ISO 21654:2021
Solid recovered fuels — Determination of calorific value
This document specifies a method for the determination of gross calorific value of solid recovered fuels at constant volume and at the reference temperature 25 °C in a combustion vessel calorimeter calibrated by combustion of certified benzoic acid.
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Foreword
Introduction
1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms and definitions
4 Principle
4.1 Gross calorific value
4.2 Net calorific value
5 Reagents
6 Laboratory conditions
7 Apparatus
7.1 General
7.2 Auxiliary equipment
7.3 Balances
8 Preparation of test sample
9 Calorimetric procedure
9.1 General
9.2 Preparing the combustion vessel for measurement
9.2.1 General procedure
9.2.2 Using combustion aids
9.3 Assembling the calorimeter
9.4 Combustion reaction and temperature measurements
9.5 Analysis of products of combustion
9.6 Corrected temperature rise 
9.6.1 Observed temperature rise
9.6.2 Isoperibol and static‑jacket calorimeters
9.6.3 Adiabatic calorimeters
9.6.4 Thermometer corrections
9.7 Reference temperature
10 Calibration
10.1 Principle
10.2 Calibration reference
10.2.1 Certification conditions
10.2.2 Calibration conditions
10.3 Valid working range of the effective heat capacity 
10.4 Ancillary contributions
10.5 Calibration procedure
10.6 Calculation of effective heat capacity for the individual experiment
10.6.1 Constant mass‑of‑calorimeter‑water basis
10.6.2 Constant total‑calorimeter‑mass basis
10.7 Precision of the mean value of the effective heat capacity 
10.7.1 Constant value of 
10.7.2  as a function of the observed temperature rise
10.8 Repetition of the determination of effective heat capacity
11 Gross calorific value
11.1 General
11.2 Combustion
11.3 Calculation of gross calorific value
11.3.1 General
11.3.2 Constant mass‑of‑calorimeter‑water basis
11.3.3 Constant total‑calorimeter‑mass basis
11.3.4  as a function of the observed temperature rise
11.4 Expression of results
11.5 Calculation to other bases
12 Precision
12.1 Repeatability limit
12.2 Reproducibility limit
13 Calculation of net calorific value at constant pressure
13.1 General
13.2 Calculations
14 Test report
Annex A (normative) Adiabatic combustion vessel calorimeters
Annex B (normative) Isoperibol and static-jacket combustion vessel calorimeters
Annex C (normative) Automated combustion vessel calorimeters
Annex D (normative) Removed ash contributors
Annex E (informative) Checklists for the design and procedures of combustion experiments
Annex F (informative) Examples to illustrate the main calculations used in this document if an automated (adiabatic) combustion vessel calorimeter is used for determinations
Annex G (informative) List of symbols used in this document
Annex H (informative) Flow chart for a routine calorific value determination
Annex I (informative) Interlaboratory test results
Annex J (informative) Additional terms for the basis of results expression
Annex K (informative) Environmental aspects
Bibliography
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Foreword
Introduction
1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms and definitions
4 Principle
4.1 Gross calorific value
4.2 Net calorific value
5 Reagents
6 Laboratory conditions
7 Apparatus
7.1 General
7.2 Auxiliary equipment
7.3 Balances
8 Preparation of test sample
9 Calorimetric procedure
9.1 General
9.2 Preparing the combustion vessel for measurement
9.2.1 General procedure
9.2.2 Using combustion aids
9.3 Assembling the calorimeter
9.4 Combustion reaction and temperature measurements
9.5 Analysis of products of combustion
9.6 Corrected temperature rise 
9.6.1 Observed temperature rise
9.6.2 Isoperibol and static‑jacket calorimeters
9.6.3 Adiabatic calorimeters
9.6.4 Thermometer corrections
9.7 Reference temperature
10 Calibration
10.1 Principle
10.2 Calibration reference
10.2.1 Certification conditions
10.2.2 Calibration conditions
10.3 Valid working range of the effective heat capacity 
10.4 Ancillary contributions
10.5 Calibration procedure
10.6 Calculation of effective heat capacity for the individual experiment
10.6.1 Constant mass‑of‑calorimeter‑water basis
10.6.2 Constant total‑calorimeter‑mass basis
10.7 Precision of the mean value of the effective heat capacity 
10.7.1 Constant value of 
10.7.2  as a function of the observed temperature rise
10.8 Repetition of the determination of effective heat capacity
11 Gross calorific value
11.1 General
11.2 Combustion
11.3 Calculation of gross calorific value
11.3.1 General
11.3.2 Constant mass‑of‑calorimeter‑water basis
11.3.3 Constant total‑calorimeter‑mass basis
11.3.4  as a function of the observed temperature rise
11.4 Expression of results
11.5 Calculation to other bases
12 Precision
12.1 Repeatability limit
12.2 Reproducibility limit
13 Calculation of net calorific value at constant pressure
13.1 General
13.2 Calculations
14 Test report
Annex A (normative) Adiabatic combustion vessel calorimeters
Annex B (normative) Isoperibol and static-jacket combustion vessel calorimeters
Annex C (normative) Automated combustion vessel calorimeters
Annex D (normative) Removed ash contributors
Annex E (informative) Checklists for the design and procedures of combustion experiments
Annex F (informative) Examples to illustrate the main calculations used in this document if an automated (adiabatic) combustion vessel calorimeter is used for determinations
Annex G (informative) List of symbols used in this document
Annex H (informative) Flow chart for a routine calorific value determination
Annex I (informative) Interlaboratory test results
Annex J (informative) Additional terms for the basis of results expression
Annex K (informative) Environmental aspects
Bibliography