ISO/TR 27923:2022
Carbon dioxide capture, transportation and geological storage — Injection operations, infrastructure and monitoring
This document covers:
— A description of the existing legal frameworks and associated laws and directives covering current and planned projects.
— Specific information about CO2 injection facilities based on existing and planned projects that include storage of CO2 in both saline aquifers and CO2-EOR as relevant. This information includes aspects of materials used, surface infrastructure, well design considerations, concepts around well placement strategies, considerations for downhole monitoring tool deployment, well completions, and well and infrastructure maintenance and remediation practices.
— Descriptions of current practices regarding operating projects including monitoring, safety, and reporting activities associated with both surface and downhole components of the projects.
— Discussion on operational aspects of storing CO2 in hydrocarbon reservoirs including depleting gas fields and reusing facilities.
— A description of monitoring requirements and methods including measurements to establish baselines.
— A description of existing and emerging tools, accuracy, and expectations for quantification.
— A description of regulatory requirements for operating and decommissioning CO2-EOR with associated storage and CCS projects around the world.
— A description of decommissioning activities and timelines associated with end-of-project.
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Foreword
Introduction
1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms and definitions
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms
5 Legal framework
5.1 General
5.2 United States
5.2.1 General
5.2.2 UIC Class II and Class VI
5.3 The European Union
5.3.1 General
5.3.2 The EU CCS Directive
5.3.3 The Environmental Liability Directive
5.4 Germany
5.5 France
5.6 Norway
5.6.1 General
5.6.2 The permitting regime for CCS activities
5.6.3 Financial security
5.6.4 Monitoring
5.7 Canada
5.8 Japan
5.9 Australia
6 Well design
6.1 General
6.2 Components
6.2.1 Conductor casing
6.2.2 Surface casing
6.2.3 Main section casing
6.2.4 Liner
6.2.5 Tubing and completion assemblies
6.2.6 Wellhead and Christmas tree
6.3 CO2 Injection wells
6.3.1 Well design and construction
6.3.2 Well completion
6.3.3 CO2-EOR injection well construction
6.3.4 Research injection well construction
6.3.5 Commercial-scale injection
6.4 Monitoring well construction
6.4.1 General
6.4.2 Perforated monitoring well
6.4.3 Induction logging monitoring well (Plastic casing: Nagaoka, Cranfield)
6.5 Discussion
7 Surface infrastructure concepts (non-well)
7.1 Design and materials
7.1.1 General
7.1.2 Material selection
7.1.3 Carbon steel
7.1.4 Stainless steel
7.1.5 Alloys
7.2 Equipment
7.2.1 Tie-in to CO2 injection well
7.2.2 Pressurization to supercritical phase
7.2.3 Dehydration
7.2.4 Valves
7.2.5 Measurement
7.2.6 Leak detection
7.2.7 Venting
7.3 Considerations for storage incidental to CO2-EOR
7.3.1 General
7.3.2 Liquids
7.3.3 CO2 stream production and recycling
7.3.4 Operating pressure regime
7.3.5 Recycle Compression
7.3.6 Interstage cooling & separation
7.3.7 Dehydration
7.3.8 Booster pumps
7.3.9 Impact of CO2 production – asphaltenes
7.3.10 Impact of recycle stream composition on metering and operating pressures
7.4 Maintenance and remediation
7.5 Onshore case studies
7.6 Offshore case studies
8 CO2 storage site injection operations
8.1 General
8.1.1 Objectives
8.1.2 Scope of operations
8.2 Design of CO2 injection operations
8.2.1 General components of operations design
8.2.2 Storage complex design parameters
8.2.3 Storage project modelling
8.2.4 Case Study - Aquistore
8.2.5 Contractual agreement impacts on injection design parameters
8.3 Operations and maintenance plan
8.3.1 General - Definition of the main operational conditions
8.3.2 Operational protocols and maintenance schedules
8.3.3 Recording management of change
8.3.4 Communication plan
8.3.5 Nomination process for CO2 delivery and receipt
8.3.6 Safety plan
8.4 Injection operations
8.4.1 Initial (start-up)
8.4.2 Shutdowns
8.4.3 Start-up following shutdowns
8.5 Data acquisition, monitoring and testing
8.5.1 General
8.5.2 Surface equipment and injection line data
8.5.3 Wellbore monitoring
8.5.4 Well surveillance
8.6 Well intervention (workovers)
8.7 Considerations for storage using enhanced oil recovery (CO2-EOR)
9 Storing CO2 in petroleum reservoirs
9.1 General
9.2 Reservoir screening
9.2.1 Storage complex integrity
9.2.2 Project transition type
9.2.3 Geological data
9.2.4 Historical production and reservoir performance
9.2.5 Hydrocarbon compositional analysis (PVT)
9.2.6 CO2 storage capacity
9.2.7 Reservoir pressure history
9.2.8 Aquifer considerations
9.2.9 Water extraction
9.3 Surface production and injection facilities
9.3.1 CO2 distribution system
9.3.2 Production facilities
9.4 Production and injection wellbores (subsurface infrastructure)
9.5 Operating considerations
9.5.1 Operations management plan
9.5.2 Measurement calibration
9.5.3 Well interventions
9.6 Monitoring
9.7 Transition to storage
9.7.1 Reservoir considerations
9.7.2 Legal/regulatory considerations
9.7.3 Financial considerations
9.8 Closure
10 Monitoring
10.1 General
10.2 Monitoring objectives
10.3 Monitoring plan design
10.3.1 Geological Storage vs. CO2-EOR storage projects
10.3.2 Land vs. marine storage project
10.3.3 Monitoring vs. project stage
10.4 Monitoring methods
10.4.1 Wellbore monitoring
10.4.2 Surface-based monitoring
10.5 Case studies
10.5.1 CCS pilot projects (<100 kt)
10.5.2 Industrial-scale CCS projects
10.5.3 CO2-EOR projects with monitoring
11 Decommissioning
11.1 General
11.2 Activities
11.3 Closure or termination plan
11.4 Identification of jurisdictions and relevant framework
11.5 United States
11.5.1 EPA regulations for closure and post-injection site care
11.5.2 Class II well plugging regulations
11.5.3 Class VI well plugging regulations
11.5.4 Class VI PISC
11.6 The European Union
11.6.1 Closure
11.6.2 Post closure
11.6.3 Transfer of liability
11.7 Germany
11.8 France
11.9 Norway
11.10 Canada
11.11 Japan
11.12 Discussion of closure at selected projects
11.12.1 Illinois Basin Decatur Project
11.12.2 Ketzin
11.12.3 Sleipner
11.12.4 Snøhvit
Annex A (informative) Case studies project overview
Bibliography
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Foreword
Introduction
1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms and definitions
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms
5 Legal framework
5.1 General
5.2 United States
5.2.1 General
5.2.2 UIC Class II and Class VI
5.3 The European Union
5.3.1 General
5.3.2 The EU CCS Directive
5.3.3 The Environmental Liability Directive
5.4 Germany
5.5 France
5.6 Norway
5.6.1 General
5.6.2 The permitting regime for CCS activities
5.6.3 Financial security
5.6.4 Monitoring
5.7 Canada
5.8 Japan
5.9 Australia
6 Well design
6.1 General
6.2 Components
6.2.1 Conductor casing
6.2.2 Surface casing
6.2.3 Main section casing
6.2.4 Liner
6.2.5 Tubing and completion assemblies
6.2.6 Wellhead and Christmas tree
6.3 CO2 Injection wells
6.3.1 Well design and construction
6.3.2 Well completion
6.3.3 CO2-EOR injection well construction
6.3.4 Research injection well construction
6.3.5 Commercial-scale injection
6.4 Monitoring well construction
6.4.1 General
6.4.2 Perforated monitoring well
6.4.3 Induction logging monitoring well (Plastic casing: Nagaoka, Cranfield)
6.5 Discussion
7 Surface infrastructure concepts (non-well)
7.1 Design and materials
7.1.1 General
7.1.2 Material selection
7.1.3 Carbon steel
7.1.4 Stainless steel
7.1.5 Alloys
7.2 Equipment
7.2.1 Tie-in to CO2 injection well
7.2.2 Pressurization to supercritical phase
7.2.3 Dehydration
7.2.4 Valves
7.2.5 Measurement
7.2.6 Leak detection
7.2.7 Venting
7.3 Considerations for storage incidental to CO2-EOR
7.3.1 General
7.3.2 Liquids
7.3.3 CO2 stream production and recycling
7.3.4 Operating pressure regime
7.3.5 Recycle Compression
7.3.6 Interstage cooling & separation
7.3.7 Dehydration
7.3.8 Booster pumps
7.3.9 Impact of CO2 production – asphaltenes
7.3.10 Impact of recycle stream composition on metering and operating pressures
7.4 Maintenance and remediation
7.5 Onshore case studies
7.6 Offshore case studies
8 CO2 storage site injection operations
8.1 General
8.1.1 Objectives
8.1.2 Scope of operations
8.2 Design of CO2 injection operations
8.2.1 General components of operations design
8.2.2 Storage complex design parameters
8.2.3 Storage project modelling
8.2.4 Case Study - Aquistore
8.2.5 Contractual agreement impacts on injection design parameters
8.3 Operations and maintenance plan
8.3.1 General - Definition of the main operational conditions
8.3.2 Operational protocols and maintenance schedules
8.3.3 Recording management of change
8.3.4 Communication plan
8.3.5 Nomination process for CO2 delivery and receipt
8.3.6 Safety plan
8.4 Injection operations
8.4.1 Initial (start-up)
8.4.2 Shutdowns
8.4.3 Start-up following shutdowns
8.5 Data acquisition, monitoring and testing
8.5.1 General
8.5.2 Surface equipment and injection line data
8.5.3 Wellbore monitoring
8.5.4 Well surveillance
8.6 Well intervention (workovers)
8.7 Considerations for storage using enhanced oil recovery (CO2-EOR)
9 Storing CO2 in petroleum reservoirs
9.1 General
9.2 Reservoir screening
9.2.1 Storage complex integrity
9.2.2 Project transition type
9.2.3 Geological data
9.2.4 Historical production and reservoir performance
9.2.5 Hydrocarbon compositional analysis (PVT)
9.2.6 CO2 storage capacity
9.2.7 Reservoir pressure history
9.2.8 Aquifer considerations
9.2.9 Water extraction
9.3 Surface production and injection facilities
9.3.1 CO2 distribution system
9.3.2 Production facilities
9.4 Production and injection wellbores (subsurface infrastructure)
9.5 Operating considerations
9.5.1 Operations management plan
9.5.2 Measurement calibration
9.5.3 Well interventions
9.6 Monitoring
9.7 Transition to storage
9.7.1 Reservoir considerations
9.7.2 Legal/regulatory considerations
9.7.3 Financial considerations
9.8 Closure
10 Monitoring
10.1 General
10.2 Monitoring objectives
10.3 Monitoring plan design
10.3.1 Geological Storage vs. CO2-EOR storage projects
10.3.2 Land vs. marine storage project
10.3.3 Monitoring vs. project stage
10.4 Monitoring methods
10.4.1 Wellbore monitoring
10.4.2 Surface-based monitoring
10.5 Case studies
10.5.1 CCS pilot projects (<100 kt)
10.5.2 Industrial-scale CCS projects
10.5.3 CO2-EOR projects with monitoring
11 Decommissioning
11.1 General
11.2 Activities
11.3 Closure or termination plan
11.4 Identification of jurisdictions and relevant framework
11.5 United States
11.5.1 EPA regulations for closure and post-injection site care
11.5.2 Class II well plugging regulations
11.5.3 Class VI well plugging regulations
11.5.4 Class VI PISC
11.6 The European Union
11.6.1 Closure
11.6.2 Post closure
11.6.3 Transfer of liability
11.7 Germany
11.8 France
11.9 Norway
11.10 Canada
11.11 Japan
11.12 Discussion of closure at selected projects
11.12.1 Illinois Basin Decatur Project
11.12.2 Ketzin
11.12.3 Sleipner
11.12.4 Snøhvit
Annex A (informative) Case studies project overview
Bibliography