ISO 29400:2020
Ships and marine technology — Offshore wind energy — Port and marine operations
This document provides comprehensive requirements and guidance for the planning and engineering of port and marine operations of offshore wind farms, encompassing all documents and works related to such operations, e.g. the design and analysis of the components, systems, equipment and procedures required to perform port and marine operations, as well as the methods or procedures developed to carry them out safely.
This document is intended to be comprehensive, covering all relevant information related to port and marine operations necessary for loadout, offshore transport, installation, offshore commissioning works, operation and maintenance, component exchange, repair operations and decommissioning or redeployment of offshore wind farms.
This document is applicable to port and marine operations for offshore structures including:
— lattice structure foundations made from steel;
— concrete gravity base structures (GBS);
— piled steel foundation or mixed steel and concrete foundation structures;
— subsea templates and similar temporary structures or installation aids;
— steel or mixed material towers, nacelles and blades forming part of the wind turbine generators (WTG);
— floating turbines moored to the seabed;
— self-elevating offshore units for offshore substations or offshore accommodations platforms;
— launching systems at sea from quay side or onshore;
— array cables within the wind farms as well as export cables connecting the wind farm to the grid.
This document is also applicable to modifications of existing structures, e.g. installation of additional modules, exchange of components or decommissioning, and to marine operations during the service life of the windfarm related to the technical maintenance works.
It is not applicable to the following operations:
— construction activities, e.g. in a fabrication yard onshore, where there is no exposure to the marine environment;
— road transport onshore;
— diving.
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Foreword
Introduction
1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms and definitions
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms
4.1 Symbols
4.2 Abbreviated terms
5 General considerations
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 General
5.1.2 Safety requirements
5.2 Jurisdiction
5.2.1 Introduction
5.2.2 Safety of life at sea
5.2.3 Environment
5.3 HSSE plan
5.4 Risk management
5.4.1 Introduction
5.4.2 Techniques to evaluate risks
5.5 Job safety analysis
5.6 Environmental impact study
5.7 Manning, qualifications, job and safety training
5.8 Daily progress and incident reporting
5.9 Personnel tracking
5.10 Approval by national authorities
6 Organization, documentation and planning
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Organization and communication
6.2.1 Project organization
6.2.2 Operational organization
6.3 Quality assurance and administrative procedures
6.4 Technical procedures
6.5 Technical documentation
6.5.1 Document numbering system
6.5.2 RAMS for port and marine operations
6.5.3 Operational schedule/programme
6.5.4 Contingency philosophy
6.5.5 Contingency planning and emergency procedures
6.5.6 Emergency response coordination plan
6.5.7 As-built documentation/Post construction file
6.5.8 Standards for data transfer to CAD systems
6.6 Certification and documentation
6.6.1 Introduction
6.6.2 Required or recommended documentation
6.7 Marine warranty survey
6.7.1 Introduction
6.7.2 Role of the marine warranty surveyor
6.7.3 MWS scope of work
6.7.4 Certificate of approval
6.8 Systems and equipment
6.8.1 Introduction
6.8.2 Marine vessels
6.8.3 Major equipment
7 Metocean requirements
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Weather-restricted/weather-unrestricted operations
7.2.1 Weather-restricted operations
7.2.2 Weather-unrestricted operations
7.3 Metocean conditions
7.3.1 Wind
7.3.2 Wave, wave period and swell conditions
7.3.3 Current
7.3.4 Other metocean factors
7.3.5 Temperature
7.3.6 Marine growth
7.4 Metocean criteria
7.4.1 Design criteria and operational limits
7.4.2 Return periods
7.4.3 Vessel response-based analysis
7.4.4 Probability distributions of sea state parameters
7.5 Operational duration, contingency and weather window
7.5.1 Planned operational duration
7.5.2 Weather window and contingency
7.5.3 Point of no return
7.5.4 Forecasted and monitored operational limits, metocean reduction factor
7.6 Weather forecasts
7.6.1 Introduction
7.6.2 Forecast parameters
7.7 On-site monitoring
8 Onshore transport and nearshore transport
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Structural integrity calculations
8.3 Transport by road
8.4 Transport via inland waterways
8.5 Transport via nearshore waterways
8.6 Transport via railways
8.7 Transport frames and equipment
9 Intermediate storage areas
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Infrastructure requirements
9.2.1 Load bearing
9.2.2 Surface
9.3 Storage frames and equipment
9.4 Requirements of components for storage
9.5 Protection of components against environmental conditions
9.6 Structural integrity calculations
9.6.1 Introduction
9.6.2 Vortex shedding
9.7 Security measures
10 Pre-assembly
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Pre-assembly area requirements
10.3 Pre-assembly activities
10.4 Pre-assembly equipment
10.5 Structural integrity calculations
10.6 Vortex shedding
10.7 Security measures
11 Port activities
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Accessibility of harbour areas
11.2.1 Water access
11.2.2 Inland access
11.3 Storage areas of quayside
11.4 Security measures
11.5 Quayside requirements
11.6 Port subsea soil requirements for jacking activities
12 Weight control
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Weight control classes
12.3 Weight and CoG constraints
12.4 Weight control monitoring
12.5 Dimensional control
12.6 Serial items
12.7 Weight determinations
13 Stability
13.1 Introduction
13.2 General requirements
13.3 Stability calculations
13.4 Intact stability
13.4.1 Introduction
13.4.2 Intact stability criteria
13.5 Damage stability
13.5.1 Introduction
13.5.2 Damage stability criteria
13.6 Single-barge transports
13.7 Multi-barge transports
13.8 Classed vessels
13.9 Self-floating structures
13.9.1 Introduction
13.9.2 Intact and damage stability
13.9.3 Upending and installation of self-floating and launched structures
13.10 Loadout operations
13.11 Watertight integrity and temporary closures
13.12 Inclining tests
14 Ballasting operations
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Ballast calculations for different stages
14.3 In ballast system
14.3.1 Operational aspects
14.3.2 Other operational considerations
14.4 Protection against damage and deterioration
14.4.1 Introduction
14.4.2 Freezing
14.5 Prevention of progressive flooding in damage condition
14.6 Control and indicating systems
14.7 Pumps
14.7.1 Introduction
14.7.2 Specification and layout
14.7.3 Pump performance curves and functional limitations
14.8 Valve arrangements
14.9 Vent systems
14.10 Air cushion system capacity
14.11 System testing
15 Loadout
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Categories of loadout
15.2.1 Introduction
15.2.2 Design: structural analysis during all loadout phases
15.2.3 Loadout planning
15.2.4 Cargo weight details and CoG information
15.2.5 Deck loading plan
15.3 Structure being loaded
15.4 Site and quay
15.5 Barge
15.6 Link beams, skidways and skidshoes
15.7 Moorings
15.7.1 Weather-restricted operation
15.7.2 Temporary mooring system
15.8 Grounded loadouts
15.9 Pumping and ballasting
15.9.1 Pump capacity
15.9.2 Recommended pump capacity
15.10 Loadouts by trailers, SPMTs or hydraulic skidshoes
15.10.1 Introduction
15.10.2 Structural capacity
15.10.3 Load equalization and stability
15.10.4 Vertical alignment
15.10.5 Skidshoes
15.11 Propulsion system design, redundancy and back-up
15.11.1 Propulsion system
15.11.2 Redundancy and recommendations
15.12 Float-on onto submersible barges or vessels
15.13 Lifted loadouts
15.14 Horizontal loadouts
15.15 Barge reinstatement and sea fastenings
15.16 Tugs
15.17 Management and organization
15.18 Loadout manual
15.19 Operating manual
16 Transportation
16.1 Introduction
16.2 General considerations
16.2.1 Manned tows
16.2.2 Unmanned tows
16.2.3 Navigation lights, signals and day shapes
16.2.4 Contingency
16.2.5 Motion responses
16.2.6 Verification of the transported object
16.2.7 Structural analysis during all transport phases
16.2.8 Transport planning
16.3 Weather routeing and forecasting
16.4 Ports of shelter, shelter areas, holding areas
16.5 Inspections during the towage or voyage
16.6 Responsibility
16.7 Hazardous materials
16.8 Ballast water
16.9 Restricted depths, heights and manoeuvrability
16.10 Under-keel clearances
16.11 Air draught
16.12 Channel width
16.13 Survey requirements
16.14 Towline pull required, fleet composition and towing arrangement
16.14.1 Towline pull required
16.14.2 Towing fleet
16.14.3 Towing arrangement
16.14.4 Towline length
16.15 Tow out from dry dock
16.15.1 Introduction
16.15.2 Under-keel clearance
16.15.3 Side clearances
16.15.4 Air cushion/air pressure
16.15.5 Capacity of winching and towing arrangements
16.15.6 Positioning systems
16.15.7 Survey requirements
16.16 Inshore tow
16.16.1 Tow route and towing clearances
16.16.2 Positioning systems
16.17 Transport onboard a vessel/Offshore tow
16.17.1 Vessel selection
16.17.2 Stability
16.17.3 Sea fastening
16.17.4 Vortex shedding
16.17.5 Navigation systems
16.18 Transport manual
17 Temporary mooring and stationkeeping for marine operations
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Environmental criteria
17.3 Determination of mooring response
17.3.1 Analysis methods
17.3.2 General considerations on the mooring design
17.4 Sizing of mooring lines
17.4.1 General considerations
17.4.2 Line tension limits and design safety factors
17.4.3 Particular mooring conditions
17.5 Sizing of anchors
17.6 Sizing of attachments
17.7 Sizing of mooring line components
17.8 Clearances under extreme conditions
17.9 Clearances during positioning
17.10 Tensioning of moorings
17.11 Other stationkeeping means
17.11.1 Introduction
17.11.2 DP systems
17.11.3 Purpose-built mooring arrangements
17.11.4 Use of tugs
17.12 System for common reference stations
18 Offshore installation operations
18.1 Introduction
18.1.1 Foundation
18.1.2 Transition piece
18.1.3 Wind turbine generator
18.1.4 Offshore substation/Offshore accommodation platforms
18.1.5 Installation plan
18.1.6 Cargo weight details and CoG information
18.2 Installation site
18.2.1 Sea floor survey
18.2.2 Soil survey
18.2.3 Soil preparation
18.2.4 Site charts
18.2.5 Unexploded ordnance (UXO)
18.3 Systems and equipment
18.3.1 Introduction
18.3.2 Vessels
18.3.3 Equipment
18.3.4 Position reference system
18.3.5 Ballast systems
18.3.6 Transport vessel interface with marine equipment
18.4 Positioning of vessels
18.5 Site reference system
18.6 Geotechnical site-specific assessment for jack-up operations
18.6.1 Introduction
18.6.2 Required soil investigations
18.6.3 Penetration analysis, punch-through and horizontal-vertical-interaction
18.7 Vessel operation manual
18.8 Jack-up preloading procedure
18.9 Ballasting
18.10 Lifted installations
18.10.1 Introduction
18.10.2 Installation of liftable jackets
18.10.3 Installation of templates for piles
18.10.4 Installation of piles
18.10.5 Installation of transition pieces
18.10.6 Installation of GBS
18.10.7 Transfer of items from a barge to the deck of a crane vessel/jack-up vessel
18.10.8 Installation of towers
18.10.9 Installation of WTG including nacelle, hub and blades
18.10.10 Installation of topsides of offshore substations/accommodation platforms
18.10.11 Operational aspects
18.10.12 Operational control parameters
18.11 Lowering by ballasting
18.11.1 Introduction
18.11.2 Operational aspects
18.11.3 Operational control parameters
18.12 Precise positioning on the sea floor by active and passive means
18.12.1 Introduction
18.12.2 Operational design aspects
18.12.3 Operational control parameters
18.13 Skirt penetration
18.13.1 Introduction
18.13.2 Gravity penetration
18.13.3 Suction penetration
18.13.4 Operational design aspects
18.13.5 Operational control parameters
18.14 Pile installation
18.14.1 Introduction
18.14.2 Operational design aspects
18.14.3 Operational control parameters
18.15 Grouting
18.15.1 Introduction
18.15.2 Grouting of pile/transition piece structure
18.15.3 Underbase grouting of pile/jacket structure
18.15.4 Operational design aspects
18.15.5 Preparations
18.15.6 Operational control parameters
18.16 Bolted connections of foundation
18.17 Welding of piles/foundation to topsides
18.18 Noise mitigation measures
18.19 Crew transfer to and from installation units
18.20 Offshore completion
18.20.1 Introduction
18.20.2 ROV inspection
18.20.3 Removal of temporary equipment
18.20.4 Scour protection
18.20.5 Final inspection
18.21 Project execution manual
19 Design and operation of lifting equipment
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Rigging geometry
19.3 Actions and action effects
19.4 Weight contingency factors
19.5 Dynamic amplification factors (DAFs)
19.5.1 Introduction
19.5.2 Lifts by a crane
19.5.3 Offshore lifts by cranes on two or more vessels
19.6 Representative hook load
19.6.1 One-hook lifts by a single crane
19.6.2 Two-hook lifts by two cranes
19.7 Representative lift weight per lift point
19.7.1 One-hook lifts
19.7.2 Two-hook lifts
19.8 Representative forces on a lift point
19.8.1 Representative vertical force
19.8.2 Representative force in line with the sling direction
19.8.3 Representative lateral force
19.9 Representative force for slings and grommets
19.10 Design values of actions and action effects
19.11 Strengths of slings, grommets and shackles
19.11.1 Steel cable slings
19.11.2 Fibre rope slings and fibre rope grommets
19.11.3 Working load limits and design strengths of fibre slings and grommets
19.11.4 Working load limit and design strength of shackles
19.12 Design verifications
19.12.1 Allowable hook load
19.12.2 Slings and grommets
19.12.3 Lift points and their attachment to the structure and supporting members
19.13 Lift point design
19.13.1 Introduction
19.13.2 Sling ovalization
19.13.3 Plate rolling direction and direction of loading
19.13.4 Pinholes
19.13.5 Cast padears and welded trunnions
19.13.6 Cheek plates
19.13.7 Padeyes
19.14 Clearances
19.14.1 Introduction
19.14.2 Clearances around lifted objects
19.14.3 Clearances around crane vessel
19.14.4 Clearances around jack-up crane vessel
19.14.5 Clearances around mooring lines and anchors of crane vessels
19.14.6 Clearances around array cable zones
19.14.7 Clearances around spud-can positions of jack-up vessels
19.15 Bumpers and guides
19.15.1 Introduction
19.15.2 Object movements
19.15.3 Position of bumpers and guides
19.15.4 Bumper and guide loads
19.15.5 Design considerations
19.16 Heave compensated lifts
19.17 Lifts using DP
19.18 Practical considerations
19.18.1 Access
19.18.2 Design of seafastening
19.18.3 Equipment
19.18.4 Slings
19.19 Certification requirements for lifting equipment
19.19.1 Standard lifting equipment
19.19.2 Custom-made lifting equipment
19.19.3 Recertification of lifting equipment
20 Laying, burial, jointing, and repair of sub-sea cables
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Planning and design
20.2.1 Cable dimensions and handling parameters
20.2.2 Seafloor survey — Specifically cable route corridors between turbines and substation(s)
20.2.3 Vessel suitability
20.2.4 Cable storage and cable handling equipment
20.2.5 Navigation equipment — Positioning and control of vessel/cable interface
20.3 Cable loadout and offshore transfer
20.3.1 Introduction
20.3.2 Handling and lifting
20.3.3 Loadout by reeling, spooling, winding and coiling
20.3.4 Lifted loadout and offshore transfer
20.4 Cable laying
20.4.1 Introduction
20.4.2 Cable pull-in procedures
20.4.3 Laying
20.5 Cable protection
20.5.1 Introduction
20.5.2 Cable burial
20.5.3 Non-burial cable protection
20.6 Cable crossings
20.7 Landfalls
20.8 Cable jointing and repair
20.9 As-built survey
20.10 Cable integrity check
20.11 Cable installation manual
21 Construction management
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Marine coordination
21.3 Harbour coordination
21.4 Guard vessel
21.5 Reporting
21.6 Personnel tracking
Annex A (informative) Additional information and guidance
Bibliography
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Foreword
Introduction
1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms and definitions
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms
4.1 Symbols
4.2 Abbreviated terms
5 General considerations
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 General
5.1.2 Safety requirements
5.2 Jurisdiction
5.2.1 Introduction
5.2.2 Safety of life at sea
5.2.3 Environment
5.3 HSSE plan
5.4 Risk management
5.4.1 Introduction
5.4.2 Techniques to evaluate risks
5.5 Job safety analysis
5.6 Environmental impact study
5.7 Manning, qualifications, job and safety training
5.8 Daily progress and incident reporting
5.9 Personnel tracking
5.10 Approval by national authorities
6 Organization, documentation and planning
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Organization and communication
6.2.1 Project organization
6.2.2 Operational organization
6.3 Quality assurance and administrative procedures
6.4 Technical procedures
6.5 Technical documentation
6.5.1 Document numbering system
6.5.2 RAMS for port and marine operations
6.5.3 Operational schedule/programme
6.5.4 Contingency philosophy
6.5.5 Contingency planning and emergency procedures
6.5.6 Emergency response coordination plan
6.5.7 As-built documentation/Post construction file
6.5.8 Standards for data transfer to CAD systems
6.6 Certification and documentation
6.6.1 Introduction
6.6.2 Required or recommended documentation
6.7 Marine warranty survey
6.7.1 Introduction
6.7.2 Role of the marine warranty surveyor
6.7.3 MWS scope of work
6.7.4 Certificate of approval
6.8 Systems and equipment
6.8.1 Introduction
6.8.2 Marine vessels
6.8.3 Major equipment
7 Metocean requirements
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Weather-restricted/weather-unrestricted operations
7.2.1 Weather-restricted operations
7.2.2 Weather-unrestricted operations
7.3 Metocean conditions
7.3.1 Wind
7.3.2 Wave, wave period and swell conditions
7.3.3 Current
7.3.4 Other metocean factors
7.3.5 Temperature
7.3.6 Marine growth
7.4 Metocean criteria
7.4.1 Design criteria and operational limits
7.4.2 Return periods
7.4.3 Vessel response-based analysis
7.4.4 Probability distributions of sea state parameters
7.5 Operational duration, contingency and weather window
7.5.1 Planned operational duration
7.5.2 Weather window and contingency
7.5.3 Point of no return
7.5.4 Forecasted and monitored operational limits, metocean reduction factor
7.6 Weather forecasts
7.6.1 Introduction
7.6.2 Forecast parameters
7.7 On-site monitoring
8 Onshore transport and nearshore transport
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Structural integrity calculations
8.3 Transport by road
8.4 Transport via inland waterways
8.5 Transport via nearshore waterways
8.6 Transport via railways
8.7 Transport frames and equipment
9 Intermediate storage areas
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Infrastructure requirements
9.2.1 Load bearing
9.2.2 Surface
9.3 Storage frames and equipment
9.4 Requirements of components for storage
9.5 Protection of components against environmental conditions
9.6 Structural integrity calculations
9.6.1 Introduction
9.6.2 Vortex shedding
9.7 Security measures
10 Pre-assembly
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Pre-assembly area requirements
10.3 Pre-assembly activities
10.4 Pre-assembly equipment
10.5 Structural integrity calculations
10.6 Vortex shedding
10.7 Security measures
11 Port activities
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Accessibility of harbour areas
11.2.1 Water access
11.2.2 Inland access
11.3 Storage areas of quayside
11.4 Security measures
11.5 Quayside requirements
11.6 Port subsea soil requirements for jacking activities
12 Weight control
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Weight control classes
12.3 Weight and CoG constraints
12.4 Weight control monitoring
12.5 Dimensional control
12.6 Serial items
12.7 Weight determinations
13 Stability
13.1 Introduction
13.2 General requirements
13.3 Stability calculations
13.4 Intact stability
13.4.1 Introduction
13.4.2 Intact stability criteria
13.5 Damage stability
13.5.1 Introduction
13.5.2 Damage stability criteria
13.6 Single-barge transports
13.7 Multi-barge transports
13.8 Classed vessels
13.9 Self-floating structures
13.9.1 Introduction
13.9.2 Intact and damage stability
13.9.3 Upending and installation of self-floating and launched structures
13.10 Loadout operations
13.11 Watertight integrity and temporary closures
13.12 Inclining tests
14 Ballasting operations
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Ballast calculations for different stages
14.3 In ballast system
14.3.1 Operational aspects
14.3.2 Other operational considerations
14.4 Protection against damage and deterioration
14.4.1 Introduction
14.4.2 Freezing
14.5 Prevention of progressive flooding in damage condition
14.6 Control and indicating systems
14.7 Pumps
14.7.1 Introduction
14.7.2 Specification and layout
14.7.3 Pump performance curves and functional limitations
14.8 Valve arrangements
14.9 Vent systems
14.10 Air cushion system capacity
14.11 System testing
15 Loadout
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Categories of loadout
15.2.1 Introduction
15.2.2 Design: structural analysis during all loadout phases
15.2.3 Loadout planning
15.2.4 Cargo weight details and CoG information
15.2.5 Deck loading plan
15.3 Structure being loaded
15.4 Site and quay
15.5 Barge
15.6 Link beams, skidways and skidshoes
15.7 Moorings
15.7.1 Weather-restricted operation
15.7.2 Temporary mooring system
15.8 Grounded loadouts
15.9 Pumping and ballasting
15.9.1 Pump capacity
15.9.2 Recommended pump capacity
15.10 Loadouts by trailers, SPMTs or hydraulic skidshoes
15.10.1 Introduction
15.10.2 Structural capacity
15.10.3 Load equalization and stability
15.10.4 Vertical alignment
15.10.5 Skidshoes
15.11 Propulsion system design, redundancy and back-up
15.11.1 Propulsion system
15.11.2 Redundancy and recommendations
15.12 Float-on onto submersible barges or vessels
15.13 Lifted loadouts
15.14 Horizontal loadouts
15.15 Barge reinstatement and sea fastenings
15.16 Tugs
15.17 Management and organization
15.18 Loadout manual
15.19 Operating manual
16 Transportation
16.1 Introduction
16.2 General considerations
16.2.1 Manned tows
16.2.2 Unmanned tows
16.2.3 Navigation lights, signals and day shapes
16.2.4 Contingency
16.2.5 Motion responses
16.2.6 Verification of the transported object
16.2.7 Structural analysis during all transport phases
16.2.8 Transport planning
16.3 Weather routeing and forecasting
16.4 Ports of shelter, shelter areas, holding areas
16.5 Inspections during the towage or voyage
16.6 Responsibility
16.7 Hazardous materials
16.8 Ballast water
16.9 Restricted depths, heights and manoeuvrability
16.10 Under-keel clearances
16.11 Air draught
16.12 Channel width
16.13 Survey requirements
16.14 Towline pull required, fleet composition and towing arrangement
16.14.1 Towline pull required
16.14.2 Towing fleet
16.14.3 Towing arrangement
16.14.4 Towline length
16.15 Tow out from dry dock
16.15.1 Introduction
16.15.2 Under-keel clearance
16.15.3 Side clearances
16.15.4 Air cushion/air pressure
16.15.5 Capacity of winching and towing arrangements
16.15.6 Positioning systems
16.15.7 Survey requirements
16.16 Inshore tow
16.16.1 Tow route and towing clearances
16.16.2 Positioning systems
16.17 Transport onboard a vessel/Offshore tow
16.17.1 Vessel selection
16.17.2 Stability
16.17.3 Sea fastening
16.17.4 Vortex shedding
16.17.5 Navigation systems
16.18 Transport manual
17 Temporary mooring and stationkeeping for marine operations
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Environmental criteria
17.3 Determination of mooring response
17.3.1 Analysis methods
17.3.2 General considerations on the mooring design
17.4 Sizing of mooring lines
17.4.1 General considerations
17.4.2 Line tension limits and design safety factors
17.4.3 Particular mooring conditions
17.5 Sizing of anchors
17.6 Sizing of attachments
17.7 Sizing of mooring line components
17.8 Clearances under extreme conditions
17.9 Clearances during positioning
17.10 Tensioning of moorings
17.11 Other stationkeeping means
17.11.1 Introduction
17.11.2 DP systems
17.11.3 Purpose-built mooring arrangements
17.11.4 Use of tugs
17.12 System for common reference stations
18 Offshore installation operations
18.1 Introduction
18.1.1 Foundation
18.1.2 Transition piece
18.1.3 Wind turbine generator
18.1.4 Offshore substation/Offshore accommodation platforms
18.1.5 Installation plan
18.1.6 Cargo weight details and CoG information
18.2 Installation site
18.2.1 Sea floor survey
18.2.2 Soil survey
18.2.3 Soil preparation
18.2.4 Site charts
18.2.5 Unexploded ordnance (UXO)
18.3 Systems and equipment
18.3.1 Introduction
18.3.2 Vessels
18.3.3 Equipment
18.3.4 Position reference system
18.3.5 Ballast systems
18.3.6 Transport vessel interface with marine equipment
18.4 Positioning of vessels
18.5 Site reference system
18.6 Geotechnical site-specific assessment for jack-up operations
18.6.1 Introduction
18.6.2 Required soil investigations
18.6.3 Penetration analysis, punch-through and horizontal-vertical-interaction
18.7 Vessel operation manual
18.8 Jack-up preloading procedure
18.9 Ballasting
18.10 Lifted installations
18.10.1 Introduction
18.10.2 Installation of liftable jackets
18.10.3 Installation of templates for piles
18.10.4 Installation of piles
18.10.5 Installation of transition pieces
18.10.6 Installation of GBS
18.10.7 Transfer of items from a barge to the deck of a crane vessel/jack-up vessel
18.10.8 Installation of towers
18.10.9 Installation of WTG including nacelle, hub and blades
18.10.10 Installation of topsides of offshore substations/accommodation platforms
18.10.11 Operational aspects
18.10.12 Operational control parameters
18.11 Lowering by ballasting
18.11.1 Introduction
18.11.2 Operational aspects
18.11.3 Operational control parameters
18.12 Precise positioning on the sea floor by active and passive means
18.12.1 Introduction
18.12.2 Operational design aspects
18.12.3 Operational control parameters
18.13 Skirt penetration
18.13.1 Introduction
18.13.2 Gravity penetration
18.13.3 Suction penetration
18.13.4 Operational design aspects
18.13.5 Operational control parameters
18.14 Pile installation
18.14.1 Introduction
18.14.2 Operational design aspects
18.14.3 Operational control parameters
18.15 Grouting
18.15.1 Introduction
18.15.2 Grouting of pile/transition piece structure
18.15.3 Underbase grouting of pile/jacket structure
18.15.4 Operational design aspects
18.15.5 Preparations
18.15.6 Operational control parameters
18.16 Bolted connections of foundation
18.17 Welding of piles/foundation to topsides
18.18 Noise mitigation measures
18.19 Crew transfer to and from installation units
18.20 Offshore completion
18.20.1 Introduction
18.20.2 ROV inspection
18.20.3 Removal of temporary equipment
18.20.4 Scour protection
18.20.5 Final inspection
18.21 Project execution manual
19 Design and operation of lifting equipment
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Rigging geometry
19.3 Actions and action effects
19.4 Weight contingency factors
19.5 Dynamic amplification factors (DAFs)
19.5.1 Introduction
19.5.2 Lifts by a crane
19.5.3 Offshore lifts by cranes on two or more vessels
19.6 Representative hook load
19.6.1 One-hook lifts by a single crane
19.6.2 Two-hook lifts by two cranes
19.7 Representative lift weight per lift point
19.7.1 One-hook lifts
19.7.2 Two-hook lifts
19.8 Representative forces on a lift point
19.8.1 Representative vertical force
19.8.2 Representative force in line with the sling direction
19.8.3 Representative lateral force
19.9 Representative force for slings and grommets
19.10 Design values of actions and action effects
19.11 Strengths of slings, grommets and shackles
19.11.1 Steel cable slings
19.11.2 Fibre rope slings and fibre rope grommets
19.11.3 Working load limits and design strengths of fibre slings and grommets
19.11.4 Working load limit and design strength of shackles
19.12 Design verifications
19.12.1 Allowable hook load
19.12.2 Slings and grommets
19.12.3 Lift points and their attachment to the structure and supporting members
19.13 Lift point design
19.13.1 Introduction
19.13.2 Sling ovalization
19.13.3 Plate rolling direction and direction of loading
19.13.4 Pinholes
19.13.5 Cast padears and welded trunnions
19.13.6 Cheek plates
19.13.7 Padeyes
19.14 Clearances
19.14.1 Introduction
19.14.2 Clearances around lifted objects
19.14.3 Clearances around crane vessel
19.14.4 Clearances around jack-up crane vessel
19.14.5 Clearances around mooring lines and anchors of crane vessels
19.14.6 Clearances around array cable zones
19.14.7 Clearances around spud-can positions of jack-up vessels
19.15 Bumpers and guides
19.15.1 Introduction
19.15.2 Object movements
19.15.3 Position of bumpers and guides
19.15.4 Bumper and guide loads
19.15.5 Design considerations
19.16 Heave compensated lifts
19.17 Lifts using DP
19.18 Practical considerations
19.18.1 Access
19.18.2 Design of seafastening
19.18.3 Equipment
19.18.4 Slings
19.19 Certification requirements for lifting equipment
19.19.1 Standard lifting equipment
19.19.2 Custom-made lifting equipment
19.19.3 Recertification of lifting equipment
20 Laying, burial, jointing, and repair of sub-sea cables
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Planning and design
20.2.1 Cable dimensions and handling parameters
20.2.2 Seafloor survey — Specifically cable route corridors between turbines and substation(s)
20.2.3 Vessel suitability
20.2.4 Cable storage and cable handling equipment
20.2.5 Navigation equipment — Positioning and control of vessel/cable interface
20.3 Cable loadout and offshore transfer
20.3.1 Introduction
20.3.2 Handling and lifting
20.3.3 Loadout by reeling, spooling, winding and coiling
20.3.4 Lifted loadout and offshore transfer
20.4 Cable laying
20.4.1 Introduction
20.4.2 Cable pull-in procedures
20.4.3 Laying
20.5 Cable protection
20.5.1 Introduction
20.5.2 Cable burial
20.5.3 Non-burial cable protection
20.6 Cable crossings
20.7 Landfalls
20.8 Cable jointing and repair
20.9 As-built survey
20.10 Cable integrity check
20.11 Cable installation manual
21 Construction management
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Marine coordination
21.3 Harbour coordination
21.4 Guard vessel
21.5 Reporting
21.6 Personnel tracking
Annex A (informative) Additional information and guidance
Bibliography