ISO 10863:2011
Non-destructive testing of welds — Ultrasonic testing — Use of time-of-flight diffraction technique (TOFD)
ISO 10863:2011 specifies the application of the time-of-flight diffraction (TOFD) technique to the semi- or fully automated ultrasonic testing of fusion-welded joints in metallic materials of minimum thickness 6 mm. It applies to full penetration welded joints of simple geometry in plates, pipes, and vessels, where both the weld and parent material are low-alloyed carbon steel. Where specified and appropriate, TOFD can also be used on other types of materials that exhibit low ultrasonic attenuation (especially that due to scatter).
Where material-dependent ultrasonic parameters are specified in ISO 10863:2011, they are based on steels having a sound velocity of (5 920 ± 50) m/s for longitudinal waves, and (3 255 ± 30) m/s for transverse waves. It is necessary to take this fact into account when examining materials with a different velocity.
ISO 10863:2011 makes reference to the basic standard EN 583‑6 and provides guidance on the specific capabilities and limitations of TOFD for the detection, location, sizing and characterization of discontinuities in fusion-welded joints. TOFD can be used as a stand-alone method or in combination with other NDT methods or techniques, for manufacturing inspection, and for in-service inspection.
ISO 10863:2011 specifies four testing levels (A, B, C, D) in accordance with ISO 17635 and corresponding to an increasing level of inspection reliability. Guidance on the selection of testing levels is provided.
ISO 10863:2011 permits assessment of TOFD indications for acceptance purposes. This assessment is based on the evaluation of transmitted, reflected and diffracted ultrasonic signals within a generated TOFD image.
ISO 10863:2011 does not include acceptance levels for discontinuities.
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1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms and definitions
4 General remarks on the capabilities of the technique
5 Testing levels
6 Information required prior to testing
6.1 Items to be defined by specification
6.2 Specific information required by the operator before testing
6.3 Written test instruction or procedure
7 Requirements for personnel and equipment
7.1 Personnel qualifications
7.2 Equipment
8 Preparation for testing
8.1 Volume to be inspected
8.2 Setup of probes
8.3 Scan increment setting
8.4 Geometry considerations
8.5 Preparation of scanning surfaces
8.6 Temperature
8.7 Couplant
8.8 Provision of datum points
9 Testing of base material
10 Range and sensitivity settings
10.1 Settings
10.1.1 General
10.1.2 Time window
10.1.3 Time-to-depth conversion
10.1.4 Sensitivity settings
10.2 Checking of the settings
10.3 Reference blocks
10.3.1 General
10.3.2 Material
10.3.3 Dimensions and shape
10.3.4 Reference reflectors
11 Weld testing
12 Interpretation and analysis of TOFD images
12.1 General
12.2 Assessing the quality of the TOFD image
12.3 Identification of relevant TOFD indications
12.4 Classification of relevant TOFD indications
12.4.1 General
12.4.2 TOFD indications from surface-breaking discontinuities
12.4.2.1 General
12.4.2.2 Scanning surface discontinuity
12.4.2.3 Opposite surface discontinuity
12.4.2.4 Through-wall discontinuity
12.4.3 TOFD indications from embedded discontinuities
12.4.3.1 General
12.4.3.2 Point-like discontinuity
12.4.3.3 Elongated discontinuity with no measurable height
12.4.3.4 Elongated discontinuity with a measurable height
12.4.4 Unclassified TOFD indications
12.5 Determination of location and size
12.5.1 Location
12.5.2 Sizing
12.6 Evaluation against acceptance criteria
13 Test report
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1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms and definitions
4 General remarks on the capabilities of the technique
5 Testing levels
6 Information required prior to testing
6.1 Items to be defined by specification
6.2 Specific information required by the operator before testing
6.3 Written test instruction or procedure
7 Requirements for personnel and equipment
7.1 Personnel qualifications
7.2 Equipment
8 Preparation for testing
8.1 Volume to be inspected
8.2 Setup of probes
8.3 Scan increment setting
8.4 Geometry considerations
8.5 Preparation of scanning surfaces
8.6 Temperature
8.7 Couplant
8.8 Provision of datum points
9 Testing of base material
10 Range and sensitivity settings
10.1 Settings
10.1.1 General
10.1.2 Time window
10.1.3 Time-to-depth conversion
10.1.4 Sensitivity settings
10.2 Checking of the settings
10.3 Reference blocks
10.3.1 General
10.3.2 Material
10.3.3 Dimensions and shape
10.3.4 Reference reflectors
11 Weld testing
12 Interpretation and analysis of TOFD images
12.1 General
12.2 Assessing the quality of the TOFD image
12.3 Identification of relevant TOFD indications
12.4 Classification of relevant TOFD indications
12.4.1 General
12.4.2 TOFD indications from surface-breaking discontinuities
12.4.2.1 General
12.4.2.2 Scanning surface discontinuity
12.4.2.3 Opposite surface discontinuity
12.4.2.4 Through-wall discontinuity
12.4.3 TOFD indications from embedded discontinuities
12.4.3.1 General
12.4.3.2 Point-like discontinuity
12.4.3.3 Elongated discontinuity with no measurable height
12.4.3.4 Elongated discontinuity with a measurable height
12.4.4 Unclassified TOFD indications
12.5 Determination of location and size
12.5.1 Location
12.5.2 Sizing
12.6 Evaluation against acceptance criteria
13 Test report