ISO 17636-2:2013
Non-destructive testing of welds — Radiographic testing — Part 2: X- and gamma-ray techniques with digital detectors
ISO 17636-2:2013 specifies fundamental techniques of digital radiography with the object of enabling satisfactory and repeatable results to be obtained economically. The techniques are based on generally recognized practice and fundamental theory of the subject.
ISO 17636-2:2013 applies to the digital radiographic examination of fusion welded joints in metallic materials. It applies to the joints of plates and pipes. Besides its conventional meaning, "pipe", as used in this International Standard, covers other cylindrical bodies such as tubes, penstocks, boiler drums, and pressure vessels.
ISO 17636-2:2013 specifies the requirements for digital radiographic X- and gamma-ray testing by either computed radiography (CR) or radiography with digital detector arrays (DDA) of the welded joints of metallic plates and tubes for the detection of imperfections.
Digital detectors provide a digital grey value (GV) image which can be viewed and evaluated using a computer. ISO 17636-2:2013 specifies the recommended procedure for detector selection and radiographic practice. Selection of computer, software, monitor, printer and viewing conditions are important, but are not the main focus of ISO 17636-2:2013. The procedure specified in ISO 17636-2:2013 provides the minimum requirements for radiographic practice which permit exposure and acquisition of digital radiographs with equivalent sensitivity for detection of imperfections as film radiography, as specified in ISO 17636-1.
ISO 17636-2:2013 does not specify acceptance levels for any of the indications found on the digital radiographs.
If contracting parties apply lower test criteria, it is possible that the quality achieved is significantly lower than when ISO 17636-2:2013 is strictly applied.
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1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms and definitions
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms
5 Classification of radiographic techniques and compensation principles
5.1 Classification
5.2 Compensation principles, CP I, CP II or CP III
6 General preparations and requirements
6.1 Protection against ionizing radiation
6.2 Surface preparation and stage of manufacture
6.3 Location of the weld in the radiograph
6.4 Identification of radiographs
6.5 Marking
6.6 Overlap of digital images
6.7 Types and positions of image quality indicators
6.8 Minimum image quality values
6.9 Personnel qualification
7 Recommended techniques for making digital radiographs
7.1 Test arrangements
7.1.1 General
7.1.2 Radiation source located in front of the object and with the detector at the opposite side (see Figure 1)
7.1.3 Radiation source located outside the object and detector inside (see Figures 2 to 4)
7.1.4 Radiation source centrally located inside the object and with the detector outside (see Figures 5 to 7)
7.1.5 Radiation source located off-centre inside the object and detector outside (see Figures 8 to 10)
7.1.6 Elliptic technique (see Figure 11)
7.1.7 Perpendicular technique (see Figure 12)
7.1.8 Radiation source located outside the object and detector on the other side (see Figures 13 to 18)
7.1.9 Technique for different material thicknesses (see Figure 19)
7.2 Choice of tube voltage and radiation source
7.2.1 X-ray devices up to 1 000 kV
7.2.2 Other radiation sources
7.3 Detector systems and metal screens
7.3.1 Minimum normalized signal-to-noise ratio
7.3.2 Compensation principle II
7.3.3 Metal screens for IPs and shielding
7.4 Alignment of beam
7.5 Reduction of scattered radiation
7.5.1 Metal filters and collimators
7.5.2 Interception of backscattered radiation
7.6 Source-to-object distance
7.7 Geometric magnification technique
7.8 Maximum area for a single exposure
7.9 Processing
7.9.1 Scan and read-out of image
7.9.2 Calibration of DDAs
7.9.3 Bad pixel interpolation
7.9.4 Image processing
7.10 Monitor viewing conditions and storage of digital radiographs
8 Test report
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1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms and definitions
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms
5 Classification of radiographic techniques and compensation principles
5.1 Classification
5.2 Compensation principles, CP I, CP II or CP III
6 General preparations and requirements
6.1 Protection against ionizing radiation
6.2 Surface preparation and stage of manufacture
6.3 Location of the weld in the radiograph
6.4 Identification of radiographs
6.5 Marking
6.6 Overlap of digital images
6.7 Types and positions of image quality indicators
6.8 Minimum image quality values
6.9 Personnel qualification
7 Recommended techniques for making digital radiographs
7.1 Test arrangements
7.1.1 General
7.1.2 Radiation source located in front of the object and with the detector at the opposite side (see Figure 1)
7.1.3 Radiation source located outside the object and detector inside (see Figures 2 to 4)
7.1.4 Radiation source centrally located inside the object and with the detector outside (see Figures 5 to 7)
7.1.5 Radiation source located off-centre inside the object and detector outside (see Figures 8 to 10)
7.1.6 Elliptic technique (see Figure 11)
7.1.7 Perpendicular technique (see Figure 12)
7.1.8 Radiation source located outside the object and detector on the other side (see Figures 13 to 18)
7.1.9 Technique for different material thicknesses (see Figure 19)
7.2 Choice of tube voltage and radiation source
7.2.1 X-ray devices up to 1 000 kV
7.2.2 Other radiation sources
7.3 Detector systems and metal screens
7.3.1 Minimum normalized signal-to-noise ratio
7.3.2 Compensation principle II
7.3.3 Metal screens for IPs and shielding
7.4 Alignment of beam
7.5 Reduction of scattered radiation
7.5.1 Metal filters and collimators
7.5.2 Interception of backscattered radiation
7.6 Source-to-object distance
7.7 Geometric magnification technique
7.8 Maximum area for a single exposure
7.9 Processing
7.9.1 Scan and read-out of image
7.9.2 Calibration of DDAs
7.9.3 Bad pixel interpolation
7.9.4 Image processing
7.10 Monitor viewing conditions and storage of digital radiographs
8 Test report