AS/NZS CISPR 16.2.3:2020

AS/NZS CISPR 16.2.3:2020 Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and methods Methods of measurement of disturbances and immunity - Radiated disturbance measurements (CISPR 16-2-3:2016+AMD1:2019 CSV (ED 4.1) MOD)

CONTENTS

FOREWORD

INTRODUCTION

1 Scope

2 Normative references

3 Terms, definitions and abbreviations

3.1 Terms and definitions

3.2 Abbreviated terms

4 Types of disturbance to be measured

4.1 General

4.2 Types of disturbance

4.3 Detector functions

5 Connection of measuring equipment

6 General measurement requirements and conditions

6.1 General

6.2 Disturbance not produced by the equipment under test

6.2.1 General

6.2.2 Compliance (conformity assessment) testing

6.3 Measurement of continuous disturbance

6.3.1 Narrowband continuous disturbance

6.3.2 Broadband continuous disturbance

6.3.3 Use of spectrum analyzers and scanning receivers

6.4 EUT arrangement and measurement conditions

6.4.1 General arrangement of the EUT

6.4.2 Operation of the EUT

6.4.3 EUT time of operation

6.4.4 EUT running-in time

6.4.5 EUT supply

6.4.6 EUT mode of operation

6.4.7 Operation of multifunction equipment

6.4.8 Determination of arrangement(s) causing maximum emissions

6.4.9 Recording of measurements

6.5 Interpretation of measuring results

6.5.1 Continuous disturbance

6.5.2 Discontinuous disturbance

6.5.3 Measurement of the duration of disturbance

6.6 Measurement times and scan rates for continuous disturbance

6.6.1 General

6.6.2 Minimum measurement times

6.6.3 Scan rates for scanning receivers and spectrum analyzers

6.6.4 Scan times for stepping receivers

6.6.5 Strategies for obtaining a spectrum overview using the peak detector

6.6.6 Timing considerations using FFT-based instruments

7 Measurement of radiated disturbances

7.1 General

7.1.1 General remarks and overview of test methods

7.1.2 Overview of maximum EUT volumes depending on measurement method, frequency range, and measurement distance

7.2 Loop-antenna system measurements (9 kHz to 30 MHz)

7.2.1 General

7.2.2 General measurement method

7.2.3 Test environment

7.2.4 Configuration of the equipment under test

7.2.5 Measurement uncertainty for LLAS

7.3 Open-area test site or semi-anechoic chamber measurements (30 MHz to 1 GHz)

7.3.1 Measurand

7.3.2 Test site requirements

7.3.3 General measurement method

7.3.4 Measurement distance

7.3.5 Antenna height variation

7.3.6 Product specification details

7.3.7 Measurement instrumentation

7.3.8 Field-strength measurements on other outdoor sites

7.3.9 Measurement uncertainty for OATS and SAC

7.4 Fully-anechoic room measurements (30 MHz to 1 GHz)

7.4.1 Test set-up and site geometry

7.4.2 EUT position

7.4.3 Cable layout and termination

7.4.4 Measurement uncertainty for FAR

7.5 Radiated emission measurement method (30 MHz to 1 GHz) and radiated immunity test method (80 MHz to 1 GHz) with common test set-up in semi-anechoic chamber

7.5.1 Applicability

7.5.2 EUT perimeter definition and antenna-to-EUT separation distance

7.5.3 Uniform test volume

7.5.4 Specifications for EUT set-up in common emissions/immunity test set-up

7.5.5 Measurement uncertainty for common emission/immunity set-up and method

7.6 Fully-anechoic room and absorber-lined OATS/SAC measurements (1 GHz to 18 GHz)

7.6.1 Measurand

7.6.2 Measurement distance

7.6.3 Set-up and operating conditions of the equipment under test (EUT)

7.6.4 Measurement site

7.6.5 Measurement instrumentation

7.6.6 Measurement procedure

7.6.7 Measurement uncertainty for FAR

7.7 In situ measurements (9 kHz to 18 GHz)

7.7.1 Applicability of and preparation for in situ measurements

7.7.2 Field-strength measurements in situ in the frequency range 9 kHz to 30 MHz

7.7.3 Field-strength measurements in situ in the frequency range above 30 MHz

7.7.4 In situ measurement of the disturbance effective radiated power using the substitution method

7.7.5 Documentation of the measurement results

7.7.6 Measurement uncertainty for in situ method

7.8 Substitution measurements (30 MHz to 18 GHz)

7.8.1 General

7.8.2 Test site

7.8.3 Test antennas

7.8.4 EUT configuration

7.8.5 Test procedure

7.8.6 Measurement uncertainty for substitution method

7.9 Reverberation chamber measurements (80 MHz to 18 GHz)

7.10 TEM waveguide measurements (30 MHz to 18 GHz)

8 Automated measurement of emissions

8.1 Introduction – Precautions for automated measurements

8.2 Generic measurement procedure

8.3 Pre-scan measurements

8.3.1 General

8.3.2 Determination of the required measurement time

8.3.3 Pre-scan requirements for different types of measurements

8.4 Data reduction

8.5 Emission maximization and final measurement

8.6 Post-processing and reporting

Annexes

Annex A (informative) Measurement of disturbances in the presence of ambient emissions

A.1 General

A.2 Terms and definitions

A.3 Problem description

A.4 Proposed solution

A.4.1 Overview

A.4.2 Pre-testing the EUT in a shielded room

A.4.3 Method of measurement of EUT disturbances in the presence of narrowband ambient emissions

A.4.4 Method of measurement of EUT disturbance in the presence of broadband ambient emissions

A.5 Determination of the EUT disturbance in case of superposition

Annex B (informative) Use of spectrum analyzers and scanning receivers

B.1 General

B.2 Overload

B.3 Linearity test

B.4 Selectivity

B.5 Normal response to pulses

B.6 Peak detection

B.7 Frequency scan rate

B.8 Signal interception

B.9 Average detection

B.10 Sensitivity

B.11 Amplitude accuracy

Annex C (informative) Scan rates and measurement times for use with the average detector

C.1 Purpose

C.2 Suppression of disturbances

C.2.1 Suppression of impulsive disturbance

C.2.2 Suppression of impulsive disturbance by digital averaging

C.2.3 Suppression of amplitude modulation

C.3 Measurement of slowly intermittent, unsteady or drifting narrowband disturbances

C.4 Recommended procedure for automated or semi-automated measurements

Annex D (informative) Explanation of the APD measurement method applying to the compliance test

Annex E (normative) Determination of suitability of spectrum analyzers for compliance tests

Annex F (informative) Background for EUT-volume specifications depending on measurement distance and frequency range

F.1 General

F.2 Criterion 1 – Limitation of field-strength underestimations due to a large ratio of EUT volume diameter-to-measurement distance for short-distance measurements

F.2.1 General

F.2.2 9 kHz to 30 MHz

F.2.3 30 MHz to 1 000 MHz

F.2.4 1 GHz to 18 GHz

F.3 Criterion 2 – Limitation due to near-field effects

F.3.1 General

F.3.2 9 kHz to 30 MHz

F.3.3 30 MHz to 1 000 MHz

F.3.4 1 GHz to 18 GHz

F.4 Criterion 3 – Limitation due to receive antenna beamwidth

F.4.1 General

F.4.2 9 kHz to 30 MHz

F.4.3 30 MHz to 1 000 MHz

F.4.4 1 GHz to 18 GHz

F.5 Criterion 4 – Limitation due to the results of test site validation

F.5.1 General

F.5.2 9 kHz to 30 MHz

F.5.3 30 MHz to 1 000 MHz

F.5.4 1 GHz to 6 GHz or to 18 GHz

Bibliography

Figures

Figure 1 – Measurement of a combination of a CW signal (NB) and an impulsivesignal (BB) using multiple sweeps with maximum hold

Figure 2 – Example of a timing analysis

Figure 3 – A broadband spectrum measured with a stepped receiver

Figure 4 – Intermittent narrowband disturbances measured using fast short repetitive sweeps with maximum hold function to obtain an overview of the emission spectrum

Figure 5 – FFT scan in segments

Figure 6 – Frequency resolution enhanced by FFT-based measuring instrument

Figure 7 – Concept of magnetic field induced current measurements made with the loop antenna system

Figure 8 – Measurement distance

Figure 9 – Separation distance relative to the phase centre of an LPDA antenna

Figure 10 – Concept of electric field strength measurements made on an open-area test site (OATS) or semi-anechoic chamber (SAC) showing the direct and reflected rays arriving at the receiving antenna

Figure 11 – Position of CMAD for table-top equipment on OATS or in SAC

Figure 12 – Typical FAR site geometry, where a, b, c, e depend upon the room performance

Figure 13 – Typical test set-up for table-top equipmentwithin the test volume of a FAR

Figure 14 – Typical test set-up for floor-standing equipment within the test volume of a FAR

Figure 15 – Positions of reference planes for uniform field calibration (top-view)

Figure 16 – Test set-up for table-top equipment

Figure 17 – Test set-up for table-top equipment – Top view

Figure 18 – Test set-up for floor-standing equipment

Figure 19 – Test set-up for floor-standing equipment – Top view

Figure 20 – Measurement method above 1 GHz, receive antenna in vertical polarization

Figure 22 – Determination of the transition distance

Figure 23 – Substitution method set-up geometries for: a) measurement, b) calibration

Figure 24 – Process to give reduction of measurement time

Figure A.1 – Flow diagram for the selection of bandwidths and detectors and the estimated measurement errors due to that selection

Figure A.2 – Relative difference in adjacent emission amplitudesduring preliminary testing

Figure A.3 – Disturbance by an unmodulated signal (dotted line)

Figure A.4 – Disturbance by an amplitude-modulated signal (dotted line)

Figure A.5 – Indication of an amplitude-modulated signal as a function of modulation frequency with the QP detector in CISPR bands B, C and D

Figure A.6 – Indication of a pulse-modulated signal (pulse width 50 μs) as a function of pulse repetition frequency with peak, QP and average detectors

Figure A.7 – Disturbance by a broadband signal (dotted line)

Figure A.8 – Unmodulated EUT disturbance (dotted line)

Figure A.9 – Amplitude-modulated EUT disturbance (dotted line)

Figure A.10 – Increase of peak value with superposition of two unmodulated signals

Figure A.11 – Determination of the amplitude of the disturbance signal by means of the amplitude ratio d and the factor i (see Equation (A.3) and Equation (A.6))

Figure A.12 – Increase of average indication measured witha real receiver and calculated from Equation (A.8)

Figure C.1 – Weighting function of a 10 ms pulse for peak (PK)and average detections with (CISPR AV) and without (AV) peak reading: meter time constant 160 ms

Figure C.2 – Weighting functions of a 10 ms pulse for peak (PK) and average detections with (CISPR AV) and without (AV) peak reading: meter time constant 100 ms

Figure C.3 – Example of weighting functions (of a 1 Hz pulse) for peak (PK) and average detections as a function of pulse width: meter time constant 160 ms

Figure C.4 – Example of weighting functions (of a 1 Hz pulse) for peak (PK) and average detections as a function of pulse width: meter time constant 100 ms

Figure D.1 – Example of APD measurement Method 1 for fluctuating disturbances

Figure D.2 – Example of APD measurement Method 2 for fluctuating disturbances

Figure F.1 – Comparison of field strength given by Equation (C.17)of CISPR 16-1-6:2014 versus near-field region given by Equation (C.31) of CISPR 16-1-6:2014

Figure F.2 – Deviation of near-field AFs from free space AFs of a biconical antenna (from Figure C.5.b) of CISPR 16-1-6:2014)

Figure F.3 – Radius r of the test volume for a given distance d and antenna beamwidth of 60°

Figure F.4 – Effect of antenna directivity

Figure F.5 – HPBWs (E-plane/H-plane) of a V-type LPDA antenna

Figure F.6 – Measuring receiver with external preamplifier

Figure F.7 – Noise level ENlinav (example for 10lgFtot = 4 dB) compared with the disturbance limit ELav for the linear average detector for 3 m, 5 m, and 10 m distances in the frequency range 1 GHz to 6 GHz

Figure F.8 – Noise level ENlogav (example for 10lgFtot = 4 dB) compared with the disturbance limit ELav for the logarithmic average detector for 3 m, 5 m, and 10 m distances in the frequency range 1 GHz to 18 GHz

Tables

Table 1 – Minimum measurement times for the four CISPR bands

Table 2 – Minimum scan times for the three CISPR bands with peak and quasi-peak detectors

Table 8 – Applicable frequency ranges and document referencesfor CISPR radiated disturbance test sites and measurement methods

Table 9 – Maximum EUT dimensions for different LLAS diameters,9 kHz to 30 MHz

Table 10 – Recommended maximum EUT-volume diameter D (in m) and height h (in m),OATS/SAC and outdoor site, 9 kHz to 30 MHz

Table 11 – Maximum EUT-volume diameter D (in m) and height h (in m), OATS/SAC and FAR, 30 MHz to 1 000 MHz

Table 12 – Recommended maximum EUT-volume diameter D (in m) and height h (in m) –for reduced near-field uncertainty; absorber-lined OATS/SAC and FAR,1 GHz to 18 GHz

Table 5 – Example values of w for three antenna types

Table 6 – Horizontal polarization correction factors as a function of frequency

Table 7 – Recommended antenna heights to guarantee signal interception (for pre-scan) in the frequency range 30 MHz to 1 000 MHz

Table A.1 – Combinations of EUT disturbance and ambient emissions

Table A.2 – Measurement error depending on the detector type and on the combination of ambient and disturbing signal spectra

Table C.1 – Pulse suppression factors and scan rates for a 100 Hz video bandwidth

Table C.2 – Meter time constants and the corresponding video bandwidths and minimum scan times

Table E.1 – Maximum amplitude difference between peak and quasi-peak detected signals

Table F.1 – Maximum EUT volume diameters (Dmax) and heights (hmax) per Formula (F.1) for various measurement distances (d)