ISO/TR 10064-1:2017
Code of inspection practice — Part 1: Measurement of cylindrical gear tooth flanks
ISO/TR 10064-1:2017 supplements ISO 1328‑1:2013. It provides a code of practice dealing with measurements on flanks of individual cylindrical involute gears, i.e. with the measurement of pitch, profile, helix and tangential composite characteristics. It describes measuring equipment, provides advice for gear measuring methods and for the analysis of measurement results, and discusses the interpretation of results.
Measurements using a double flank tester are not included (see ISO/TR 10064‑2). This document only applies to involute gears.
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Foreword
1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms, definitions, symbols and abbreviated terms
4 General considerations
4.1 Background
4.2 Required inspection information
4.3 Measurement selection
4.3.1 Substitution of measurement methods
4.3.2 First piece inspection
4.3.3 Sampling and statistical process control
5 Conventions and measurement positions
5.1 General
5.2 Datum axis
5.3 Left or right flank
5.4 Left hand or right hand helical gears
5.5 Numbering of teeth and flanks
5.6 Numbering of pitches
5.7 Number of pitches “k” in a deviation symbol subscript
6 Types of measuring equipment and principle
6.1 General
6.2 Measurement methods
6.2.1 Generative measurement methods
6.2.2 Non-generative measurement methods
6.2.3 Pitch measurement methods
6.2.4 Hand-held pitch measuring devices
6.2.5 Radial runout measurement
6.2.6 Computer tomography methods for small gears
6.2.7 Optical devices for small spur gears
6.3 Calibration of equipment
6.4 Tooth thickness, differences between CNC/CMM and manual measurement
6.5 “In-process” gear measurement on manufacturing machines
6.6 Gear mounting
6.7 Example output format from a CNC GMM
6.7.1 General
6.7.2 Example evaluations of modified helices and profiles
7 Recommended measurement procedure and good measurement practice
7.1 Measurement procedure
7.2 Probe problems when measuring aluminium parts
7.3 Suitable artefacts for calibration of measuring machines
8 Inspection procedures for gears that are too large for gear inspection machines
8.1 General
8.2 Profile inspection using portable device
8.2.1 Disassembly of segments
8.2.2 Measurement by portable gear inspection device using coordinates
8.2.3 Profile inspection by gear tooth caliper
8.3 Inspection of helix form deviation
8.3.1 Inspection of helix form deviation on the gear cutting machine
8.3.2 Straightness inspection using a cylinder
8.3.3 Inspection of the tooth contact pattern
8.4 Inspection of the pitch
8.4.1 Calculation of pitch
8.4.2 Inspection using an automatic device on the cutting machine: inspection of the single circular pitch and the cumulative pitch deviation
8.4.3 Manual inspection: inspection of base pitch, pb, and base pitch deviations, fpb
8.5 Measuring tooth thickness
8.6 Measuring gear radial runout and axial runout of reference surfaces
9 Measurement analysis — Profile, helix, pitch and radial runout
9.1 Profile
9.1.1 Profile deviation
9.1.2 Profile deviation diagram
9.1.3 Evaluation of profile diagrams
9.1.4 Algebraic signs of fHα, fb and fα
9.1.5 Mean profile slope deviation, fHαm
9.2 Helix
9.2.1 General
9.2.2 Helix deviation diagram
9.2.3 Evaluation of helix diagrams
9.2.4 Algebraic signs of fHβ and fβ
9.2.5 Machine corrections based on mean helix slope deviation, fHβm
9.3 Pitch
9.3.1 Pitch deviation
9.3.2 Pitch deviation measurement
9.3.3 Relationships of pitch parameters and measuring methods
9.3.4 Calculation of cumulative pitch (index), Fp
9.3.5 Calculation of single pitch, fpi
9.3.6 Calculation of total cumulative pitch deviation, Fp
9.3.7 Calculation of sector pitch deviation, Fpk
9.3.8 Segment gear measurement
9.4 Radial runout, determining eccentricity
9.4.1 Measuring principle
9.4.2 Evaluation of measurement
10 Interpretation of profile, helix, pitch and radial runout results
10.1 Interpreting measurement results
10.2 Procedure for interpreting measurement results
10.3 Recognition of common manufacturing errors
10.3.1 General
10.3.2 Example of a profile with pressure angle deviation
10.3.3 Example of profile deviations with varying pressure angle deviation
10.3.4 Hob runout or shaping cutter deflection
10.3.5 Consistent mean helix slope deviation
10.3.6 Helix slope variation
10.3.7 Profile control diameter not achieved
10.3.8 Variation in profile non-clean up and profile control diameter not achieved
10.3.9 Pitch results with radial runout of the gear blank
10.3.10 Pitch with indexing deviations
10.3.11 Pitch with repeating deviation patterns that may cause noise
11 Single flank composite testing
11.1 Single flank composite testing principle
11.2 Single flank composite test
11.2.1 Single flank test setup
11.2.2 Single flank composite deviations
11.3 Single flank measurement with master gear
11.3.1 Master gear requirements
11.3.2 Influence of profile deviations
11.3.3 Influence of pitch deviations
11.3.4 Influence of helix deviations
11.4 Single flank measurement of product gear pair
11.4.1 Differences between tests with a master gear and between two product gears
11.4.2 Identification and location of defects
11.4.3 Selective meshing of gears
11.5 Data analysis by the Fourier transform method
12 Additional measurements
12.1 Flank measurements
12.1.1 General
12.1.2 Twist measurement
12.1.3 Topographical measurement
12.1.4 Undulations
12.2 Surface roughness measurement
12.3 Tooth root fillet radius measurement
13 Filters and data density
13.1 General
13.2 Examples of filtered results
13.3 Working principle of the Gauss 50 % filter
13.4 Filter limitations
14 Additional calculations
14.1 Calculation of single pitch deviation, fpt, from normal base pitch measurements
14.2 Additional calculations for normal base pitch measurements
14.2.1 Included parameters
14.2.2 Calculation of normal base pitch deviation, fpbn
14.2.3 Calculation of mean normal base pitch deviation, fpbnm
14.3 Additional calculations for profile measurements
14.3.1 Included parameters
14.3.2 Mean base diameter deviation and mean pressure angle deviation
14.3.3 Calculation of effective base diameter, db eff
14.3.4 Calculation of effective transverse pressure angle, αt eff
14.3.5 Calculation of effective normal pressure angle, αn eff
14.3.6 Calculation of mean transverse pressure angle deviation, fαmt
14.3.7 Calculation of mean normal pressure angle deviation, fαmn
14.4 Additional calculations for helix measurements
14.4.1 Included parameters
14.4.2 Required preliminary data
14.4.3 Calculation of effective helix angle at the measurement diameter, βM eff
14.4.4 Calculation of effective lead, pz eff
14.4.5 Calculation of effective helix angle at the standard pitch diameter, βeff
14.4.6 Calculation of mean lead deviation, fpzm
14.4.7 Calculation of mean helix angle deviation, fβm
Bibliography
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Foreword
1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms, definitions, symbols and abbreviated terms
4 General considerations
4.1 Background
4.2 Required inspection information
4.3 Measurement selection
4.3.1 Substitution of measurement methods
4.3.2 First piece inspection
4.3.3 Sampling and statistical process control
5 Conventions and measurement positions
5.1 General
5.2 Datum axis
5.3 Left or right flank
5.4 Left hand or right hand helical gears
5.5 Numbering of teeth and flanks
5.6 Numbering of pitches
5.7 Number of pitches “k” in a deviation symbol subscript
6 Types of measuring equipment and principle
6.1 General
6.2 Measurement methods
6.2.1 Generative measurement methods
6.2.2 Non-generative measurement methods
6.2.3 Pitch measurement methods
6.2.4 Hand-held pitch measuring devices
6.2.5 Radial runout measurement
6.2.6 Computer tomography methods for small gears
6.2.7 Optical devices for small spur gears
6.3 Calibration of equipment
6.4 Tooth thickness, differences between CNC/CMM and manual measurement
6.5 “In-process” gear measurement on manufacturing machines
6.6 Gear mounting
6.7 Example output format from a CNC GMM
6.7.1 General
6.7.2 Example evaluations of modified helices and profiles
7 Recommended measurement procedure and good measurement practice
7.1 Measurement procedure
7.2 Probe problems when measuring aluminium parts
7.3 Suitable artefacts for calibration of measuring machines
8 Inspection procedures for gears that are too large for gear inspection machines
8.1 General
8.2 Profile inspection using portable device
8.2.1 Disassembly of segments
8.2.2 Measurement by portable gear inspection device using coordinates
8.2.3 Profile inspection by gear tooth caliper
8.3 Inspection of helix form deviation
8.3.1 Inspection of helix form deviation on the gear cutting machine
8.3.2 Straightness inspection using a cylinder
8.3.3 Inspection of the tooth contact pattern
8.4 Inspection of the pitch
8.4.1 Calculation of pitch
8.4.2 Inspection using an automatic device on the cutting machine: inspection of the single circular pitch and the cumulative pitch deviation
8.4.3 Manual inspection: inspection of base pitch, pb, and base pitch deviations, fpb
8.5 Measuring tooth thickness
8.6 Measuring gear radial runout and axial runout of reference surfaces
9 Measurement analysis — Profile, helix, pitch and radial runout
9.1 Profile
9.1.1 Profile deviation
9.1.2 Profile deviation diagram
9.1.3 Evaluation of profile diagrams
9.1.4 Algebraic signs of fHα, fb and fα
9.1.5 Mean profile slope deviation, fHαm
9.2 Helix
9.2.1 General
9.2.2 Helix deviation diagram
9.2.3 Evaluation of helix diagrams
9.2.4 Algebraic signs of fHβ and fβ
9.2.5 Machine corrections based on mean helix slope deviation, fHβm
9.3 Pitch
9.3.1 Pitch deviation
9.3.2 Pitch deviation measurement
9.3.3 Relationships of pitch parameters and measuring methods
9.3.4 Calculation of cumulative pitch (index), Fp
9.3.5 Calculation of single pitch, fpi
9.3.6 Calculation of total cumulative pitch deviation, Fp
9.3.7 Calculation of sector pitch deviation, Fpk
9.3.8 Segment gear measurement
9.4 Radial runout, determining eccentricity
9.4.1 Measuring principle
9.4.2 Evaluation of measurement
10 Interpretation of profile, helix, pitch and radial runout results
10.1 Interpreting measurement results
10.2 Procedure for interpreting measurement results
10.3 Recognition of common manufacturing errors
10.3.1 General
10.3.2 Example of a profile with pressure angle deviation
10.3.3 Example of profile deviations with varying pressure angle deviation
10.3.4 Hob runout or shaping cutter deflection
10.3.5 Consistent mean helix slope deviation
10.3.6 Helix slope variation
10.3.7 Profile control diameter not achieved
10.3.8 Variation in profile non-clean up and profile control diameter not achieved
10.3.9 Pitch results with radial runout of the gear blank
10.3.10 Pitch with indexing deviations
10.3.11 Pitch with repeating deviation patterns that may cause noise
11 Single flank composite testing
11.1 Single flank composite testing principle
11.2 Single flank composite test
11.2.1 Single flank test setup
11.2.2 Single flank composite deviations
11.3 Single flank measurement with master gear
11.3.1 Master gear requirements
11.3.2 Influence of profile deviations
11.3.3 Influence of pitch deviations
11.3.4 Influence of helix deviations
11.4 Single flank measurement of product gear pair
11.4.1 Differences between tests with a master gear and between two product gears
11.4.2 Identification and location of defects
11.4.3 Selective meshing of gears
11.5 Data analysis by the Fourier transform method
12 Additional measurements
12.1 Flank measurements
12.1.1 General
12.1.2 Twist measurement
12.1.3 Topographical measurement
12.1.4 Undulations
12.2 Surface roughness measurement
12.3 Tooth root fillet radius measurement
13 Filters and data density
13.1 General
13.2 Examples of filtered results
13.3 Working principle of the Gauss 50 % filter
13.4 Filter limitations
14 Additional calculations
14.1 Calculation of single pitch deviation, fpt, from normal base pitch measurements
14.2 Additional calculations for normal base pitch measurements
14.2.1 Included parameters
14.2.2 Calculation of normal base pitch deviation, fpbn
14.2.3 Calculation of mean normal base pitch deviation, fpbnm
14.3 Additional calculations for profile measurements
14.3.1 Included parameters
14.3.2 Mean base diameter deviation and mean pressure angle deviation
14.3.3 Calculation of effective base diameter, db eff
14.3.4 Calculation of effective transverse pressure angle, αt eff
14.3.5 Calculation of effective normal pressure angle, αn eff
14.3.6 Calculation of mean transverse pressure angle deviation, fαmt
14.3.7 Calculation of mean normal pressure angle deviation, fαmn
14.4 Additional calculations for helix measurements
14.4.1 Included parameters
14.4.2 Required preliminary data
14.4.3 Calculation of effective helix angle at the measurement diameter, βM eff
14.4.4 Calculation of effective lead, pz eff
14.4.5 Calculation of effective helix angle at the standard pitch diameter, βeff
14.4.6 Calculation of mean lead deviation, fpzm
14.4.7 Calculation of mean helix angle deviation, fβm
Bibliography