ISO 1928:2020
Coal and coke — Determination of gross calorific value
This document specifies a method for the determination of the gross calorific value of a solid mineral fuel at constant volume and at the reference temperature of 25 °C in a combustion vessel calorimeter calibrated by combustion of certified benzoic acid.
The result obtained is the gross calorific value of the analysis sample at constant volume with all the water of the combustion products as liquid water. In practice, fuel is burned at constant (atmospheric) pressure and the water is not condensed but is removed as vapour with the flue gases. Under these conditions, the operative heat of combustion is the net calorific value of the fuel at constant pressure. The net calorific value at constant volume can also be used; formulae are given for calculating both values.
General principles and procedures for the calibrations and the fuel tests are specified in the main text, whereas those pertaining to the use of a particular type of calorimetric instrument are described in Annexes A to C. Annex D contains checklists for performing calibration and fuel tests using specified types of calorimeters. Annex E gives examples illustrating some of the calculations. Annex F provides guidance around safe use, maintenance and testing of the calorimeter combustion vessel.
NOTE Descriptors: solid fuels, coal, coke, tests, determination, calorific value, rules of calculation, calorimetry.
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Foreword
1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms, definitions and symbols
3.1 Terms and definitions
3.2 Symbols
4 Principle
4.1 Gross calorific value
4.2 Net calorific value
5 Reagents
6 Apparatus
7 Preparation of test sample
8 Calorimetric procedure
8.1 General
8.2 Preparing the combustion vessel for measurement
8.2.1 General procedure
8.2.2 Using a combustion aid
8.3 Assembling the calorimeter
8.4 Combustion reaction and temperature measurements
8.5 Analysis of products of combustion
8.6 Corrected temperature rise
8.6.1 Observed temperature rise, tf − ti
8.6.2 Isoperibol and static-jacket calorimeters
8.6.3 Adiabatic calorimeters
8.6.4 Thermometer corrections
8.7 Reference temperature
9 Calibration
9.1 Principle
9.2 Calibrant
9.2.1 Certification conditions
9.2.2 Calibration conditions
9.3 Valid working range of the effective heat capacity
9.4 Ancillary contributions
9.5 Calibration procedure
9.6 Calculation of effective heat capacity for the individual test
9.6.1 Constant mass-of-calorimeter-water basis
9.6.2 Constant total-calorimeter-mass basis
9.7 Precision of the mean value of the effective heat capacity
9.7.1 Constant value of ε
9.7.2 ε as a function of the observed temperature rise
9.8 Redetermination of the effective heat capacity
10 Gross calorific value
10.1 General
10.2 Coal combustions
10.3 Coke combustions
10.4 Calculation of gross calorific value
10.4.1 General
10.4.2 Constant mass-of-calorimeter-water basis
10.4.3 Constant total-calorimeter-mass basis
10.4.4 ε as a function of the observed temperature rise
10.5 Expression of results
10.6 Calculation to other bases
11 Precision
11.1 Repeatability limit
11.2 Reproducibility limit
12 Calculation of net calorific value
12.1 General
12.2 Calculations
12.2.1 Calculation of net calorific value at constant pressure
12.2.2 Calculation of net calorific value at constant volume
13 Test report
Annex A (informative) Adiabatic calorimeters
Annex B (informative) Isoperibol and static-jacket calorimeters
Annex C (informative) Automated calorimeters
Annex D (informative) Checklists for the design of combustion tests and their procedures
Annex E (informative) Examples to illustrate some of the calculations used in this document
Annex F (informative) Safe use, maintenance and testing of calorimeter combustion vessels
Bibliography
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Foreword
1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms, definitions and symbols
3.1 Terms and definitions
3.2 Symbols
4 Principle
4.1 Gross calorific value
4.2 Net calorific value
5 Reagents
6 Apparatus
7 Preparation of test sample
8 Calorimetric procedure
8.1 General
8.2 Preparing the combustion vessel for measurement
8.2.1 General procedure
8.2.2 Using a combustion aid
8.3 Assembling the calorimeter
8.4 Combustion reaction and temperature measurements
8.5 Analysis of products of combustion
8.6 Corrected temperature rise
8.6.1 Observed temperature rise, tf − ti
8.6.2 Isoperibol and static-jacket calorimeters
8.6.3 Adiabatic calorimeters
8.6.4 Thermometer corrections
8.7 Reference temperature
9 Calibration
9.1 Principle
9.2 Calibrant
9.2.1 Certification conditions
9.2.2 Calibration conditions
9.3 Valid working range of the effective heat capacity
9.4 Ancillary contributions
9.5 Calibration procedure
9.6 Calculation of effective heat capacity for the individual test
9.6.1 Constant mass-of-calorimeter-water basis
9.6.2 Constant total-calorimeter-mass basis
9.7 Precision of the mean value of the effective heat capacity
9.7.1 Constant value of ε
9.7.2 ε as a function of the observed temperature rise
9.8 Redetermination of the effective heat capacity
10 Gross calorific value
10.1 General
10.2 Coal combustions
10.3 Coke combustions
10.4 Calculation of gross calorific value
10.4.1 General
10.4.2 Constant mass-of-calorimeter-water basis
10.4.3 Constant total-calorimeter-mass basis
10.4.4 ε as a function of the observed temperature rise
10.5 Expression of results
10.6 Calculation to other bases
11 Precision
11.1 Repeatability limit
11.2 Reproducibility limit
12 Calculation of net calorific value
12.1 General
12.2 Calculations
12.2.1 Calculation of net calorific value at constant pressure
12.2.2 Calculation of net calorific value at constant volume
13 Test report
Annex A (informative) Adiabatic calorimeters
Annex B (informative) Isoperibol and static-jacket calorimeters
Annex C (informative) Automated calorimeters
Annex D (informative) Checklists for the design of combustion tests and their procedures
Annex E (informative) Examples to illustrate some of the calculations used in this document
Annex F (informative) Safe use, maintenance and testing of calorimeter combustion vessels
Bibliography