ISO 24617-9:2019
Language resource management — Semantic annotation framework — Part 9: Reference annotation framework (RAF)
This document provides a comprehensive model for the annotation and representation of referential phenomena in natural language texts and multimodal interactions. Such phenomena can cover simple anaphoric or coreferential mechanisms as well as more complex bridging or multimodal mechanisms. It provides a reference serialisation in XML defined as a customisation of the TEI P5 guidelines. In addition, the document describes the core data categories related to referential entities and link structures, and also needed for the description of annotation schemes and serialisation mechanisms for implementing conformant models as concrete data formats.
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Foreword
Introduction
1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms and definitions
4 Basic principles
5 Meta-model for reference annotation
5.1 Overview
5.2 Referring expressions
5.3 Data categories for referring expressions
5.4 Lexical relations
5.5 Discourse entities
5.6 Objectal relations
5.7 Metadata
6 Abstract syntax, concrete syntax, and semantics of annotations
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Abstract syntax
6.2.1 Conceptual inventory
6.2.2 Annotation structures: Entity structures and link structures
6.3 Semantics
6.3.1 Discourse entity structures and objectal relation links
6.3.2 Referential expression entity structures and lexical relation links
6.4 Implementing an XML serialisation compliant with the TEI P5 guidelines
6.4.1 Introduction
6.4.2 Namespace
6.4.3 Generic principles attached to a TEI compliant serialisation
6.4.4 Feature structures
6.4.5 General document architecture
6.5 Implementation of the Referring expression component
6.6 Implementation of the Discourse entity component
6.7 Implementation of referential relations
6.8 Objectal relations: grouping
6.9 Alternative linking: ambiguity
6.10 Multiple links
6.11 Representing referential chains
6.12 Bridging phenomena
Annex A (normative) Data categories for reference annotation
Annex B (informative) Complementary examples or partial examples referred to in the main text of the document
Bibliography
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Foreword
Introduction
1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms and definitions
4 Basic principles
5 Meta-model for reference annotation
5.1 Overview
5.2 Referring expressions
5.3 Data categories for referring expressions
5.4 Lexical relations
5.5 Discourse entities
5.6 Objectal relations
5.7 Metadata
6 Abstract syntax, concrete syntax, and semantics of annotations
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Abstract syntax
6.2.1 Conceptual inventory
6.2.2 Annotation structures: Entity structures and link structures
6.3 Semantics
6.3.1 Discourse entity structures and objectal relation links
6.3.2 Referential expression entity structures and lexical relation links
6.4 Implementing an XML serialisation compliant with the TEI P5 guidelines
6.4.1 Introduction
6.4.2 Namespace
6.4.3 Generic principles attached to a TEI compliant serialisation
6.4.4 Feature structures
6.4.5 General document architecture
6.5 Implementation of the Referring expression component
6.6 Implementation of the Discourse entity component
6.7 Implementation of referential relations
6.8 Objectal relations: grouping
6.9 Alternative linking: ambiguity
6.10 Multiple links
6.11 Representing referential chains
6.12 Bridging phenomena
Annex A (normative) Data categories for reference annotation
Annex B (informative) Complementary examples or partial examples referred to in the main text of the document
Bibliography