ISO 16827:2012
Non-destructive testing — Ultrasonic testing — Characterization and sizing of discontinuities
ISO 16827:2012 specifies the general principles and techniques for the characterization and sizing of previously detected discontinuities in order to ensure their evaluation against applicable acceptance criteria. It is applicable, in general terms, to discontinuities in those materials and applications covered by ISO 16810.
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1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Principles of characterization of discontinuities
3.1 General
3.2 Requirements for surface condition
4 Pulse echo techniques
4.1 General
4.2 Location of discontinuity
4.3 Orientation of discontinuity
4.4 Assessment of multiple indications
4.5 Shape of discontinuity
4.5.1 Simple classification
4.5.2 Detailed classification of shape
4.6 Maximum echo height of indication
4.7 Size of discontinuity
4.7.1 General
4.7.2 Maximum echo height techniques
4.7.3 Probe movement sizing techniques
4.7.4 Selection of sizing techniques
4.7.5 Sizing techniques with focussing ultrasonic probes
4.7.6 Use of mathematical algorithms for sizing
4.7.7 Special sizing techniques
5 Transmission technique
5.1 General
5.2 Location of discontinuity
5.3 Evaluation of multiple discontinuities
5.4 Reduction of signal amplitude
5.5 Sizing of discontinuity
Annex A (normative)Analysis of multiple indications
A.1 Lateral characterisation
A.2 Transverse (Throughthickness) characterisation
A.3 Shadow technique
Annex B (normative)Techniques for the classification of discontinuity shape
B.1 Simple classification
B.1.1 General
B.1.2 Reconstruction technique
B.1.3 Echo envelope technique
B.2 Detailed classification
B.2.1 General
B.2.2 Echodynamic pattern technique
B.2.3 Directional reflectivity
B.3 Combination of data
Annex C (informative)Maximum echo height sizing technique
C.1 Distance-gain-size (DGS) technique
C.1.1 Principle
C.1.2 Applications and limitations
C.2 Distance-amplitude-correction (DAC) curve technique
C.2.1 Principle
C.2.2 Applications and limitations
Annex D (normative)Probe movement sizing techniques
D.1 Fixed amplitude level techniques
D.1.1 Principle
D.1.2 Application and limitations
D.2 6 dB drop from maximum technique
D.2.1 Principle
D.2.2 Application and limitations
D.3 12 dB or 20 dB drop from maximum technique
D.3.1 Principle
D.3.2 Application and limitations
D.4 Drop to noise level technique
D.4.1 Principle
D.4.2 Application and limitations
D.5 6 dB drop tip location technique
D.5.1 Principle
D.5.2 Application and limitations
D.6 Beam axis tip location technique
D.6.1 Principle
D.6.2 Application and limitations
D.7 20 dB drop tip location technique
D.7.1 Principle
D.7.2 Application and limitations
Annex E (normative)Iterative sizing technique
E.1 Scope
E.2 Normal incidence testing
E.2.1 Principle
E.2.2 Adjustment of gain
E.2.3 Procedure
E.3 Oblique incidence testing
Annex F (normative)Mathematical algorithms for the estimation of the actual size of a discontinuity
F.1 Large planar discontinuities
F.2 Small planar discontinuities
F.3 Planar discontinuities in a cylindrical test object
Annex G (informative)Examples of special sizing techniques
G.1 Tip diffraction techniques
G.2 Synthetic aperture focussing technique (SAFT)
1 Scope
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1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Principles of characterization of discontinuities
3.1 General
3.2 Requirements for surface condition
4 Pulse echo techniques
4.1 General
4.2 Location of discontinuity
4.3 Orientation of discontinuity
4.4 Assessment of multiple indications
4.5 Shape of discontinuity
4.5.1 Simple classification
4.5.2 Detailed classification of shape
4.6 Maximum echo height of indication
4.7 Size of discontinuity
4.7.1 General
4.7.2 Maximum echo height techniques
4.7.3 Probe movement sizing techniques
4.7.4 Selection of sizing techniques
4.7.5 Sizing techniques with focussing ultrasonic probes
4.7.6 Use of mathematical algorithms for sizing
4.7.7 Special sizing techniques
5 Transmission technique
5.1 General
5.2 Location of discontinuity
5.3 Evaluation of multiple discontinuities
5.4 Reduction of signal amplitude
5.5 Sizing of discontinuity
Annex A (normative)Analysis of multiple indications
A.1 Lateral characterisation
A.2 Transverse (Throughthickness) characterisation
A.3 Shadow technique
Annex B (normative)Techniques for the classification of discontinuity shape
B.1 Simple classification
B.1.1 General
B.1.2 Reconstruction technique
B.1.3 Echo envelope technique
B.2 Detailed classification
B.2.1 General
B.2.2 Echodynamic pattern technique
B.2.3 Directional reflectivity
B.3 Combination of data
Annex C (informative)Maximum echo height sizing technique
C.1 Distance-gain-size (DGS) technique
C.1.1 Principle
C.1.2 Applications and limitations
C.2 Distance-amplitude-correction (DAC) curve technique
C.2.1 Principle
C.2.2 Applications and limitations
Annex D (normative)Probe movement sizing techniques
D.1 Fixed amplitude level techniques
D.1.1 Principle
D.1.2 Application and limitations
D.2 6 dB drop from maximum technique
D.2.1 Principle
D.2.2 Application and limitations
D.3 12 dB or 20 dB drop from maximum technique
D.3.1 Principle
D.3.2 Application and limitations
D.4 Drop to noise level technique
D.4.1 Principle
D.4.2 Application and limitations
D.5 6 dB drop tip location technique
D.5.1 Principle
D.5.2 Application and limitations
D.6 Beam axis tip location technique
D.6.1 Principle
D.6.2 Application and limitations
D.7 20 dB drop tip location technique
D.7.1 Principle
D.7.2 Application and limitations
Annex E (normative)Iterative sizing technique
E.1 Scope
E.2 Normal incidence testing
E.2.1 Principle
E.2.2 Adjustment of gain
E.2.3 Procedure
E.3 Oblique incidence testing
Annex F (normative)Mathematical algorithms for the estimation of the actual size of a discontinuity
F.1 Large planar discontinuities
F.2 Small planar discontinuities
F.3 Planar discontinuities in a cylindrical test object
Annex G (informative)Examples of special sizing techniques
G.1 Tip diffraction techniques
G.2 Synthetic aperture focussing technique (SAFT)
1 Scope