ISO/IEC 21838-2:2021
Information technology — Top-level ontologies (TLO) — Part 2: Basic Formal Ontology (BFO)
This document describes Basic Formal Ontology (BFO), which is an ontology that is conformant to the requirements specified for top-level ontologies in ISO/IEC 21838‑1.
It describes BFO as a resource designed to support the interchange of information among heterogeneous information systems. The following are within the scope of this document:
— definitions of BFO-2020 terms and relations;
— axiomatizations of BFO-2020 in OWL 2 and CL;
— documentation of the conformity of BFO-2020 to the requirements specified for top-level ontologies in ISO/IEC 21838‑1;
— specification of the requirements for a domain ontology if it is to serve as a module in a suite of ontologies in which BFO serves as top-level ontology hub by providing a starting point for the introduction of the most general terms in those domain ontologies which are its nearest neighbours within the suite;
— specification of the role played by the terms in BFO in the formulation of definitions and axioms in ontologies at lower levels that conform to BFO.
The following are outside the scope of this document:
— specification of ontology languages, including the languages RDF, OWL, and CL standardly used in ontology development;
— specification of methods for reasoning with ontologies;
— specification of translators between the notations of ontologies developed in different ontology languages.
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Foreword
Introduction
1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms and definitions
4 Conformity of BFO-2020 to ISO/IEC 21838-1
4.1 Overview
4.2 Natural language representation of BFO-2020
4.3 OWL 2 formalization of BFO-2020
4.4 Common Logic axiomatization of BFO-2020
4.4.1 General
4.4.2 Modularity
4.5 Specification of the purpose of BFO (in conformance with ISO/IEC 21838-1:2021, 4.4.2)
4.5.1 General
4.5.2 Example Open Biomedical Ontologies (OBO)
4.5.3 Example Common Core Ontologies (CCO)
4.6 Description of how conformance of a domain ontology to BFO is established (in conformance with ISO/IEC 21838-1:2021, 4.4.3)
4.6.1 Overview
4.6.2 Conformance through direct extension
4.6.3 Conformance through indirect extension
4.6.4 Conformance through re-engineering
4.6.5 Validating conformance to BFO
4.7 Specification of how consistency of the CL axiomatization of BFO-2020 is demonstrated (in conformance with ISO/IEC 21838-1:2021, 4.4.4)
4.7.1 Overview
4.7.2 Documentation
4.7.3 Structure of the model
4.8 Description of how interpretability of the OWL 2 axiomatization of BFO-2020 in the CL axiomatization is established (in conformance with ISO/IEC 21838-1:2021, 4.4.5)
4.8.1 Interpretability proof strategy for BFO-2020-OWL
4.8.2 Interpretability for alternative axiomatizations of BFO-2020
4.9 Demonstration of breadth of coverage of BFO (in conformance with with ISO/IEC 21838-1:2021, 4.4.6)
4.9.1 General
4.9.2 Space and time
4.9.3 Actuality and possibility
4.9.4 Classes and types
4.9.5 Change over time
4.9.6 Parts, wholes, unity and boundaries
4.9.7 Space and place
4.9.8 Scale and granularity
4.9.9 Qualities and other attributes
4.9.10 Quantities and mathematical entities
4.9.11 Processes and events
4.9.12 Constitution
4.9.13 Causality
4.9.14 Information and reference
4.9.15 Artefacts and socially constructed entities
4.9.16 Mental entities; imagined entities; fiction; mythology; religion
4.10 Documentation of ontology management principles (in conformance with ISO/IEC 21838-1:2021, 4.4.8)
Bibliography
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Foreword
Introduction
1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms and definitions
4 Conformity of BFO-2020 to ISO/IEC 21838-1
4.1 Overview
4.2 Natural language representation of BFO-2020
4.3 OWL 2 formalization of BFO-2020
4.4 Common Logic axiomatization of BFO-2020
4.4.1 General
4.4.2 Modularity
4.5 Specification of the purpose of BFO (in conformance with ISO/IEC 21838-1:2021, 4.4.2)
4.5.1 General
4.5.2 Example Open Biomedical Ontologies (OBO)
4.5.3 Example Common Core Ontologies (CCO)
4.6 Description of how conformance of a domain ontology to BFO is established (in conformance with ISO/IEC 21838-1:2021, 4.4.3)
4.6.1 Overview
4.6.2 Conformance through direct extension
4.6.3 Conformance through indirect extension
4.6.4 Conformance through re-engineering
4.6.5 Validating conformance to BFO
4.7 Specification of how consistency of the CL axiomatization of BFO-2020 is demonstrated (in conformance with ISO/IEC 21838-1:2021, 4.4.4)
4.7.1 Overview
4.7.2 Documentation
4.7.3 Structure of the model
4.8 Description of how interpretability of the OWL 2 axiomatization of BFO-2020 in the CL axiomatization is established (in conformance with ISO/IEC 21838-1:2021, 4.4.5)
4.8.1 Interpretability proof strategy for BFO-2020-OWL
4.8.2 Interpretability for alternative axiomatizations of BFO-2020
4.9 Demonstration of breadth of coverage of BFO (in conformance with with ISO/IEC 21838-1:2021, 4.4.6)
4.9.1 General
4.9.2 Space and time
4.9.3 Actuality and possibility
4.9.4 Classes and types
4.9.5 Change over time
4.9.6 Parts, wholes, unity and boundaries
4.9.7 Space and place
4.9.8 Scale and granularity
4.9.9 Qualities and other attributes
4.9.10 Quantities and mathematical entities
4.9.11 Processes and events
4.9.12 Constitution
4.9.13 Causality
4.9.14 Information and reference
4.9.15 Artefacts and socially constructed entities
4.9.16 Mental entities; imagined entities; fiction; mythology; religion
4.10 Documentation of ontology management principles (in conformance with ISO/IEC 21838-1:2021, 4.4.8)
Bibliography