AS/NZS 2885.1:2018
Pipelines - Gas and liquid petroleum - Part 1: Design and construction
Specifies requirements for the design and construction of steel pipelines and associated piping and components that are used to transmit single-phase and multi-phase hydrocarbon fluids. This standard also provides guidelines for use of pipe manufactured from certain non-steel or corrosion-resistant materials, and guidelines for the transport of supercritical carbon dioxide.
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AS/NZS 2885.1:2018 PIPELINES-GAS AND LIQUID PETROLEUM - DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION
PREFACE
CONTENTS
FOREWORD
SECTION 1 SCOPE AND GENERAL
1.1 SCOPE
1.2 APPROVAL
1.3 APPLICATION
1.4 NORMATIVE REFERENCES
1.5 RETROSPECTIVE APPLICATION
1.6 DEFINITIONS
1.7 SYMBOLS AND UNITS
1.8 ABBREVIATIONS
SECTION 2 SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENT
2.1 BASIS OF SECTION
2.2 PIPELINE SYSTEM SAFETY
2.3 ELECTRICAL
2.4 CONSTRUCTION AND COMMISSIONING
2.4.1 Construction safety
2.4.2 Testing safety
2.4.3 Commissioning safety
2.5 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
SECTION 3 PIPELINE MATERIALS
3.1 BASIS OF SECTION
3.2 QUALIFICATION OF MATERIALS
3.2.1 General
3.2.2 Materials conforming with nominated Standards
3.2.3 Materials conforming with Standards not nominated in this Standard
3.2.4 Components for which no standard exists
3.2.5 Reclaimed pipe
3.2.6 Reclaimed components
3.2.7 Pressure test
3.3 IDENTIFICATION OF MATERIALS
3.4 ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR COMPONENTS TO BE WELDED
3.5 ADDITIONAL MECHANICAL PROPERTY REQUIREMENTS
3.5.1 Yield strength
3.5.2 Pipe yield to tensile ratio
3.5.3 Strength de-rating
3.5.4 Fracture toughness
3.5.5 Tensile data for Type 2 and Type 3 strength tests
3.6 REQUIREMENTS FOR TEMPERATURE AFFECTED ITEMS
3.6.1 General
3.6.2 Items heated subsequent to manufacture
3.6.3 Pipe operated at elevated temperatures
3.6.4 Pipe exposed to cryogenic temperatures
3.7 MATERIALS TRACEABILITY AND RECORDS
SECTION 4 PIPELINE SYSTEM DESIGN
4.1 BASIS OF SECTION
4.2 SYSTEM DESIGN
4.2.1 Design basis
4.2.2 Maximum velocity
4.2.3 Design for in-line inspection
4.3 PRESSURES
4.3.1 Pressure design
4.3.2 Hydraulic design
4.3.3 Maximum allowable operating pressure (MAOP)
4.3.4 Minimum strength test pressure
4.4 DESIGN TEMPERATURES
4.5 LOW TEMPERATURE EXCURSIONS
4.6 DESIGN LIFE
4.7 ROUTE
4.7.1 General
4.7.2 Land use investigation
4.7.3 Route selection
4.7.4 Route identification and communication
4.8 ISOLATION
4.8.1 General
4.8.2 Isolation plan
4.8.3 Isolation valves
4.9 PROVISIONS FOR HIGH CONSEQUENCE AREAS
4.9.1 General
4.9.2 No rupture
4.9.3 Maximum energy release rate
4.10 PIPELINE MARKING
4.10.1 General
4.10.2 Sign location
4.10.3 Sign design
SECTION 5 PIPELINE DESIGN
5.1 BASIS OF SECTION
5.2 WALL THICKNESS
5.2.1 General
5.2.2 Nominal wall thickness (tN)
5.2.3 Required wall thickness (tW)
5.2.4 Wall thickness for design internal pressure (tP)
5.2.5 Wall thickness for design internal pressure of bends
5.2.6 Wall thickness design for external pressure
5.2.7 Allowances (G)
5.2.8 Pipe manufacturing tolerance (H)
5.2.9 Wall thickness summary
5.3 FRACTURE CONTROL
5.3.1 General
5.3.2 Fracture control plan
5.3.3 Minimum fracture toughness
5.3.4 Special fracture control plan cases
5.3.5 Brittle fracture control
5.3.6 Tearing fracture control
5.3.7 Fracture control-Pipe materials other than butt-welded steel
5.3.8 Alternative fracture control methods
5.4 EXTERNAL INTERFERENCE PROTECTION
5.4.1 General
5.4.2 Depth of cover
5.4.3 Depth of cover-Rock trench
5.4.4 Design for protection-General requirements
5.4.5 Physical controls
5.4.6 Procedural controls
5.4.7 Other protection
5.5 DAMAGE RESISTANCE
5.5.1 General
5.5.2 Penetration resistance requirements
5.5.3 Calculation of resistance to penetration
5.5.4 Critical defect length
5.6 PREQUALIFIED PIPELINE DESIGN
5.6.1 General
5.6.2 Minimum requirements
5.6.3 Prequalified design coverage
5.6.4 Prequalified design does not apply
5.6.5 Prequalified design not permitted
5.6.6 Prequalified design special cases
5.7 STRESS AND STRAIN
5.7.1 General
5.7.2 Applied loads
5.7.3 Stress due to normal loads
5.7.4 Stresses due to occasional loads
5.7.5 Stresses due to construction
5.7.6 Fatigue
5.7.7 Summary of stress limits
5.7.8 Plastic strain and limit state design methodologies
5.8 SPECIAL CONSTRUCTION
5.8.1 General
5.8.2 Above-ground piping
5.8.3 Pipeline with reduced cover or above-ground
5.8.4 Tunnels and shafts
5.8.5 Trenchless crossings
5.8.6 Submerged crossings
5.8.7 Pipeline attached to a bridge
5.8.8 Road and railway reserves
5.8.9 Land instability and seismic design
5.9 PIPELINE ASSEMBLIES
5.9.1 General
5.9.2 Scraper assemblies
5.9.3 Mainline valve assemblies
5.9.4 Isolating valve assemblies
5.9.5 Pipe separator assemblies
5.9.6 Branch connection assemblies
5.9.7 Attachment of pads, lugs and other welded connections
5.10 JOINTING
5.10.1 General
5.10.2 Welded joints
5.10.3 Flanged joints
5.10.4 Threaded fittings
5.10.5 Other types
5.11 SUPPORTS AND ANCHORS
5.11.1 General
5.11.2 Settlement, scour, and erosion
5.11.3 Design
5.11.4 Forces on an above-ground pipeline
5.11.5 Attachment of anchors, supports and clamps
5.11.6 Restraint due to soil friction
5.11.7 Anchorage at a connection
5.11.8 Support of branch connections
5.12 DESIGN FOR PRESSURE TESTING
5.12.1 General
5.12.2 Pressure test design requirements
5.12.3 Strength test types
5.12.4 Material data requirements for each test type
5.12.5 Design requirements for each strength test type
5.12.6 Pressure test section design
5.12.7 Special pressure test design considerations
SECTION 6 STATION DESIGN
6.1 BASIS OF SECTION
6.2 DESIGN
6.2.1 Location
6.2.2 Layout
6.2.3 Other considerations
6.2.4 Safety
6.3 STATION PIPING
6.3.1 Design standard
6.3.2 Pipework subject to vibration
6.4 STATION EQUIPMENT
6.4.1 General
6.4.2 Pressure vessels
6.4.3 Proprietary equipment
6.4.4 Equipment isolation
6.4.5 Station valves
6.5 STRUCTURES
6.5.1 General
6.5.2 Buildings
6.5.3 Below-ground structures
6.5.4 Corrosion protection
6.5.5 Electrical installations
6.5.6 Drainage
SECTION 7 INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL DESIGN
7.1 BASIS OF SECTION
7.2 CONTROL AND MANAGEMENT OF PIPELINE SYSTEM
7.2.1 Pipeline pressure control
7.2.2 Separation of pipeline sections with different MAOP
7.2.3 Temperature control
7.2.4 Pipeline facility control
7.3 FLUID PROPERTY LIMITS
7.4 SUPERVISORY CONTROL AND DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM (SCADA)
7.5 COMMUNICATION
7.6 CONTROL FACILITIES
SECTION 8 MITIGATION OF CORROSION
8.1 BASIS OF SECTION
8.1.1 General
8.1.2 Materials applicability
8.2 PERSONNEL
8.3 ASSESSMENT OF CORROSION MECHANISMS
8.3.1 General
8.3.2 Internal corrosion
8.3.3 External corrosion
8.3.4 Environmentally assisted cracking
8.3.5 Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC)
8.4 CORROSION MITIGATION METHODS
8.4.1 General
8.4.2 Corrosion mitigation methods
8.5 INTERNAL CORROSION MITIGATION
8.5.1 General
8.5.2 Internal anti-corrosion lining
8.5.3 Corrosion inhibitors and biocides
8.6 EXTERNAL CORROSION MITIGATION
8.6.1 General
8.6.2 External anti-corrosion coating
8.6.3 Cathodic protection
8.7 CORROSION ALLOWANCE
8.7.1 General
8.7.2 Internal corrosion allowance
8.7.3 External corrosion allowance
8.8 CORROSION MONITORING DESIGN
SECTION 9 UPGRADE OF MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE OPERATING PRESSURE (MAOP)
9.1 BASIS OF SECTION
9.2 MAOP UPGRADE PROCESS
9.2.1 Process stages
9.2.2 Upgrade design basis
9.2.3 Data collection
9.2.4 Engineering analysis
9.2.5 Safety management study
9.2.6 Rectification
9.2.7 Revised MAOP
9.2.8 Approval
9.2.9 Commissioning and testing
9.2.10 Records
SECTION 10 CONSTRUCTION
10.1 BASIS OF SECTION
10.2 PRE-CONSTRUCTION SAFETY MANAGEMENT STUDY
10.3 CONSTRUCTION
10.4 LOCATION RECORD
10.4.1 General
10.4.2 Pre-works survey
10.4.3 As-built survey
10.4.4 Trenchless construction survey
10.5 PIPE AND MATERIALS-HAULAGE AND STRINGING
10.5.1 General
10.5.2 Pipe transport
10.5.3 Construction loads
10.5.4 Stringing of pipe on right-of-way
10.6 CLEAR AND GRADE
10.7 CHANGES IN DIRECTION (BENDS)
10.7.1 Accepted methods for changes in direction
10.7.2 Internal access
10.7.3 Changing direction at a butt weld
10.7.4 Bend fabricated from a forged bend or an elbow
10.7.5 Roped bends
10.7.6 Induction bends
10.7.7 Cold-field bends
10.8 TRENCH EXCAVATION
10.8.1 Separation of topsoil
10.8.2 Dimensions of trenches
10.8.3 Bottoms of trenches
10.8.4 Scour prevention
10.9 JOINING OF PIPE AND WELDING TO LINE PIPE
10.9.1 Welded joints
10.9.2 Flanged joints
10.9.3 Attachment of electrical conductors
10.10 JOINT COATING
10.11 LOWER-IN AND BACKFILL
10.11.1 General
10.11.2 Pipe installation requirements
10.11.3 Specifications and procedures for installation
10.12 SPECIAL CONSTRUCTION
10.12.1 Underground structures
10.12.2 Casings, culverts, tunnels and slabs
10.12.3 Submerged crossings
10.12.4 Trenchless installations
10.12.5 Construction at stations
10.12.6 Electrical equipment installed in hazardous areas
10.12.7 System controls
10.13 REINSTATEMENT
10.14 PREPARATION FOR PRESSURE TESTING AND HANDOVER
10.14.1 Cleaning and gauging pipelines
10.14.2 As-builts and recordkeeping
10.14.3 Cathodic protection system
SECTION 11 INSPECTIONS AND TESTING
11.1 BASIS OF SECTION
11.2 PERSONNEL
11.3 INSPECTION AND TEST PLANS AND PROCEDURES
11.4 CONSTRUCTION INSPECTION AND ASSESSMENT
11.4.1 General
11.4.2 Coating inspection
11.4.3 Ovality
11.4.4 Buckles
11.4.5 Dents
11.4.6 Gouges, grooves and notches
11.4.7 Laminations and notches
11.5 REPAIR OF PIPE DEFECTS
11.6 COATING INTEGRITY TESTING
11.7 FIELD PRESSURE TESTING
11.7.1 Application
11.7.2 Exemptions from a field pressure test
11.7.3 Preliminary test
11.7.4 Test procedure
11.7.5 Strength test pressures
11.7.6 Testing with air or gas
11.7.7 Pressure test acceptance criteria
11.8 COMMENCEMENT OF PATROLLING
SECTION 12 COMMISSIONING
12.1 BASIS OF SECTION
12.2 GENERAL
12.3 PLANNING
12.3.1 General
12.3.2 Activities requiring special consideration
12.4 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION RECORDS
12.5 TRAINING
12.6 SAFETY TAG SYSTEM
12.7 PRE-COMMISISONING
12.7.1 General
12.7.2 Documentation and handover for commissioning
12.7.3 Design and construction errors-Management and as-building documentation
12.7.4 Cleaning and continuity testing
12.7.5 Equipment pre-commissioning
12.7.6 Control system testing
12.7.7 Pre-commissioning of safety critical devices
12.7.8 Pre-commissioning of SCADA
12.8 COMMISSIONING AND TESTING
12.8.1 General
12.8.2 Pipeline purge and pressurization (gas pipelines)
12.8.3 Filling a liquid petroleum pipeline
12.8.4 Filling a high vapour pressure liquid (HVPL) pipeline
12.8.5 Commissioning pressure control and metering equipment
12.8.6 Commissioning SCADA equipment
12.8.7 Commissioning cathodic protection systems
12.9 PERFORMANCE TEST
12.10 HANDOVER
12.11 DELAYED COMMENCEMENT OF OPERATION
SECTION 13 DOCUMENTATION
13.1 GENERAL
13.2 RECORDS
APPENDIX A - PREFERRED METHOD FOR TENSILE TESTING OF LINE PIPE DURING MANUFACTURE
A1 APPLICABILITY
A2 METHOD FOR DETERMINING TENSILE PROPERTIES
APPENDIX B - GUIDANCE FOR USE OF A DESIGN FACTOR ABOVE 0.72
B1 BACKGROUND
B2 ECONOMIC AND RISK CONSIDERATIONS
B3 STRENGTH AND WELDABILTY
B4 PIPELINE LOADS
B5 PIPE COATING
B6 FIELD BENDING
B7 INDUCTION BENDING
B8 PRESSURE TESTING
B8.1 General
B8.2 Strength data risk
B8.3 Mechanical test information required for field pressure strength testing
APPENDIX C - FRACTURE CONTROL PLAN FOR STEEL PIPELINES
C1 GENERAL
C2 THE BASIS OF FRACTURE CONTROL
C3 FACTORS AFFECTING BRITTLE AND TEARING DUCTILE FRACTURE
C3.1 General
C3.2 Fluid parameters
C3.3 Operating parameters
C3.4 Diameter limits
C3.5 Calculation of Charpy energy requirements for the arrest of ductile tearing fracture
C4 GUIDANCE ON TEST TEMPERATURE SPECIFICATION
C5 OTHER CONSIDERATIONS
C5.1 Smaller diameter-High pressure pipe
C5.2 Decompression behaviour and rich and multi-phase gases
C6 REFERENCES
APPENDIX D - FRACTURE TOUGHNESS TEST METHODS
D1 SCOPE
D2 SAMPLING
D3 FRACTURE APPEARANCE TESTING FOR CONTROL OF BRITTLE FRACTURE
D3.1 General
D3.2 Test specimens
D3.3 Test temperature
D3.4 Criteria of acceptance
D4 ENERGY ABSORPTION TESTING FOR CONTROL OF LOW ENERGY TEARING DUCTILE FRACTURE
D4.1 General
D4.2 Test specimens
D4.3 Test temperature
D4.4 Adjustment for specimen thickness
APPENDIX E - RESISTANCE TO PENETRATION
E1 GENERAL
E2 APPLICATION
E2.1 Uncertainty
E2.2 New knowledge
E2.3 New pipelines
E2.4 Existing pipelines
E3 CALCULATIONS
E4 THREAT INVESTIGATION AND TOOTH TYPES
E5 TOOTH AND HOLE DIMENSIONS
E6 TOOL FORCE
E7 FACTOR B
E8 AUSTRALIAN FIELD TRIALS
E9 WORKED EXAMPLE
E9.1 Calculations
E9.2 Interpretation
E9.3 Application to new pipelines
E9.4 Application to existing pipeline
APPENDIX F - STRESS TYPES AND DEFINITIONS
F1 GENERAL
F2 Terminology
F2.1 Variables
F2.2 Modifiers
F3 STRESS FROM FORCES AND MOMENTS
F4 STRESS DUE TO PRESSURE
F4.1 General
F4.2 Hoop stress
F4.3 Radial stress
F4.4 Longitudinal stress
F4.5 Other pressure effects
F5 STRESS DUE TO TEMPERATURE
F6 COMBINED STRESS
F6.1 Equivalent stress
F6.2 Expansion stress
APPENDIX G - EXTERNAL LOADS
G1 GENERAL
G2 API RP 1102
G3 LOAD SITUATIONS
G4 VEHICLE LOADS
G5 EQUIVALENT API RP 1102 LOADS
G6 OTHER DESIGN METHODS
APPENDIX H - STRESS CALCULATION WORKED EXAMPLES
H1 GENERAL
H2 EXAMPLE 1: FULLY-RESTRAINED PIPE OPERATING ENVELOPE
H3 EXAMPLE 2: END OF LINE FORCES
APPENDIX I - PIPE STRESS ANALYSIS
I1 GENERAL
I2 FAILURE MODES AND CRITERIA
I3 HOOP STRESS
I4 LONGITUDINAL STRESS
I4.1 Unrestrained pipe
I4.2 Restrained pipe
I4.3 Partially-restrained pipe
I5 USE OF STRESS ANALYSIS SOFTWARE
APPENDIX J - FATIGUE
J1 GENERAL
J2 PRESSURE CYCLE FATIGUE
J2.1 General
J2.2 Materials
J2.3 Definition of fatigue life
J2.4 Design
J2.5 Definition of stress cycles
J2.6 Revalidation
J3 ACOUSTICALLY AND FLOW INDUCED VIBRATION
APPENDIX K - LAND STABILITY AND SEISMIC DESIGN
K1 LAND INSTABILITY DESIGN-INTRODCTION
K2 SEISMIC FAULT DISPLACEMENT
K3 SEISMIC WAVE PROPAGATION
K4 GROUND SHAKING AND ABOVE GROUND FACILITIES
K5 DIFFERENTIAL GROUND MOVEMENT
K5.1 Differential ground movement threat identification
K5.2 Differential ground movement threat mitigation
K5.3 Differential ground movement form
K6 FURTHER PIPELINE CONSIDERATIONS IN AREAS OF GEOTECHNICAL CONCERNS
K6.1 Pipeline load condition
K6.2 Pipeline flexibility, un-anchored length and restraint
K6.3 Pipeline material strength, elongation and yield to tensile ratio
K6.4 Girth weld strength
K6.5 Pipeline leak detection and isolation facilities
K6.6 Coating selection
K6.7 Pipeline as-built survey
K6.8 Local pipeline monitoring
APPENDIX L - REINFORCEMENT OF WELDED BRANCH CONNECTIONS
L1 SCOPE
L2 REINFORCEMENT OF SINGLE WELDED BRANCH CONNECTIONS
L3 REINFORCEMENT OF MULTIPLE OPENINGS
L3.1 Overlapping of effective reinforcement areas
L3.2 Minimum distance between adjacent openings
L3.3 Closely spaced openings
L4 EXTRUDED OUTLET
APPENDIX M - TEST SECTION ANALYSIS USING ENGINEERING SOFTWARE (OR FEA METHODS)
M1 GENERAL
M2 ENGINEERING SOFTWARE
M3 USE OF FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS (FEA) AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO ENGINEERING SOFTWARE
M4 STRAIN TO FAILURE
M5 DATA REQUIREMENTS
M6 METHOD OF GENERATING A STRESS-STRAIN CURVE BASED ON RING EXPANSION (RE) AND FLATTENED BAR TRANSVERSE (FBT) TENSILE...
M7 ENGINEERING SOFTWARE
APPENDIX N - FACTORS AFFECTING CORROSION
N1 GENERAL
N2 INTERNAL CORROSION
N3 EXTERNAL CORROSION
N4 ENVIRONMENTALLY ASSISTED CRACKING
N5 CORROSION PRIOR TO COMMISSIONING
APPENDIX O - ENVIRONMENT-RELATED CRACKING
O1 GENERAL
O2 HIGH pH (CLASSICAL) STRESS CORROSION CRACKING
O2.1 Description
O2.2 Conditions
O3 NEAR-NEUTRAL (LOW pH) STRESS CORROSION CRACKING
O3.1 Description
O3.2 Conditions
O4 HYDROGEN SULFIDE CRACKING
O4.1 General
O4.2 Hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC)
O4.3 Sulfide stress corrosion cracking (SSCC)
O5 HYDROGEN-ASSISTED COLD CRACKING (HACC)
O6 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS TO MITIGATE STRESS-CORROSION CRACKING
O6.1 General
O6.2 Stress
O6.3 Cyclic variation of stress
O6.4 Pipeline anti-corrosion coating
O6.5 Age of pipeline
O6.6 Soil environment
O6.7 Surface preparation
O6.8 Cathodic protection system
O6.9 Pipe wall temperature
O7 REFERENCES
APPENDIX P - INFORMATION FOR CATHODIC PROTECTION
APPENDIX Q - MITIGATION OF EFFECTS FROM HIGH VOLTAGE ELECTRICAL POWERLINES
Q1 GENERAL
Q1.1 Introduction
Q1.2 Powerline effects
Q1.3 Mitigative measures
Q2 ACCEPTANCE VOLTAGE LIMITS
Q3 ASSESSMENT OF HAZARD
APPENDIX R - PROCEDURE QUALIFICATION FOR COLD FIELD BENDS
R1 INTRODUCTION
R2 BASIS OF REQUIREMENTS FOR COLD FIELD BENDS
R3 OBJECTIVES
R4 SUGGESTED METHOD
APPENDIX S - FIBREGLASS PIPE-MANUFACTURE, DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION GUIDELINES
S1 INTRODUCTION
S2 PIPE PROPERTIES
S2.1 Physical properties
S2.2 Damage
S2.3 Failure modes
S3 PIPE SPECIFICATION
S3.1 Pressure definition
S3.2 Process conditions
S3.3 Pressure test conditions
S3.4 Bends
S3.5 Pressure design
S3.6 Joint selection
S4 PIPE MANUFACTURE
S4.1 Pipe standards
S4.2 Shop pressure testing
S4.3 Quality records
S5 PIPELINE DESIGN
S5.1 General
S5.2 Physical properties of the pipe required for design and analysis
S5.3 Structural design
S5.4 Transient loads
S5.5 Load combinations
S5.6 High temperature design
S5.7 Design tools
S5.8 Burial and crossing design
S5.9 Environmental loads
S5.10 External interference risk
S5.11 Static electricity
S5.12 Fire
S5.13 Hazardous area classification
S6 PIPELINE CONSTRUCTION
S6.1 General
S6.2 Competence and training
S6.3 Receipt, storage and handling
S6.4 Installation
S6.5 Supervision and inspection
S6.6 Quality records
S6.7 Pressure testing
S6.8 Pigging and gauging
S7 MAINTENANCE
S7.1 Repair methods
APPENDIX T - GUIDELINES FOR PIPELINES FOR THE TRANSPORT OF CO2
T1 GENERAL
T1.1 Scope
T1.2 Characteristics of CO2
T2 SAFETY
T2.1 General
T2.2 CO2 release and dispersion behaviour
T2.3 CO2 and H2S health impacts
T2.4 Corrosion risk
T3 MATERIALS AND COMPONENTS
T3.1 Pipe and general
T3.2 Non-metallic materials
T3.3 Pipe coating and internal lining
T4 DESIGN-GENERAL
T4.1 CO2 process design
T4.2 Pipeline route, location classification and high consequence areas
T4.3 Mainline valves
T4.4 Depressurization and discharge of CO2
T4.5 Repressurization
T4.6 Temperature
T4.7 Stress and strain
T4.8 Design for pressure testing and drying
T5 FRACTURE CONTROL
T5.1 General
T5.2 Fracture control design
T6 STATION DESIGN
T7 INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL DESIGN
T8 MITIGATION OF CORROSION
T9 UPGRADE OF MAOP
T10 INSPECTION AND TESTING
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References
Pipelines - Gas and liquid petroleum - Part 4: Submarine pipeline systems
Pipelines - Gas and liquid petroleum - Part 6: Pipeline safety management
Lighting for roads and public spaces - Part 6: Luminaires - Performance
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Pipelines Safe Work Instrument - Health and Safety in Employment
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Section: Safe Work Instrument 2023
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AS/NZS 2885.1:2018 PIPELINES-GAS AND LIQUID PETROLEUM - DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION
PREFACE
CONTENTS
FOREWORD
SECTION 1 SCOPE AND GENERAL
1.1 SCOPE
1.2 APPROVAL
1.3 APPLICATION
1.4 NORMATIVE REFERENCES
1.5 RETROSPECTIVE APPLICATION
1.6 DEFINITIONS
1.7 SYMBOLS AND UNITS
1.8 ABBREVIATIONS
SECTION 2 SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENT
2.1 BASIS OF SECTION
2.2 PIPELINE SYSTEM SAFETY
2.3 ELECTRICAL
2.4 CONSTRUCTION AND COMMISSIONING
2.4.1 Construction safety
2.4.2 Testing safety
2.4.3 Commissioning safety
2.5 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
SECTION 3 PIPELINE MATERIALS
3.1 BASIS OF SECTION
3.2 QUALIFICATION OF MATERIALS
3.2.1 General
3.2.2 Materials conforming with nominated Standards
3.2.3 Materials conforming with Standards not nominated in this Standard
3.2.4 Components for which no standard exists
3.2.5 Reclaimed pipe
3.2.6 Reclaimed components
3.2.7 Pressure test
3.3 IDENTIFICATION OF MATERIALS
3.4 ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR COMPONENTS TO BE WELDED
3.5 ADDITIONAL MECHANICAL PROPERTY REQUIREMENTS
3.5.1 Yield strength
3.5.2 Pipe yield to tensile ratio
3.5.3 Strength de-rating
3.5.4 Fracture toughness
3.5.5 Tensile data for Type 2 and Type 3 strength tests
3.6 REQUIREMENTS FOR TEMPERATURE AFFECTED ITEMS
3.6.1 General
3.6.2 Items heated subsequent to manufacture
3.6.3 Pipe operated at elevated temperatures
3.6.4 Pipe exposed to cryogenic temperatures
3.7 MATERIALS TRACEABILITY AND RECORDS
SECTION 4 PIPELINE SYSTEM DESIGN
4.1 BASIS OF SECTION
4.2 SYSTEM DESIGN
4.2.1 Design basis
4.2.2 Maximum velocity
4.2.3 Design for in-line inspection
4.3 PRESSURES
4.3.1 Pressure design
4.3.2 Hydraulic design
4.3.3 Maximum allowable operating pressure (MAOP)
4.3.4 Minimum strength test pressure
4.4 DESIGN TEMPERATURES
4.5 LOW TEMPERATURE EXCURSIONS
4.6 DESIGN LIFE
4.7 ROUTE
4.7.1 General
4.7.2 Land use investigation
4.7.3 Route selection
4.7.4 Route identification and communication
4.8 ISOLATION
4.8.1 General
4.8.2 Isolation plan
4.8.3 Isolation valves
4.9 PROVISIONS FOR HIGH CONSEQUENCE AREAS
4.9.1 General
4.9.2 No rupture
4.9.3 Maximum energy release rate
4.10 PIPELINE MARKING
4.10.1 General
4.10.2 Sign location
4.10.3 Sign design
SECTION 5 PIPELINE DESIGN
5.1 BASIS OF SECTION
5.2 WALL THICKNESS
5.2.1 General
5.2.2 Nominal wall thickness (tN)
5.2.3 Required wall thickness (tW)
5.2.4 Wall thickness for design internal pressure (tP)
5.2.5 Wall thickness for design internal pressure of bends
5.2.6 Wall thickness design for external pressure
5.2.7 Allowances (G)
5.2.8 Pipe manufacturing tolerance (H)
5.2.9 Wall thickness summary
5.3 FRACTURE CONTROL
5.3.1 General
5.3.2 Fracture control plan
5.3.3 Minimum fracture toughness
5.3.4 Special fracture control plan cases
5.3.5 Brittle fracture control
5.3.6 Tearing fracture control
5.3.7 Fracture control-Pipe materials other than butt-welded steel
5.3.8 Alternative fracture control methods
5.4 EXTERNAL INTERFERENCE PROTECTION
5.4.1 General
5.4.2 Depth of cover
5.4.3 Depth of cover-Rock trench
5.4.4 Design for protection-General requirements
5.4.5 Physical controls
5.4.6 Procedural controls
5.4.7 Other protection
5.5 DAMAGE RESISTANCE
5.5.1 General
5.5.2 Penetration resistance requirements
5.5.3 Calculation of resistance to penetration
5.5.4 Critical defect length
5.6 PREQUALIFIED PIPELINE DESIGN
5.6.1 General
5.6.2 Minimum requirements
5.6.3 Prequalified design coverage
5.6.4 Prequalified design does not apply
5.6.5 Prequalified design not permitted
5.6.6 Prequalified design special cases
5.7 STRESS AND STRAIN
5.7.1 General
5.7.2 Applied loads
5.7.3 Stress due to normal loads
5.7.4 Stresses due to occasional loads
5.7.5 Stresses due to construction
5.7.6 Fatigue
5.7.7 Summary of stress limits
5.7.8 Plastic strain and limit state design methodologies
5.8 SPECIAL CONSTRUCTION
5.8.1 General
5.8.2 Above-ground piping
5.8.3 Pipeline with reduced cover or above-ground
5.8.4 Tunnels and shafts
5.8.5 Trenchless crossings
5.8.6 Submerged crossings
5.8.7 Pipeline attached to a bridge
5.8.8 Road and railway reserves
5.8.9 Land instability and seismic design
5.9 PIPELINE ASSEMBLIES
5.9.1 General
5.9.2 Scraper assemblies
5.9.3 Mainline valve assemblies
5.9.4 Isolating valve assemblies
5.9.5 Pipe separator assemblies
5.9.6 Branch connection assemblies
5.9.7 Attachment of pads, lugs and other welded connections
5.10 JOINTING
5.10.1 General
5.10.2 Welded joints
5.10.3 Flanged joints
5.10.4 Threaded fittings
5.10.5 Other types
5.11 SUPPORTS AND ANCHORS
5.11.1 General
5.11.2 Settlement, scour, and erosion
5.11.3 Design
5.11.4 Forces on an above-ground pipeline
5.11.5 Attachment of anchors, supports and clamps
5.11.6 Restraint due to soil friction
5.11.7 Anchorage at a connection
5.11.8 Support of branch connections
5.12 DESIGN FOR PRESSURE TESTING
5.12.1 General
5.12.2 Pressure test design requirements
5.12.3 Strength test types
5.12.4 Material data requirements for each test type
5.12.5 Design requirements for each strength test type
5.12.6 Pressure test section design
5.12.7 Special pressure test design considerations
SECTION 6 STATION DESIGN
6.1 BASIS OF SECTION
6.2 DESIGN
6.2.1 Location
6.2.2 Layout
6.2.3 Other considerations
6.2.4 Safety
6.3 STATION PIPING
6.3.1 Design standard
6.3.2 Pipework subject to vibration
6.4 STATION EQUIPMENT
6.4.1 General
6.4.2 Pressure vessels
6.4.3 Proprietary equipment
6.4.4 Equipment isolation
6.4.5 Station valves
6.5 STRUCTURES
6.5.1 General
6.5.2 Buildings
6.5.3 Below-ground structures
6.5.4 Corrosion protection
6.5.5 Electrical installations
6.5.6 Drainage
SECTION 7 INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL DESIGN
7.1 BASIS OF SECTION
7.2 CONTROL AND MANAGEMENT OF PIPELINE SYSTEM
7.2.1 Pipeline pressure control
7.2.2 Separation of pipeline sections with different MAOP
7.2.3 Temperature control
7.2.4 Pipeline facility control
7.3 FLUID PROPERTY LIMITS
7.4 SUPERVISORY CONTROL AND DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM (SCADA)
7.5 COMMUNICATION
7.6 CONTROL FACILITIES
SECTION 8 MITIGATION OF CORROSION
8.1 BASIS OF SECTION
8.1.1 General
8.1.2 Materials applicability
8.2 PERSONNEL
8.3 ASSESSMENT OF CORROSION MECHANISMS
8.3.1 General
8.3.2 Internal corrosion
8.3.3 External corrosion
8.3.4 Environmentally assisted cracking
8.3.5 Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC)
8.4 CORROSION MITIGATION METHODS
8.4.1 General
8.4.2 Corrosion mitigation methods
8.5 INTERNAL CORROSION MITIGATION
8.5.1 General
8.5.2 Internal anti-corrosion lining
8.5.3 Corrosion inhibitors and biocides
8.6 EXTERNAL CORROSION MITIGATION
8.6.1 General
8.6.2 External anti-corrosion coating
8.6.3 Cathodic protection
8.7 CORROSION ALLOWANCE
8.7.1 General
8.7.2 Internal corrosion allowance
8.7.3 External corrosion allowance
8.8 CORROSION MONITORING DESIGN
SECTION 9 UPGRADE OF MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE OPERATING PRESSURE (MAOP)
9.1 BASIS OF SECTION
9.2 MAOP UPGRADE PROCESS
9.2.1 Process stages
9.2.2 Upgrade design basis
9.2.3 Data collection
9.2.4 Engineering analysis
9.2.5 Safety management study
9.2.6 Rectification
9.2.7 Revised MAOP
9.2.8 Approval
9.2.9 Commissioning and testing
9.2.10 Records
SECTION 10 CONSTRUCTION
10.1 BASIS OF SECTION
10.2 PRE-CONSTRUCTION SAFETY MANAGEMENT STUDY
10.3 CONSTRUCTION
10.4 LOCATION RECORD
10.4.1 General
10.4.2 Pre-works survey
10.4.3 As-built survey
10.4.4 Trenchless construction survey
10.5 PIPE AND MATERIALS-HAULAGE AND STRINGING
10.5.1 General
10.5.2 Pipe transport
10.5.3 Construction loads
10.5.4 Stringing of pipe on right-of-way
10.6 CLEAR AND GRADE
10.7 CHANGES IN DIRECTION (BENDS)
10.7.1 Accepted methods for changes in direction
10.7.2 Internal access
10.7.3 Changing direction at a butt weld
10.7.4 Bend fabricated from a forged bend or an elbow
10.7.5 Roped bends
10.7.6 Induction bends
10.7.7 Cold-field bends
10.8 TRENCH EXCAVATION
10.8.1 Separation of topsoil
10.8.2 Dimensions of trenches
10.8.3 Bottoms of trenches
10.8.4 Scour prevention
10.9 JOINING OF PIPE AND WELDING TO LINE PIPE
10.9.1 Welded joints
10.9.2 Flanged joints
10.9.3 Attachment of electrical conductors
10.10 JOINT COATING
10.11 LOWER-IN AND BACKFILL
10.11.1 General
10.11.2 Pipe installation requirements
10.11.3 Specifications and procedures for installation
10.12 SPECIAL CONSTRUCTION
10.12.1 Underground structures
10.12.2 Casings, culverts, tunnels and slabs
10.12.3 Submerged crossings
10.12.4 Trenchless installations
10.12.5 Construction at stations
10.12.6 Electrical equipment installed in hazardous areas
10.12.7 System controls
10.13 REINSTATEMENT
10.14 PREPARATION FOR PRESSURE TESTING AND HANDOVER
10.14.1 Cleaning and gauging pipelines
10.14.2 As-builts and recordkeeping
10.14.3 Cathodic protection system
SECTION 11 INSPECTIONS AND TESTING
11.1 BASIS OF SECTION
11.2 PERSONNEL
11.3 INSPECTION AND TEST PLANS AND PROCEDURES
11.4 CONSTRUCTION INSPECTION AND ASSESSMENT
11.4.1 General
11.4.2 Coating inspection
11.4.3 Ovality
11.4.4 Buckles
11.4.5 Dents
11.4.6 Gouges, grooves and notches
11.4.7 Laminations and notches
11.5 REPAIR OF PIPE DEFECTS
11.6 COATING INTEGRITY TESTING
11.7 FIELD PRESSURE TESTING
11.7.1 Application
11.7.2 Exemptions from a field pressure test
11.7.3 Preliminary test
11.7.4 Test procedure
11.7.5 Strength test pressures
11.7.6 Testing with air or gas
11.7.7 Pressure test acceptance criteria
11.8 COMMENCEMENT OF PATROLLING
SECTION 12 COMMISSIONING
12.1 BASIS OF SECTION
12.2 GENERAL
12.3 PLANNING
12.3.1 General
12.3.2 Activities requiring special consideration
12.4 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION RECORDS
12.5 TRAINING
12.6 SAFETY TAG SYSTEM
12.7 PRE-COMMISISONING
12.7.1 General
12.7.2 Documentation and handover for commissioning
12.7.3 Design and construction errors-Management and as-building documentation
12.7.4 Cleaning and continuity testing
12.7.5 Equipment pre-commissioning
12.7.6 Control system testing
12.7.7 Pre-commissioning of safety critical devices
12.7.8 Pre-commissioning of SCADA
12.8 COMMISSIONING AND TESTING
12.8.1 General
12.8.2 Pipeline purge and pressurization (gas pipelines)
12.8.3 Filling a liquid petroleum pipeline
12.8.4 Filling a high vapour pressure liquid (HVPL) pipeline
12.8.5 Commissioning pressure control and metering equipment
12.8.6 Commissioning SCADA equipment
12.8.7 Commissioning cathodic protection systems
12.9 PERFORMANCE TEST
12.10 HANDOVER
12.11 DELAYED COMMENCEMENT OF OPERATION
SECTION 13 DOCUMENTATION
13.1 GENERAL
13.2 RECORDS
APPENDIX A - PREFERRED METHOD FOR TENSILE TESTING OF LINE PIPE DURING MANUFACTURE
A1 APPLICABILITY
A2 METHOD FOR DETERMINING TENSILE PROPERTIES
APPENDIX B - GUIDANCE FOR USE OF A DESIGN FACTOR ABOVE 0.72
B1 BACKGROUND
B2 ECONOMIC AND RISK CONSIDERATIONS
B3 STRENGTH AND WELDABILTY
B4 PIPELINE LOADS
B5 PIPE COATING
B6 FIELD BENDING
B7 INDUCTION BENDING
B8 PRESSURE TESTING
B8.1 General
B8.2 Strength data risk
B8.3 Mechanical test information required for field pressure strength testing
APPENDIX C - FRACTURE CONTROL PLAN FOR STEEL PIPELINES
C1 GENERAL
C2 THE BASIS OF FRACTURE CONTROL
C3 FACTORS AFFECTING BRITTLE AND TEARING DUCTILE FRACTURE
C3.1 General
C3.2 Fluid parameters
C3.3 Operating parameters
C3.4 Diameter limits
C3.5 Calculation of Charpy energy requirements for the arrest of ductile tearing fracture
C4 GUIDANCE ON TEST TEMPERATURE SPECIFICATION
C5 OTHER CONSIDERATIONS
C5.1 Smaller diameter-High pressure pipe
C5.2 Decompression behaviour and rich and multi-phase gases
C6 REFERENCES
APPENDIX D - FRACTURE TOUGHNESS TEST METHODS
D1 SCOPE
D2 SAMPLING
D3 FRACTURE APPEARANCE TESTING FOR CONTROL OF BRITTLE FRACTURE
D3.1 General
D3.2 Test specimens
D3.3 Test temperature
D3.4 Criteria of acceptance
D4 ENERGY ABSORPTION TESTING FOR CONTROL OF LOW ENERGY TEARING DUCTILE FRACTURE
D4.1 General
D4.2 Test specimens
D4.3 Test temperature
D4.4 Adjustment for specimen thickness
APPENDIX E - RESISTANCE TO PENETRATION
E1 GENERAL
E2 APPLICATION
E2.1 Uncertainty
E2.2 New knowledge
E2.3 New pipelines
E2.4 Existing pipelines
E3 CALCULATIONS
E4 THREAT INVESTIGATION AND TOOTH TYPES
E5 TOOTH AND HOLE DIMENSIONS
E6 TOOL FORCE
E7 FACTOR B
E8 AUSTRALIAN FIELD TRIALS
E9 WORKED EXAMPLE
E9.1 Calculations
E9.2 Interpretation
E9.3 Application to new pipelines
E9.4 Application to existing pipeline
APPENDIX F - STRESS TYPES AND DEFINITIONS
F1 GENERAL
F2 Terminology
F2.1 Variables
F2.2 Modifiers
F3 STRESS FROM FORCES AND MOMENTS
F4 STRESS DUE TO PRESSURE
F4.1 General
F4.2 Hoop stress
F4.3 Radial stress
F4.4 Longitudinal stress
F4.5 Other pressure effects
F5 STRESS DUE TO TEMPERATURE
F6 COMBINED STRESS
F6.1 Equivalent stress
F6.2 Expansion stress
APPENDIX G - EXTERNAL LOADS
G1 GENERAL
G2 API RP 1102
G3 LOAD SITUATIONS
G4 VEHICLE LOADS
G5 EQUIVALENT API RP 1102 LOADS
G6 OTHER DESIGN METHODS
APPENDIX H - STRESS CALCULATION WORKED EXAMPLES
H1 GENERAL
H2 EXAMPLE 1: FULLY-RESTRAINED PIPE OPERATING ENVELOPE
H3 EXAMPLE 2: END OF LINE FORCES
APPENDIX I - PIPE STRESS ANALYSIS
I1 GENERAL
I2 FAILURE MODES AND CRITERIA
I3 HOOP STRESS
I4 LONGITUDINAL STRESS
I4.1 Unrestrained pipe
I4.2 Restrained pipe
I4.3 Partially-restrained pipe
I5 USE OF STRESS ANALYSIS SOFTWARE
APPENDIX J - FATIGUE
J1 GENERAL
J2 PRESSURE CYCLE FATIGUE
J2.1 General
J2.2 Materials
J2.3 Definition of fatigue life
J2.4 Design
J2.5 Definition of stress cycles
J2.6 Revalidation
J3 ACOUSTICALLY AND FLOW INDUCED VIBRATION
APPENDIX K - LAND STABILITY AND SEISMIC DESIGN
K1 LAND INSTABILITY DESIGN-INTRODCTION
K2 SEISMIC FAULT DISPLACEMENT
K3 SEISMIC WAVE PROPAGATION
K4 GROUND SHAKING AND ABOVE GROUND FACILITIES
K5 DIFFERENTIAL GROUND MOVEMENT
K5.1 Differential ground movement threat identification
K5.2 Differential ground movement threat mitigation
K5.3 Differential ground movement form
K6 FURTHER PIPELINE CONSIDERATIONS IN AREAS OF GEOTECHNICAL CONCERNS
K6.1 Pipeline load condition
K6.2 Pipeline flexibility, un-anchored length and restraint
K6.3 Pipeline material strength, elongation and yield to tensile ratio
K6.4 Girth weld strength
K6.5 Pipeline leak detection and isolation facilities
K6.6 Coating selection
K6.7 Pipeline as-built survey
K6.8 Local pipeline monitoring
APPENDIX L - REINFORCEMENT OF WELDED BRANCH CONNECTIONS
L1 SCOPE
L2 REINFORCEMENT OF SINGLE WELDED BRANCH CONNECTIONS
L3 REINFORCEMENT OF MULTIPLE OPENINGS
L3.1 Overlapping of effective reinforcement areas
L3.2 Minimum distance between adjacent openings
L3.3 Closely spaced openings
L4 EXTRUDED OUTLET
APPENDIX M - TEST SECTION ANALYSIS USING ENGINEERING SOFTWARE (OR FEA METHODS)
M1 GENERAL
M2 ENGINEERING SOFTWARE
M3 USE OF FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS (FEA) AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO ENGINEERING SOFTWARE
M4 STRAIN TO FAILURE
M5 DATA REQUIREMENTS
M6 METHOD OF GENERATING A STRESS-STRAIN CURVE BASED ON RING EXPANSION (RE) AND FLATTENED BAR TRANSVERSE (FBT) TENSILE...
M7 ENGINEERING SOFTWARE
APPENDIX N - FACTORS AFFECTING CORROSION
N1 GENERAL
N2 INTERNAL CORROSION
N3 EXTERNAL CORROSION
N4 ENVIRONMENTALLY ASSISTED CRACKING
N5 CORROSION PRIOR TO COMMISSIONING
APPENDIX O - ENVIRONMENT-RELATED CRACKING
O1 GENERAL
O2 HIGH pH (CLASSICAL) STRESS CORROSION CRACKING
O2.1 Description
O2.2 Conditions
O3 NEAR-NEUTRAL (LOW pH) STRESS CORROSION CRACKING
O3.1 Description
O3.2 Conditions
O4 HYDROGEN SULFIDE CRACKING
O4.1 General
O4.2 Hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC)
O4.3 Sulfide stress corrosion cracking (SSCC)
O5 HYDROGEN-ASSISTED COLD CRACKING (HACC)
O6 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS TO MITIGATE STRESS-CORROSION CRACKING
O6.1 General
O6.2 Stress
O6.3 Cyclic variation of stress
O6.4 Pipeline anti-corrosion coating
O6.5 Age of pipeline
O6.6 Soil environment
O6.7 Surface preparation
O6.8 Cathodic protection system
O6.9 Pipe wall temperature
O7 REFERENCES
APPENDIX P - INFORMATION FOR CATHODIC PROTECTION
APPENDIX Q - MITIGATION OF EFFECTS FROM HIGH VOLTAGE ELECTRICAL POWERLINES
Q1 GENERAL
Q1.1 Introduction
Q1.2 Powerline effects
Q1.3 Mitigative measures
Q2 ACCEPTANCE VOLTAGE LIMITS
Q3 ASSESSMENT OF HAZARD
APPENDIX R - PROCEDURE QUALIFICATION FOR COLD FIELD BENDS
R1 INTRODUCTION
R2 BASIS OF REQUIREMENTS FOR COLD FIELD BENDS
R3 OBJECTIVES
R4 SUGGESTED METHOD
APPENDIX S - FIBREGLASS PIPE-MANUFACTURE, DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION GUIDELINES
S1 INTRODUCTION
S2 PIPE PROPERTIES
S2.1 Physical properties
S2.2 Damage
S2.3 Failure modes
S3 PIPE SPECIFICATION
S3.1 Pressure definition
S3.2 Process conditions
S3.3 Pressure test conditions
S3.4 Bends
S3.5 Pressure design
S3.6 Joint selection
S4 PIPE MANUFACTURE
S4.1 Pipe standards
S4.2 Shop pressure testing
S4.3 Quality records
S5 PIPELINE DESIGN
S5.1 General
S5.2 Physical properties of the pipe required for design and analysis
S5.3 Structural design
S5.4 Transient loads
S5.5 Load combinations
S5.6 High temperature design
S5.7 Design tools
S5.8 Burial and crossing design
S5.9 Environmental loads
S5.10 External interference risk
S5.11 Static electricity
S5.12 Fire
S5.13 Hazardous area classification
S6 PIPELINE CONSTRUCTION
S6.1 General
S6.2 Competence and training
S6.3 Receipt, storage and handling
S6.4 Installation
S6.5 Supervision and inspection
S6.6 Quality records
S6.7 Pressure testing
S6.8 Pigging and gauging
S7 MAINTENANCE
S7.1 Repair methods
APPENDIX T - GUIDELINES FOR PIPELINES FOR THE TRANSPORT OF CO2
T1 GENERAL
T1.1 Scope
T1.2 Characteristics of CO2
T2 SAFETY
T2.1 General
T2.2 CO2 release and dispersion behaviour
T2.3 CO2 and H2S health impacts
T2.4 Corrosion risk
T3 MATERIALS AND COMPONENTS
T3.1 Pipe and general
T3.2 Non-metallic materials
T3.3 Pipe coating and internal lining
T4 DESIGN-GENERAL
T4.1 CO2 process design
T4.2 Pipeline route, location classification and high consequence areas
T4.3 Mainline valves
T4.4 Depressurization and discharge of CO2
T4.5 Repressurization
T4.6 Temperature
T4.7 Stress and strain
T4.8 Design for pressure testing and drying
T5 FRACTURE CONTROL
T5.1 General
T5.2 Fracture control design
T6 STATION DESIGN
T7 INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL DESIGN
T8 MITIGATION OF CORROSION
T9 UPGRADE OF MAOP
T10 INSPECTION AND TESTING
AS/NZS 2885.1:2018
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