
Selection of the indicator(s)
Selection of characterization models
Identification of characterization factors
Assignment of LCI results (classification) (ISO 14044:2006,
Calculation of category indicator results (characterization)
General
Example 2 – Two acidification impact category indicators
Overview – Examples illustrating the effect of selecting dif
Selection of impact categories, category indicators and char
Describing the environmental mechanism for an impact categor
Indicator models and characterization factors
Selection of the characterization model and characterization
Assignment of LCI results (classification) (ISO 14044:2006,
Calculation of category indicator results (characterization)
Calculation of the LCI results into the indicator result
Example 3 – Impacts of Greenhouses Gas (GHG) emissions and c
Overview
Selection of impact categories, category indicators and char
Selection of impact categories
Ensuring impact categories are consistent with the goal and
Considering the LCA study purpose and identifying the audien
Reviewing the LCI system functions, boundaries and unit proc
Identifying a comprehensive set of environmental issues rela
Selecting the impact categories
Describing the environmental mechanism for the impact catego
Selection of indicators
Selection of characterization models and factors
The IPCC model for radioactive forcing
The Calvin-Benson model for carbon sequestration
Characterization model for the storing of sequestered carbon
Refining the characterization model and factors
Characterization model for biomass fuels – Net-zero C emissi
Assignment of LCI results (classification) (ISO 14044:2006,
Classification of inventory results into impact categories
Calculation of category indicator results (characterization)
C sequestration and sinks and Net -zero for biomass fuel
C emissions from fossil fuels and landfill methane
Impact indicator results profile
Preliminary analysis and conclusions
Example 4 – Endpoint category indicators assessment
Overview
Concept of category indicators (ISO 14044:2006, 4.4.2.1)
Selection of impact categories, category indicators and char
Selection of impact categories
Ensuring impact categories are consistent with goal and scop
Considering the LCA study purpose and use identifying the au
Reviewing LCI system functions, boundaries and unit processe
Identifying a comprehensive set of environmental issues rela
Selecting the impact categories
Describing the environmental mechanism for an impact categor
Selection of indicators
Identify possible indicators
Reviewing needs and criteria for the indicator
Selected indicator
Selection of characterization model and characterization fac
Example 5 – Choice of material for a wind spoiler in car des
Overview – Example of the selection of impact categories str
Selection of impact categories, category indicators and char
Considering spatial and temporal differentiation of characte
Stating the environmental relevance of the category indicato
Assignment of LCI results (classification) (ISO 14044:2006,
Calculation of category indicator results (characterization)
The selection and use of characterization factors
Aggregation of the converted LCI results into the indicator
Examples of the optional elements of LCIA
Overview
Example 1 continued
Calculating the magnitude of the category indicator results
Overview – reviewing needs, criteria and reference informati
Selection of one or more types of reference system to be use
Calculation of normalization factors and results
Description of the effect on the study results
Example 2 continued
Calculating the magnitude of the category indicator results
Examples of the transformation of indicator results using se
Example 6 – Normalization of LCIA indicator results for the
Calculating the magnitude of the category indicator results
Overview
Determining the need for normalization (referring to goal an
Reviewing needs, criteria and reference information
Selection of one or more types of reference information to b
Calculation of normalization results
Description of the effect on the study results
Example 7 – Normalization in a waste management study
Calculating the magnitude of the category indicator results
Overview
Determining the needs for normalization (referring to goal a
Reviewing needs, criteria and reference information
Selection of one or more reference systems to be used
Calculation of standardized result
Description of the effect on the study results
Risk of this type of communication
Example 1 continued
Grouping: description of the effect on the study results (IS
Weighting: selecting weighting methods and determining weigh
Calculation of weighting results
Sensitivity analysis on weighting results
Example 5 continued
Weighting (ISO 14044:2006, 4.4.3.4)
Example 8 – A technique for the determination of weighting f
Weighting (ISO 14044:2006, 4.4.3.4)
Overview – Example of a technique for the determination of w
Weighting method
Determining weighting factors
Impacts categories
Endpoints
Weighting factors
Conclusion
Example 1 continued
Additional LCIA data quality analysis (ISO 14044:2006, 4.4.4
Gravity analysis
uncertainty analysis
sensitivity analysis
Example 5 continued
Additional LCIA data quality analysis (ISO 14044:2006, 4.4.4
Overview
Uncertainty analysis
Sensitivity analysis
Example 1 continued
Conclusions, limitations and recommendations (ISO 14044:2006
LCIA intended to be used in comparative assertions intended
Reporting (ISO 14044:2006, Clause 5)
Executive summary
Data and calculations
Presentation of results
Discussion and conclusions
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Scope
Organization of examples in this Technical Report
Mandatory and optional elements
Scope of examples
Organization of document and route map
Elements of LCIA as illustrated in the examples
Overview
Mandatory elements
Selection of impacts categories, category indicators and cha
Identification of possible indicators
Environmental relevance
Choice of impact categories
Assignment of LCI results (classification)
Calculation of category indicator results (characterization)
Optional elements (related to ISO 14044:2006, 4.4.3)
Calculating the magnitude of category indicator results rela
Grouping: sorting and ranking of the impact categories
Weighting
Data quality analysis
Examples of the mandatory elements of LCIA
General description
Example 1 - Use of two different materials for gas pipelines
Overview
Selection of impact categories, category indicators and char
Selection of impact categories
Selection of the indicator(s)
Selection of characterization models
Identification of characterization factors
Assignment of LCI results (classification) (ISO 14044:2006,
Calculation of category indicator results (characterization)
General
Example 2 – Two acidification impact category indicators
Overview – Examples illustrating the effect of selecting dif
Selection of impact categories, category indicators and char
Describing the environmental mechanism for an impact categor
Indicator models and characterization factors
Selection of the characterization model and characterization
Assignment of LCI results (classification) (ISO 14044:2006,
Calculation of category indicator results (characterization)
Calculation of the LCI results into the indicator result
Example 3 – Impacts of Greenhouses Gas (GHG) emissions and c
Overview
Selection of impact categories, category indicators and char
Selection of impact categories
Ensuring impact categories are consistent with the goal and
Considering the LCA study purpose and identifying the audien
Reviewing the LCI system functions, boundaries and unit proc
Identifying a comprehensive set of environmental issues rela
Selecting the impact categories
Describing the environmental mechanism for the impact catego
Selection of indicators
Selection of characterization models and factors
The IPCC model for radioactive forcing
The Calvin-Benson model for carbon sequestration
Characterization model for the storing of sequestered carbon
Refining the characterization model and factors
Characterization model for biomass fuels – Net-zero C emissi
Assignment of LCI results (classification) (ISO 14044:2006,
Classification of inventory results into impact categories
Calculation of category indicator results (characterization)
C sequestration and sinks and Net -zero for biomass fuel
C emissions from fossil fuels and landfill methane
Impact indicator results profile
Preliminary analysis and conclusions
Example 4 – Endpoint category indicators assessment
Overview
Concept of category indicators (ISO 14044:2006, 4.4.2.1)
Selection of impact categories, category indicators and char
Selection of impact categories
Ensuring impact categories are consistent with goal and scop
Considering the LCA study purpose and use identifying the au
Reviewing LCI system functions, boundaries and unit processe
Identifying a comprehensive set of environmental issues rela
Selecting the impact categories
Describing the environmental mechanism for an impact categor
Selection of indicators
Identify possible indicators
Reviewing needs and criteria for the indicator
Selected indicator
Selection of characterization model and characterization fac
Example 5 – Choice of material for a wind spoiler in car des
Overview – Example of the selection of impact categories str
Selection of impact categories, category indicators and char
Considering spatial and temporal differentiation of characte
Stating the environmental relevance of the category indicato
Assignment of LCI results (classification) (ISO 14044:2006,
Calculation of category indicator results (characterization)
The selection and use of characterization factors
Aggregation of the converted LCI results into the indicator
Examples of the optional elements of LCIA
Overview
Example 1 continued
Calculating the magnitude of the category indicator results
Overview – reviewing needs, criteria and reference informati
Selection of one or more types of reference system to be use
Calculation of normalization factors and results
Description of the effect on the study results
Example 2 continued
Calculating the magnitude of the category indicator results
Examples of the transformation of indicator results using se
Example 6 – Normalization of LCIA indicator results for the
Calculating the magnitude of the category indicator results
Overview
Determining the need for normalization (referring to goal an
Reviewing needs, criteria and reference information
Selection of one or more types of reference information to b
Calculation of normalization results
Description of the effect on the study results
Example 7 – Normalization in a waste management study
Calculating the magnitude of the category indicator results
Overview
Determining the needs for normalization (referring to goal a
Reviewing needs, criteria and reference information
Selection of one or more reference systems to be used
Calculation of standardized result
Description of the effect on the study results
Risk of this type of communication
Example 1 continued
Grouping: description of the effect on the study results (IS
Weighting: selecting weighting methods and determining weigh
Calculation of weighting results
Sensitivity analysis on weighting results
Example 5 continued
Weighting (ISO 14044:2006, 4.4.3.4)
Example 8 – A technique for the determination of weighting f
Weighting (ISO 14044:2006, 4.4.3.4)
Overview – Example of a technique for the determination of w
Weighting method
Determining weighting factors
Impacts categories
Endpoints
Weighting factors
Conclusion
Example 1 continued
Additional LCIA data quality analysis (ISO 14044:2006, 4.4.4
Gravity analysis
uncertainty analysis
sensitivity analysis
Example 5 continued
Additional LCIA data quality analysis (ISO 14044:2006, 4.4.4
Overview
Uncertainty analysis
Sensitivity analysis
Example 1 continued
Conclusions, limitations and recommendations (ISO 14044:2006
LCIA intended to be used in comparative assertions intended
Reporting (ISO 14044:2006, Clause 5)
Executive summary
Data and calculations
Presentation of results
Discussion and conclusions