AS/NZS ISO 25964.2:2025
Information and documentation – Thesauri and interoperability with other vocabularies – Part 2: Interoperability with other vocabularies
Standard provides guidance on the use of thesauri and other types of vocabulary for information retrieval. It describes, compares and contrasts the elements and features of these vocabularies that are implicated when interoperability is needed. It gives recommendations for the establishment and maintenance of mappings between multiple thesauri, or between thesauri and other types of vocabularies.
This document is identical with, and has been reproduced from, ISO 25964‑2:2013 Information and documentation – Thesauri and interoperability with other vocabularies – Part 2: Interoperability with other vocabularies.
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AS/NZS ISO 25964.2:2025 Thesauri and interoperability with other vocabularies Interoperability with other vocabularies
Preface
Foreword
Introduction
1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms and definitions
4 Symbols, abbreviations and other conventions
5 Objectives and identification
5.1 Objectives of interoperability and mapping
5.2 Identifying the elements to be mapped
6 Structural models for mapping across vocabularies
6.1 General
6.2 Model 1: Structural unity
6.3 Model 2: Direct-linked
6.4 Model 3: Hub structure
6.5 Selective mapping
6.6 Choosing among the options
7 Types of mapping
7.1 General
8 Equivalence mappings
8.1 General
8.2 Simple equivalence
8.3 Compound equivalence
8.3.1 General
8.3.2 Intersecting compound equivalence (EQ +)
8.3.3 Cumulative compound equivalence (EQ |)
8.3.4 Compound equivalence involving a combination of target vocabularies
9 Hierarchical mappings
10 Associative mappings
11 Exact, inexact and partial equivalence
11.1 General
11.2 Exact equivalence
11.3 Inexact equivalence
11.4 Partial equivalence
12 Use of mappings in information retrieval
12.1 General
12.2 Human mediation
12.3 Examples of mapping implementation
12.4 Conclusions and recommendations
13 Handling pre-coordination
13.1 General
13.2 Mapping between a thesaurus and a scheme with context-dependent captions
13.2.1 General
13.2.2 Mappings for conversion of indexing/cataloguing entries when the thesaurus is the target vocabulary
13.2.3 Mappings for conversion of search expressions when the thesaurus is the target vocabulary
13.2.4 Mappings for conversion of indexing/cataloguing entries when the thesaurus is the source vocabulary
13.2.5 Mappings for conversion of search expressions when the thesaurus is the source vocabulary
13.3 Mapping more complex classes
14 Techniques for identifying candidate mappings
14.1 General procedure
14.2 Computer assisted direct matching
14.3 Co-occurrence mapping
14.4 Other methods
15 Managing the data
15.1 Types of data to be recorded
15.1.1 Overview
15.1.2 For mappings between individual concepts
15.1.3 For a set of mappings between groups of concepts
15.1.4 For mapping clusters
15.2 Storing the data
15.2.1 Organizational aspects
15.2.2 Technical aspects
15.3 Maintaining the mappings data
15.3.1 General
15.3.2 Changes in the source or target vocabularies
15.3.3 Other mapping changes
15.3.4 The impact of mapping changes
16 Display of mapped vocabularies
16.1 General
16.2 Single record display
16.3 Complete displays based on one of the vocabularies
16.3.1 Alphabetical displays
16.3.2 Systematic displays
16.4 Crosswalks
17 Classification schemes
17.1 Key characteristics and background
17.1.1 General description
17.1.2 Scope and role in information retrieval
17.1.3 Origin and development
17.1.4 Vocabulary control
17.1.5 Types of classification schemes
17.2 Semantic components and relationships compared with thesaurus components
17.2.1 Notation
17.2.2 Captions
17.2.3 Hierarchies in classification schemes
17.2.4 Alphabetical indexes to classification schemes
17.3 Recommendations for mapping between a thesaurus and a classification scheme
18 Classification schemes used for records management
18.1 Key characteristics and background
18.1.1 General description
18.1.2 Scope and role in information retrieval
18.1.3 Origin and development
18.1.4 Vocabulary control
18.2 Semantic components and relationships compared with thesaurus components
18.2.1 Class names
18.2.2 Identifiers
18.2.3 Other components of the scheme
18.2.4 Hierarchical structure
18.3 Recommendations for interoperability with a thesaurus
19 Taxonomies
19.1 Key characteristics and background
19.1.1 General description
19.1.2 Scope and role in information retrieval
19.1.3 Origin and development
19.1.4 Vocabulary control
19.2 Types of taxonomies
19.2.1 General
19.2.2 Monohierarchical versus polyhierarchical structures
19.2.3 Non-symmetrical structures in multilingual and multicultural taxonomies
19.3 Semantic components and relationships
19.3.1 Categories
19.3.2 Synonym variations
19.3.3 Hierarchical relationships
19.3.4 Associative relationships
19.3.5 Definitions and scope notes
19.3.6 Rules for automatic categorization
19.4 Mapping between a thesaurus and a taxonomy
19.4.1 General
19.4.2 Practical examples
20 Subject heading schemes
20.1 Key characteristics and background
20.1.1 General description
20.1.2 Scope and role in information retrieval
20.1.3 Origin and development
20.1.4 Vocabulary control
20.1.5 Types of subject heading schemes
20.2 Semantic components and relationships
20.2.1 Overview
20.2.2 Headings
20.2.3 Subdivisions
20.2.4 Relationships
20.3 Mapping subject headings to and from thesaurus concepts
20.3.1 Mapping from a subject heading scheme to a thesaurus
20.3.2 Mapping from a thesaurus to a subject heading scheme
21 Ontologies
21.1 Key characteristics and background
21.1.1 General description
21.1.2 Scope and role in information retrieval
21.1.3 Origin and development
21.1.4 Vocabulary control
21.1.5 Types of ontologies
21.1.6 Logics and languages for expressing ontologies
21.2 Semantic components and relationships
21.2.1 Overview
21.2.2 Classes
21.2.3 Properties
21.2.4 Axioms
21.2.5 Class hierarchies
21.2.6 Individuals
21.2.7 Assertions
21.2.8 Labels and identifiers
21.2.9 Illustration of a simple ontology
21.3 Structural comparison between thesauri and ontologies
21.4 Interoperability with thesauri
21.4.1 Use cases
21.4.2 Reengineering a thesaurus as an ontology
21.4.3 Complementary use of a thesaurus and an ontology
21.4.4 Hybrid approaches
22 Terminologies
22.1 Key characteristics and background
22.1.1 General description
22.1.2 Scope and role in information retrieval
22.1.3 Origin and development
22.1.4 Vocabulary control
22.1.5 Types of terminologies
22.2 Semantic components and relationships compared with those of a thesaurus
22.2.1 Overview
22.2.2 Concepts
22.2.3 Definitions
22.2.4 Designations
22.2.5 Relations
22.3 Interoperability with thesauri
22.3.1 General
22.3.2 Mapping to a thesaurus
22.3.3 Extending a thesaurus in a domain covered by a terminology
22.3.4 Complementing a thesaurus in retrieval applications
23 Name authority lists
23.1 Key characteristics and background
23.1.1 General description
23.1.2 Scope and role in information retrieval
23.1.3 Origin and development
23.1.4 Types of name authority list
23.1.5 Vocabulary control
23.2 Semantic components and relationships
23.2.1 Overview
23.2.2 Names
23.2.3 Additional information about the entity
23.2.4 Relationships
23.3 Mapping between a thesaurus and a name authority list
23.3.1 General
23.3.2 Practical examples of mapping
24 Synonym rings
24.1 Key characteristics and background
24.1.1 General description
24.1.2 Scope and role in information retrieval
24.1.3 Origin and development
24.1.4 Vocabulary control
24.2 Semantic components and relationships
24.3 Interoperability with thesauri
24.3.1 Mapping to and from a thesaurus
24.3.2 Augmenting a thesaurus with terms drawn from synonym rings
24.3.3 Complementing a thesaurus in retrieval applications
Appendix A (informative) Management of terminological data in support of interoperability
Bibliography
Index
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AS/NZS ISO 25964.2:2025 Thesauri and interoperability with other vocabularies Interoperability with other vocabularies
Preface
Foreword
Introduction
1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms and definitions
4 Symbols, abbreviations and other conventions
5 Objectives and identification
5.1 Objectives of interoperability and mapping
5.2 Identifying the elements to be mapped
6 Structural models for mapping across vocabularies
6.1 General
6.2 Model 1: Structural unity
6.3 Model 2: Direct-linked
6.4 Model 3: Hub structure
6.5 Selective mapping
6.6 Choosing among the options
7 Types of mapping
7.1 General
8 Equivalence mappings
8.1 General
8.2 Simple equivalence
8.3 Compound equivalence
8.3.1 General
8.3.2 Intersecting compound equivalence (EQ +)
8.3.3 Cumulative compound equivalence (EQ |)
8.3.4 Compound equivalence involving a combination of target vocabularies
9 Hierarchical mappings
10 Associative mappings
11 Exact, inexact and partial equivalence
11.1 General
11.2 Exact equivalence
11.3 Inexact equivalence
11.4 Partial equivalence
12 Use of mappings in information retrieval
12.1 General
12.2 Human mediation
12.3 Examples of mapping implementation
12.4 Conclusions and recommendations
13 Handling pre-coordination
13.1 General
13.2 Mapping between a thesaurus and a scheme with context-dependent captions
13.2.1 General
13.2.2 Mappings for conversion of indexing/cataloguing entries when the thesaurus is the target vocabulary
13.2.3 Mappings for conversion of search expressions when the thesaurus is the target vocabulary
13.2.4 Mappings for conversion of indexing/cataloguing entries when the thesaurus is the source vocabulary
13.2.5 Mappings for conversion of search expressions when the thesaurus is the source vocabulary
13.3 Mapping more complex classes
14 Techniques for identifying candidate mappings
14.1 General procedure
14.2 Computer assisted direct matching
14.3 Co-occurrence mapping
14.4 Other methods
15 Managing the data
15.1 Types of data to be recorded
15.1.1 Overview
15.1.2 For mappings between individual concepts
15.1.3 For a set of mappings between groups of concepts
15.1.4 For mapping clusters
15.2 Storing the data
15.2.1 Organizational aspects
15.2.2 Technical aspects
15.3 Maintaining the mappings data
15.3.1 General
15.3.2 Changes in the source or target vocabularies
15.3.3 Other mapping changes
15.3.4 The impact of mapping changes
16 Display of mapped vocabularies
16.1 General
16.2 Single record display
16.3 Complete displays based on one of the vocabularies
16.3.1 Alphabetical displays
16.3.2 Systematic displays
16.4 Crosswalks
17 Classification schemes
17.1 Key characteristics and background
17.1.1 General description
17.1.2 Scope and role in information retrieval
17.1.3 Origin and development
17.1.4 Vocabulary control
17.1.5 Types of classification schemes
17.2 Semantic components and relationships compared with thesaurus components
17.2.1 Notation
17.2.2 Captions
17.2.3 Hierarchies in classification schemes
17.2.4 Alphabetical indexes to classification schemes
17.3 Recommendations for mapping between a thesaurus and a classification scheme
18 Classification schemes used for records management
18.1 Key characteristics and background
18.1.1 General description
18.1.2 Scope and role in information retrieval
18.1.3 Origin and development
18.1.4 Vocabulary control
18.2 Semantic components and relationships compared with thesaurus components
18.2.1 Class names
18.2.2 Identifiers
18.2.3 Other components of the scheme
18.2.4 Hierarchical structure
18.3 Recommendations for interoperability with a thesaurus
19 Taxonomies
19.1 Key characteristics and background
19.1.1 General description
19.1.2 Scope and role in information retrieval
19.1.3 Origin and development
19.1.4 Vocabulary control
19.2 Types of taxonomies
19.2.1 General
19.2.2 Monohierarchical versus polyhierarchical structures
19.2.3 Non-symmetrical structures in multilingual and multicultural taxonomies
19.3 Semantic components and relationships
19.3.1 Categories
19.3.2 Synonym variations
19.3.3 Hierarchical relationships
19.3.4 Associative relationships
19.3.5 Definitions and scope notes
19.3.6 Rules for automatic categorization
19.4 Mapping between a thesaurus and a taxonomy
19.4.1 General
19.4.2 Practical examples
20 Subject heading schemes
20.1 Key characteristics and background
20.1.1 General description
20.1.2 Scope and role in information retrieval
20.1.3 Origin and development
20.1.4 Vocabulary control
20.1.5 Types of subject heading schemes
20.2 Semantic components and relationships
20.2.1 Overview
20.2.2 Headings
20.2.3 Subdivisions
20.2.4 Relationships
20.3 Mapping subject headings to and from thesaurus concepts
20.3.1 Mapping from a subject heading scheme to a thesaurus
20.3.2 Mapping from a thesaurus to a subject heading scheme
21 Ontologies
21.1 Key characteristics and background
21.1.1 General description
21.1.2 Scope and role in information retrieval
21.1.3 Origin and development
21.1.4 Vocabulary control
21.1.5 Types of ontologies
21.1.6 Logics and languages for expressing ontologies
21.2 Semantic components and relationships
21.2.1 Overview
21.2.2 Classes
21.2.3 Properties
21.2.4 Axioms
21.2.5 Class hierarchies
21.2.6 Individuals
21.2.7 Assertions
21.2.8 Labels and identifiers
21.2.9 Illustration of a simple ontology
21.3 Structural comparison between thesauri and ontologies
21.4 Interoperability with thesauri
21.4.1 Use cases
21.4.2 Reengineering a thesaurus as an ontology
21.4.3 Complementary use of a thesaurus and an ontology
21.4.4 Hybrid approaches
22 Terminologies
22.1 Key characteristics and background
22.1.1 General description
22.1.2 Scope and role in information retrieval
22.1.3 Origin and development
22.1.4 Vocabulary control
22.1.5 Types of terminologies
22.2 Semantic components and relationships compared with those of a thesaurus
22.2.1 Overview
22.2.2 Concepts
22.2.3 Definitions
22.2.4 Designations
22.2.5 Relations
22.3 Interoperability with thesauri
22.3.1 General
22.3.2 Mapping to a thesaurus
22.3.3 Extending a thesaurus in a domain covered by a terminology
22.3.4 Complementing a thesaurus in retrieval applications
23 Name authority lists
23.1 Key characteristics and background
23.1.1 General description
23.1.2 Scope and role in information retrieval
23.1.3 Origin and development
23.1.4 Types of name authority list
23.1.5 Vocabulary control
23.2 Semantic components and relationships
23.2.1 Overview
23.2.2 Names
23.2.3 Additional information about the entity
23.2.4 Relationships
23.3 Mapping between a thesaurus and a name authority list
23.3.1 General
23.3.2 Practical examples of mapping
24 Synonym rings
24.1 Key characteristics and background
24.1.1 General description
24.1.2 Scope and role in information retrieval
24.1.3 Origin and development
24.1.4 Vocabulary control
24.2 Semantic components and relationships
24.3 Interoperability with thesauri
24.3.1 Mapping to and from a thesaurus
24.3.2 Augmenting a thesaurus with terms drawn from synonym rings
24.3.3 Complementing a thesaurus in retrieval applications
Appendix A (informative) Management of terminological data in support of interoperability
Bibliography
Index
AS/NZS ISO 25964.2:2025
Online Library subscription information
Online library subscriptions provide a cost-effective solution for organisations of any size to access the latest standards, offering 24/7 access to a personalised catalogue. The service ensures subscribers have have the most up-to-date version of selected standards, incluing automatic updates for any amendments or versions. Pricing is dependent on the chosen standards and the number of concurrent users, with discounts applied from the standards PDF price. For customised subscriptions or further inquiries, contact the Online Library team.