ISO 3691-1:2011
Industrial trucks — Safety requirements and verification — Part 1: Self-propelled industrial trucks, other than driverless trucks, variable-reach trucks and burden-carrier trucks
ISO 3691-1:2011 gives safety requirements and the means for their verification for the following types of self-propelled industrial trucks, as defined in ISO 5053: industrial counterbalanced trucks; reach trucks with retractable mast or retractable fork arm carriage; straddle trucks; pallet-stacking trucks; high-lift platform trucks; trucks with elevating operator position up to 1 200 mm; side-loading trucks (one side only); lateral-stacking trucks (both sides), and lateral- and front-stacking trucks; pallet trucks; bidirectional and multidirectional trucks; tractors with a drawbar pull up to and including 20 000 N; rough-terrain, counterbalanced trucks; industrial trucks powered by battery, diesel, gasoline or LPG (liquefied petroleum gas).
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1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms and definitions
4 Safety requirements and/or protective measures
4.1 General
4.1.1 Overall requirements
4.1.2 Normal climatic conditions
4.1.3 Normal operating conditions
4.1.4 Electrical requirements
4.1.5 Edges or angles
4.1.6 Stored energy components
4.2 Starting/moving
4.2.1 Unauthorized starting
4.2.2 Unintended movement and inadvertent activation
4.2.2.1 Parking brakes
4.2.2.2 Internal-combustion-engine powered trucks
4.2.2.3 Travel controls
4.2.2.4 Powered travel movement
4.2.2.5 Manual gearbox and manually operated clutch pedal
4.2.3 Travel speed
4.2.3.1 Pedestrian-controlled trucks
4.2.3.2 Stand-on trucks and pedestrian-controlled trucks with foldable platform
4.2.3.3 Travel with mast raised
4.3 Brakes
4.3.1 General
4.3.2 Failure of energy supply to service brake
4.3.3 Stand-on and pedestrian-controlled trucks
4.4 Manual control actuators
4.4.1 General
4.4.1.1 Consistency with the truck motions
4.4.1.2 Multiple operators
4.4.1.3 Multiple operating positions
4.4.2 Travel and braking controls
4.4.2.1 General
4.4.2.2 Sit-on trucks
4.4.2.3 Stand-on trucks
4.4.2.4 Pedestrian-controlled trucks
4.4.2.5 Differential locking
4.4.2.6 Additional operation from outside the truck
4.4.2.7 Additional operation from alongside pedestrian-controlled and stand-on trucks (coasting)
4.4.3 Steering controls
4.4.3.1 Steering direction
4.4.3.2 Failure of power supply
4.4.4 Load-handling controls
4.4.4.1 Controls
4.4.4.2 Manual-lift systems
4.4.5 Multi-function controls
4.4.6 Controls for automated functions
4.4.7 Marking
4.5 Power systems and accessories
4.5.1 Exhaust and cooling systems
4.5.1.1 Exhaust systems
4.5.1.2 Cooling systems
4.5.2 Fuel tank
4.5.2.1 Tank isolation
4.5.2.2 Fuel spillage
4.5.3 Access to engine and other compartments
4.5.3.1 Engine covers
4.5.3.2 Unintentional closure
4.5.4 Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)-powered trucks
4.5.4.1 Containers
4.5.4.2 Piping
4.5.4.3 Equipment
4.5.4.4 Regional requirements
4.6 Systems for lifting and tilting
4.6.1 Lift chains
4.6.2 Mechanical lifting systems
4.6.2.1 General
4.6.2.2 Failure of lifting/lowering mechanism
4.6.2.3 Lowering speed
4.6.3 Hydraulic lifting and tilting systems
4.6.3.1 Hydraulic lifting systems
4.6.3.2 Lowering speed limitation
4.6.3.3 Limitation of stroke
4.6.3.4 Hydraulic tilting systems
4.6.3.5 Mast tilt and carriage isolation
4.6.4 Hydraulic systems
4.6.4.1 Hydraulic circuits
4.6.4.2 Pressure controls
4.6.4.3 Failure of energy supply to hydraulic circuits
4.6.4.4 Fluid purification
4.6.5 Load-handling and -stacking attachments
4.6.5.1 Unintentional displacement or detachment
4.6.5.2 Malfunction in the power supply system
4.6.5.3 Hydraulic system for attachment
4.6.5.4 Combined hydraulic systems
4.6.5.5 Attachments for lifting freight containers
4.6.5.6 Fork arms
4.6.5.7 Fork carriers
4.7 Operator positions
4.7.1 Dimensions
4.7.2 Operator access and egress
4.7.2.1 General
4.7.2.2 Steps
4.7.2.3 Compartment floors
4.7.2.4 Walkways
4.7.2.5 Hand holds
4.7.3 Platforms
4.7.3.1 General
4.7.3.2 Platforms overhanging the truck chassis
4.7.3.3 Pedestrian-controlled trucks with foldable platforms
4.7.3.4 Stand-on platforms
4.7.3.5 Trucks with foldable platforms and foldable side guards
4.7.4 Operator's seat
4.7.5 Protection from road wheels and objects thrown up by the wheels
4.7.5.1 Ride-on trucks
4.7.5.2 Pedestrian-controlled trucks
4.7.6 Protection from burning
4.7.7 Protection against crushing, shearing and trapping
4.7.7.1 General
4.7.7.2 Minimum distances
4.7.7.3 Attachments
4.7.7.4 Foot protection
4.7.8 Operator restraint
4.7.9 Additional operator positions
4.8 Stability
4.8.1 General
4.8.2 Specific operating conditions
4.8.3 Levelling indicator for rough-terrain trucks
4.9 Protective devices
4.9.1 Overhead guard
4.9.1.1 General
4.9.1.2 Additional fitting against falling small objects
4.9.1.3 Pedestrian-controlled trucks with foldable platform
4.9.2 Load backrest extension
4.9.2.1 Provision for load backrest extension
4.9.2.2 Size of openings
4.9.3 Warning device
4.9.4 Wheels with split wheel rims for inflatable tyres
4.9.5 Traction battery compartment
4.9.5.1 Unauthorized access
4.9.5.2 Metal cover
4.9.5.3 Non-metallic cover
4.9.5.4 Ventilation
4.9.5.5 Resistance to electrolyte
4.9.6 Battery-restraint devices
4.9.7 Starter battery requirements
4.9.8 Handling of batteries
4.10 Visibility and lighting
4.10.1 Visibility
4.10.2 Lighting
4.11 Environmental conditions
4.11.1 Operator's cab
4.11.1.1 General
4.11.1.2 Fire resistance
4.11.1.3 Ventilation
4.11.1.4 Heater, demister and defroster
4.11.1.5 Wipers and washers
4.11.1.6 Access and emergency exit
4.11.1.7 Storage of instruction handbook
4.11.1.8 Additional operator's position
4.11.2 Noise emissions
4.11.3 Vibration
4.11.4 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)
4.11.5 Transport
4.11.5.1 Location for lifting and/or slinging points
4.11.5.2 Tie-down points
4.11.5.3 Slinging of removable attachments
4.12 Devices for towing
5 Verification of safety requirements and/or protective measures
5.1 General
5.2 Structural tests
5.3 Functional verification
6 Information for use
6.1 General
6.2 Instruction handbook
6.2.1 Truck/attachments
6.2.2 Operation of truck
6.2.3 Details for battery-powered trucks
6.2.4 Details for internal-combustion-engine powered trucks
6.2.5 Service and maintenance
6.2.6 Transportation, commissioning and storage
6.2.7 Truck modification
6.3 Marking
6.3.1 Information plates
6.3.1.1 Trucks
6.3.1.2 Removable attachments
6.3.1.3 Tractors
6.3.1.4 Marking of controls
6.3.2 Information plate for trucks operating in special conditions
6.3.3 Other information
6.3.3.1 Marking for slinging of trucks
6.3.3.2 Pneumatic tyre inflation pressure
6.3.3.3 Filling points
6.3.3.4 Warning signs
6.3.4 Languages
6.3.5 Operator restraint
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1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms and definitions
4 Safety requirements and/or protective measures
4.1 General
4.1.1 Overall requirements
4.1.2 Normal climatic conditions
4.1.3 Normal operating conditions
4.1.4 Electrical requirements
4.1.5 Edges or angles
4.1.6 Stored energy components
4.2 Starting/moving
4.2.1 Unauthorized starting
4.2.2 Unintended movement and inadvertent activation
4.2.2.1 Parking brakes
4.2.2.2 Internal-combustion-engine powered trucks
4.2.2.3 Travel controls
4.2.2.4 Powered travel movement
4.2.2.5 Manual gearbox and manually operated clutch pedal
4.2.3 Travel speed
4.2.3.1 Pedestrian-controlled trucks
4.2.3.2 Stand-on trucks and pedestrian-controlled trucks with foldable platform
4.2.3.3 Travel with mast raised
4.3 Brakes
4.3.1 General
4.3.2 Failure of energy supply to service brake
4.3.3 Stand-on and pedestrian-controlled trucks
4.4 Manual control actuators
4.4.1 General
4.4.1.1 Consistency with the truck motions
4.4.1.2 Multiple operators
4.4.1.3 Multiple operating positions
4.4.2 Travel and braking controls
4.4.2.1 General
4.4.2.2 Sit-on trucks
4.4.2.3 Stand-on trucks
4.4.2.4 Pedestrian-controlled trucks
4.4.2.5 Differential locking
4.4.2.6 Additional operation from outside the truck
4.4.2.7 Additional operation from alongside pedestrian-controlled and stand-on trucks (coasting)
4.4.3 Steering controls
4.4.3.1 Steering direction
4.4.3.2 Failure of power supply
4.4.4 Load-handling controls
4.4.4.1 Controls
4.4.4.2 Manual-lift systems
4.4.5 Multi-function controls
4.4.6 Controls for automated functions
4.4.7 Marking
4.5 Power systems and accessories
4.5.1 Exhaust and cooling systems
4.5.1.1 Exhaust systems
4.5.1.2 Cooling systems
4.5.2 Fuel tank
4.5.2.1 Tank isolation
4.5.2.2 Fuel spillage
4.5.3 Access to engine and other compartments
4.5.3.1 Engine covers
4.5.3.2 Unintentional closure
4.5.4 Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)-powered trucks
4.5.4.1 Containers
4.5.4.2 Piping
4.5.4.3 Equipment
4.5.4.4 Regional requirements
4.6 Systems for lifting and tilting
4.6.1 Lift chains
4.6.2 Mechanical lifting systems
4.6.2.1 General
4.6.2.2 Failure of lifting/lowering mechanism
4.6.2.3 Lowering speed
4.6.3 Hydraulic lifting and tilting systems
4.6.3.1 Hydraulic lifting systems
4.6.3.2 Lowering speed limitation
4.6.3.3 Limitation of stroke
4.6.3.4 Hydraulic tilting systems
4.6.3.5 Mast tilt and carriage isolation
4.6.4 Hydraulic systems
4.6.4.1 Hydraulic circuits
4.6.4.2 Pressure controls
4.6.4.3 Failure of energy supply to hydraulic circuits
4.6.4.4 Fluid purification
4.6.5 Load-handling and -stacking attachments
4.6.5.1 Unintentional displacement or detachment
4.6.5.2 Malfunction in the power supply system
4.6.5.3 Hydraulic system for attachment
4.6.5.4 Combined hydraulic systems
4.6.5.5 Attachments for lifting freight containers
4.6.5.6 Fork arms
4.6.5.7 Fork carriers
4.7 Operator positions
4.7.1 Dimensions
4.7.2 Operator access and egress
4.7.2.1 General
4.7.2.2 Steps
4.7.2.3 Compartment floors
4.7.2.4 Walkways
4.7.2.5 Hand holds
4.7.3 Platforms
4.7.3.1 General
4.7.3.2 Platforms overhanging the truck chassis
4.7.3.3 Pedestrian-controlled trucks with foldable platforms
4.7.3.4 Stand-on platforms
4.7.3.5 Trucks with foldable platforms and foldable side guards
4.7.4 Operator's seat
4.7.5 Protection from road wheels and objects thrown up by the wheels
4.7.5.1 Ride-on trucks
4.7.5.2 Pedestrian-controlled trucks
4.7.6 Protection from burning
4.7.7 Protection against crushing, shearing and trapping
4.7.7.1 General
4.7.7.2 Minimum distances
4.7.7.3 Attachments
4.7.7.4 Foot protection
4.7.8 Operator restraint
4.7.9 Additional operator positions
4.8 Stability
4.8.1 General
4.8.2 Specific operating conditions
4.8.3 Levelling indicator for rough-terrain trucks
4.9 Protective devices
4.9.1 Overhead guard
4.9.1.1 General
4.9.1.2 Additional fitting against falling small objects
4.9.1.3 Pedestrian-controlled trucks with foldable platform
4.9.2 Load backrest extension
4.9.2.1 Provision for load backrest extension
4.9.2.2 Size of openings
4.9.3 Warning device
4.9.4 Wheels with split wheel rims for inflatable tyres
4.9.5 Traction battery compartment
4.9.5.1 Unauthorized access
4.9.5.2 Metal cover
4.9.5.3 Non-metallic cover
4.9.5.4 Ventilation
4.9.5.5 Resistance to electrolyte
4.9.6 Battery-restraint devices
4.9.7 Starter battery requirements
4.9.8 Handling of batteries
4.10 Visibility and lighting
4.10.1 Visibility
4.10.2 Lighting
4.11 Environmental conditions
4.11.1 Operator's cab
4.11.1.1 General
4.11.1.2 Fire resistance
4.11.1.3 Ventilation
4.11.1.4 Heater, demister and defroster
4.11.1.5 Wipers and washers
4.11.1.6 Access and emergency exit
4.11.1.7 Storage of instruction handbook
4.11.1.8 Additional operator's position
4.11.2 Noise emissions
4.11.3 Vibration
4.11.4 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)
4.11.5 Transport
4.11.5.1 Location for lifting and/or slinging points
4.11.5.2 Tie-down points
4.11.5.3 Slinging of removable attachments
4.12 Devices for towing
5 Verification of safety requirements and/or protective measures
5.1 General
5.2 Structural tests
5.3 Functional verification
6 Information for use
6.1 General
6.2 Instruction handbook
6.2.1 Truck/attachments
6.2.2 Operation of truck
6.2.3 Details for battery-powered trucks
6.2.4 Details for internal-combustion-engine powered trucks
6.2.5 Service and maintenance
6.2.6 Transportation, commissioning and storage
6.2.7 Truck modification
6.3 Marking
6.3.1 Information plates
6.3.1.1 Trucks
6.3.1.2 Removable attachments
6.3.1.3 Tractors
6.3.1.4 Marking of controls
6.3.2 Information plate for trucks operating in special conditions
6.3.3 Other information
6.3.3.1 Marking for slinging of trucks
6.3.3.2 Pneumatic tyre inflation pressure
6.3.3.3 Filling points
6.3.3.4 Warning signs
6.3.4 Languages
6.3.5 Operator restraint