NZS 4299:2024

NZS 4299:2024 Earth buildings not requiring specific engineering design

CONTENTS

Committee representation

Acknowledgement

Copyright

Referenced documents

Latest revisions

Review of standards

Foreword

Outcome statement

1 Scope and interpretation

1.1 Scope

1.2 Limitations

1.3 Building components

1.4 Interpretation

1.5 Definitions

1.6 Abbreviations

2 General

2.1 Materials

2.2 Methods of construction

2.3 Wind zones for weather protection

2.4 Wind zones for roof design

2.5 Snow loads

2.6 Durability

2.7 Weather protection

2.8 Energy efficiency

2.9 Internal moisture

3 Site requirements

3.1 Soil-bearing capacity

3.2 Soil types

3.3 Test method for soil bearing

3.4 Bearing

3.5 Site

4 Bracing demand

4.1 General

4.2 Earthquake demand

4.3 Calculation of wind bracing demand

4.4 Calculation of design bracing demand

5 Footings and concrete slab on ground

5.1 General

5.2 Footings

5.3 Reinforcement of footings

5.4 Cover to reinforcement

5.5 Vertical wall starter reinforcement

5.6 Concrete slab-on-ground floors

6 Walls

6.1 General

6.2 Wall systems to resist vertical loads

6.3 Earth wall systems to resist horizontal loads

6.4 Reinforcement of earth walls

6.5 Reinforcement of rammed earth walls

6.6 Horizontal reinforcement

6.7 Shear connections

6.8 Soffit-to-wall junction

6.9 Timber-framed gable wall

6.10 Reverse soffit eaves

7 Structural diaphragms

7.1 General

7.2 Roof and ceiling diaphragms

7.3 Openings in diaphragms

8 Bond beams

8.1 General

8.2 Bond beams with structural diaphragms

8.3 Bond beams without structural diaphragms

8.4 Intersection of timber bond beams

8.5 Concrete bond beam details

8.6 Earth gable walls

8.7 Timber gable end walls above earth walls

9 Lintels

9.1 General

9.2 Timber lintels

9.3 Concrete lintels

10 Wall openings and fixings

10.1 Windows

10.2 Fixings for timber-framed walls

10.3 Arches

10.4 Penetrations

11 Control joints

11.1 General

11.2 Control joints for rammed earth walls

11.3 Control joints for adobe and pressed brick walls

12 Earth floors

12.1 General

12.2 Scope

12.3 Performance criteria

12.4 Construction details

Appendix

Appendix A − Basis of engineering design

Appendix B − Worked example

Appendix D – Light earth method or LEM

Appendix E – Straw-bale construction

Appendix F − Internal adobe brick veneer

Appendix G − Maintenance schedule for earth walls

Table

Table 1.1 – Importance levels of buildings

Table 2.1 – Screw sizes

Table 2.2 – Wind speed zone designations

Table 2.3 – Maximum erodibility index (EI) for earth walls

Table 4.1 – Earthquake zones

Table 4.2 – Site earthquake factor

Table 6.1 – Bracing capacity of reinforced earth walls – Heavy earth (1400 kg/ m3 – 2200 kg/m3)

Table 6.2 – Spacing of vertical reinforcement in earth walls in earthquake zone 1

Table 6.3 – Spacing of vertical reinforcement in earth walls in earthquake zone 2

Table 6.4 – Spacing of vertical reinforcement in earth walls in earthquake zone 3

Table 6.5 – Spacing of vertical HD12 reinforcement in rammed earth walls without horizontal reinforcement in earthquake zone 1

Table 6.6 – Spacing of vertical HD12 reinforcement in rammed earth walls without horizontal reinforcement in earthquake zone 2

Table 6.7 – Spacing of vertical HD12 reinforcement in rammed earth walls without horizontal reinforcement in earthquake zone 3

Table 6.8 – Spacing of shear connectors at base of earth walls

Table 6.9 – Spacing of shear connectors at top of earth walls

Table 8.1 – Bond beams with structural diaphragms in all earthquake zones

Table 8.2 − Bond beams without diaphragms reference span Lref for earth side walls and earth gable end walls (8 m maximum span trusses)

Table 8.3 – Earthquake and subsoil class factor, Ksz

Table 8.4 – Timber bond beam for wind resistance

Table 8.5 – Concrete bond beam for wind

Table 9.1 – Side wall and earth gable – Timber lintels with ground snow loads up to 2.0 kPa, 1.2 m maximum earth wall over lintel

Table 9.2 – Side wall and timber gable end wall timber lintels with ground snow loads up to 2.0 kPa with timber head framing

Table 9.3 – Side wall and earth gable concrete lintels with ground snow loads up to 2.0 kPa, 1.2 m maximum earth wall over lintel

Table 9.4 – Side wall and earth gable concrete lintels with ground snow loads up to 2.0 kPa − Timber gable end and window head framing

Table 9.5 – Concrete lintel details

Table 10.1 – Shrinkage allowance for a 2 m height opening

Table A1 – Design strengths (MPa) for standard grade earth wall construction

Table A2 – Strength-reduction factors

Table A3 – Basic load data

Table A4 – Site earthquake factor

Table B1 – Calculation of earthquake bracing demand example

Table B2 – Detailed wall bracing capacity calculations for example NZS 4299 B1 building

Table D1 – External moisture risk levels for straw bale and LEM

Table D2 – Suitable wall claddings

Table E1 – Suitable wall claddings for straw-bale walls in accordance with Table D1

Table F1 – Studs for adobe veneer walls less than or equal to 220 kg/m2 including plaster

Table F2 – Studs for adobe veneer walls less than or equal to 300 kg/m2 including plaster

Table F3 – Site earthquake factor for calculation of additional wall bracing demand for adobe veneer walls

Figure

Figure 1.1a – Height limitations for earth wall gable ends

Figure 1.1b – Height limitations for hip roofs or timber-framed gable ends

Figure 2.1 – Durability design

Figure 2.2 – Exposure zone map (North Island)

Figure 2.3 – Exposure zone map (South Island)

Figure 2.4 – Definition of roof overhang height and roof overhang width

Figure 2.5 – Minimum roof overhang width for low wind zone

Figure 2.6 – Minimum roof overhang width for medium wind zone

Figure 2.7 – Minimum roof overhang width for high wind zone

Figure 2.8 – Minimum roof overhang width for very high wind zone

Figure 2.9 – Protection for sheltered walls – Plan

Figure 2.10 – Thermal conductivity values for earth walls

Figure 3.1 – Relationship of foundation to nearby sloping ground surface

Figure 4.1 – Earthquake zones (North Island)

Figure 4.2 – Earthquake zones (South and Stewart Islands)

Figure 5.1 – Foundation details at footing step

Figure 5.2 – Footing height clearances

Figure 5.3 – Footing reinforcement in earthquake zone 1

Figure 5.4 – Footing reinforcement in earthquake zone 2 or 3

Figure 5.5 – Reinforcement at footing or bond beam intersections

Figure 5.6 – Footings – General details, including shear key options

Figure 5.7 – Footing – Insulated concrete floor

Figure 5.8 – Footing – Insulated slab and footing

Figure 5.9 – Footing – Insulated slab with brick facing

Figure 5.10 – Footing – Insulated earth floor on slab

Figure 5.11 – Footing – Earth floor

Figure 5.12 – Footing − Insulated footing and slab for lime render over solid earth wall

Figure 6.1 – Bracing line support system and openings at external corners

Figure 6.2 – Determining average wall height

Figure 6.3 – Reinforcing and shear connectors for reinforced earth walls

Figure 6.4 – Horizontal reinforcement cut from steel mesh

Figure 6.5 – Horizontal reinforcement cut from geotechnical mesh

Figure 6.6 – Soffit-to-wall junction

Figure 6.7 – Sloping soffit-to-wall junction

Figure 6.8 – Timber-framed gable to end wall

Figure 6.9 – Reverse eaves soffit flashing

Figure 7.1 – Diaphragm construction

Figure 7.2 – Sloping roof diaphragm

Figure 7.3 – Sloping roof diaphragm – Ridge section

Figure 7.4 – Connection of ceiling diaphragms to side and gable end walls for sloping diaphragms on underside of rafters

Figure 7.5 – Connection of ceiling diaphragms to central walls for sloping diaphragms on underside of rafters

Figure 7.6 – Connection of horizontal ceiling diaphragms to side and central earth walls

Figure 7.7 – Connection of horizontal ceiling diaphragms for timber and earth gable walls

Figure 7.8 – Connection of diaphragms to earth walls with roof or ceiling diaphragm on top of rafters

Figure 7.9 – Location of opening in diaphragm

Figure 8.1 – Layout of earth walls with concrete bond beams and without a structural ceiling diaphragm

Figure 8.2 – Connection between bond beams and roof without a structural ceiling diaphragm

Figure 8.3 – Connection of timber bond beams or top plates with structural diaphragms (plan)

Figure 8.4 – Connection of timber bond beams or top plates without structural diaphragms (plan)

Figure 8.5 – Concrete bond beams

Figure 8.6a – Roof or ceiling diaphragm or concrete bond beam at top of earth gable wall and apex height of earth gable wall 1.4 m

Figure 8.6b – Roof or ceiling diaphragm or concrete bond beam at top of earth gable wall and horizontal diaphragm or horizontal concrete bond bean and apex gable wall 1.4 m

Figure 8.6c – Concrete bond beam at top of earth gable wall without ceiling diaphragm and apex height of earth wall 1.4 m

Figure 9.1 – Load cases for lintels

Figure 9.2 – Timber lintels supporting timber framing above

Figure 9.3 – Lintels below bond beam level supporting earth gable end walls

Figure 9.4 – Timber lintel at bond beam level supporting earth gable end walls

Figure 9.5 – Concrete lintel general arrangement where lintel forms bond beam

Figure 9.6 – Concrete lintel supporting concrete bond beam and wall above

Figure 9.7 – Concrete lintel sizes and reinforcement

Figure 9.8 – Concrete lintel within and outside middle two-thirds of bond beam span

Figure 10.1 – Anchors for door, window, and timber partition frames for earth walls

Figure 10.2 – Window head – Timber joinery with timber-framed wall insert

Figure 10.3 – Window head – Aluminium joinery with timber-framed wall insert

Figure 10.4 – Window head – Timber joinery with timber lintel

Figure 10.5 – Window head – Aluminium joinery with timber lintel

Figure 10.6 – Window jamb – Timber joinery

Figure 10.7 – Window jamb – Aluminium joinery

Figure 10.8 – Timber joinery with brick or tile sill

Figure 10.9 – Windowsill – Aluminium joinery with brick or tile sill

Figure 10.10 – Timber joinery head for lime plaster over solid earth wall

Figure 10.11 – Timber joinery sill for lime plaster over solid earth wall

Figure 10.12 – Timber joinery jamb for lime plaster over solid earth wall

Figure 10.13 – Aluminium joinery head for lime plaster over solid earth wall

Figure 10.14 – Aluminium joinery jamb for lime plaster over solid earth wall

Figure 10.15 – Aluminium joinery sill for lime plaster over solid earth wall

Figure 10.16 – Non-loadbearing internal wall fixing to allow for shrinkage

Figure 10.17 – Arch at door, window, or opening

Figure 11.1 – Location of control joints

Figure 11.2 – Control joint for rammed earth or cob walls

Figure 11.3 – Horizontal construction joint for rammed earth walls

Figure 11.4 – Control joint for adobe and pressed brick

Figure B1 – Example building 1

Figure D1 – Some framing options for LEM

Figure D2 – Drained vented cavity to LEM

Figure D3 – Typical LEM wall showing some elements and options

Figure D4 – LEM wall section

Figure E1 – Ground clearances

Figure E2 – Head and sill for sheltered walls direct plastered

Figure E3 – Jamb for sheltered walls direct plastered

Figure E4 – Jamb for drained vented cavity walls

Figure E5 – Head and sill for drained vented cavity walls

Figure E6 – Straw-bale wall with drained vented cavity

Figure E7 – Straw-bale wall with direct plaster

Figure E8 – Batten tied to straw bale

Figure E9 – Internal wall on driven timber piles to SED

Figure E10 – External wall on driven timber piles to SED

Figure F1 – Internal veneer details

Figure F2 – Footing – Internal adobe veneer, concrete raft foundation

Figure F3 – Internal adobe veneer with earth floor

Figure F4 – Fixing of bottom plates to slabs and cast-in anchors