ISO 9806:2017
Solar energy — Solar thermal collectors — Test methods
ISO 9806:2017 specifies test methods for assessing the durability, reliability, safety and thermal performance of fluid heating solar collectors. The test methods are applicable for laboratory testing and for in situ testing.
ISO 9806:2017 is applicable to all types of fluid heating solar collectors, air heating solar collectors, hybrid solar collectors co-generating heat and electric power, as well as to solar collectors using external power sources for normal operation and/or safety purposes. It does not cover electrical safety aspects or other specific properties directly related to electric power generation.
ISO 9806:2017 is not applicable to those devices in which a thermal storage unit is an integral part to such an extent that the collection process cannot be separated from the storage process for making the collector thermal performance measurements.
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Foreword
Introduction
1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms and definitions
4 Symbols
5 General
5.1 Test overview — Sequence of the tests
5.2 Testing of collectors with specific attributes
5.2.1 General
5.2.2 Collectors using external power sources and collectors with active or passive measures for normal operation and self-protection
5.2.3 Collectors co-generating thermal and electrical power
5.2.4 Wind and/or infrared sensitive collectors (WISC)
5.2.5 Façade collectors
5.2.6 Air and liquid heating collectors
6 Internal pressure tests for fluid channels
6.1 Objective
6.2 Fluid channels made of non-polymeric materials
6.2.1 Apparatus and procedure
6.2.2 Test conditions
6.3 Fluid channels made of polymeric materials
6.3.1 Apparatus and procedure
6.3.2 Test conditions
6.4 Results and reporting
7 Air leakage rate test (air heating collectors only)
7.1 Objective
7.2 Apparatus and procedure
7.3 Test conditions
7.4 Results and reporting
8 Rupture or collapse test (air heating collectors only)
8.1 Objective
8.2 Apparatus and procedure
8.2.1 General
8.2.2 Closed-loop collectors
8.2.3 Open to ambient collectors
8.3 Results and reporting
9 Standard stagnation temperature
9.1 Objective
9.2 Testing under stagnation conditions
9.3 Measurement and extrapolation of standard stagnation temperature
9.4 Determining standard stagnation temperature using efficiency parameters
9.5 Results and reporting
10 Exposure and half-exposure test
10.1 Objective
10.2 Initial outdoor exposure
10.3 Method 1
10.4 Method 2
10.5 Method 3
10.6 Test conditions
10.7 Results and reporting
11 External thermal shock
11.1 Objective
11.2 Apparatus and procedure
11.3 Test conditions
11.4 Results and reporting
12 Internal thermal shock test (Liquid heating collectors only)
12.1 Objective
12.2 Apparatus and procedure
12.3 Test conditions
12.4 Results and reporting
13 Rain penetration test
13.1 Objective
13.2 Apparatus and procedure
13.3 Test conditions
13.4 Results and reporting
14 Freeze resistance test
14.1 Objective
14.2 Freeze resistant collectors
14.2.1 General
14.2.2 Test conditions
14.3 Heatpipe collectors
14.3.1 General
14.3.2 Test conditions
14.3.3 Results and reporting
15 Mechanical load test with positive or negative pressure
15.1 Objective
15.2 Apparatus and procedure
15.2.1 Mounting
15.2.2 Methods for the application of the loads
15.2.3 Particular specifications for tracking collectors or other specific collector types
15.3 Test conditions
15.4 Results and reporting
16 Impact resistance test
16.1 Objective
16.2 Test procedure
16.3 Impact location
16.4 Method 1: Impact resistance test using ice balls
16.4.1 Apparatus
16.4.2 Ice balls
16.4.3 Specific aspects of the test procedure using ice balls
16.5 Method 2: Impact resistance test using steel balls
16.6 Results and reporting
17 Final inspection
17.1 Objective
17.2 Test procedure
17.3 Results and reporting
18 Test report
19 Thermal performance testing
19.1 General
19.2 Performance test using a solar irradiance simulator
19.2.1 General
19.2.2 Solar irradiance simulator for performance testing
19.2.3 Solar irradiance simulator for the measurement of incidence angle modifiers
20 Collector mounting and location
20.1 General
20.2 Collector orientation outdoors
20.3 Shading from direct solar irradiance
20.4 Diffuse and reflected solar irradiance
20.5 Thermal irradiance
20.6 Surrounding air speed
21 Instrumentation
21.1 Solar radiation measurement
21.1.1 Pyranometer
21.2 Thermal radiation measurement
21.2.1 General
21.2.2 Measurement of thermal irradiance outdoors
21.2.3 Measurement of thermal irradiance indoors
21.3 Temperature measurements
21.3.1 General
21.3.2 Heat transfer fluid temperatures (Liquid heating collectors)
21.3.3 Volume flow weighted mean temperature ϑm,th (Air heating collectors)
21.3.4 Measurement of ambient air temperature
21.4 Flow rate measurement
21.4.1 Measurement of mass flow rate (liquid)
21.4.2 Measurement of collector fluid flow rate (Air heating collectors)
21.5 Measurement of air speed over the collector
21.5.1 General
21.5.2 Required accuracy
21.6 Elapsed time measurement
21.7 Humidity measurement (Air collectors)
21.8 Collector dimensions
22 Test installation
22.1 Liquid heating collectors
22.1.1 General
22.1.2 Heat transfer fluid
22.1.3 Pipe work and fittings
22.1.4 Pump and flow control devices
22.2 Air heating collectors
22.2.1 General
22.2.2 Closed loop test circuit
22.2.3 Open to ambient test circuit
22.2.4 Heat transfer fluid
22.2.5 Test ducts
22.2.6 Fan and flow control devices
22.2.7 Air preconditioning apparatus
22.2.8 Humidity ratio
23 Thermal performance test procedures
23.1 General
23.2 Preconditioning of the collector
23.3 Test conditions
23.3.1 General
23.3.2 Flow rates
23.3.3 Steady-state method
23.3.4 Quasi dynamic test
23.4 Test procedure
23.4.1 General
23.4.2 Steady-state testing of liquid heating collector
23.4.3 Steady-state testing of air heating collectors
23.4.4 Steady-state testing of WISC collectors
23.4.5 Quasi dynamic testing
23.5 Measurements
23.5.1 General
23.5.2 Additional measurements during tests in solar irradiance simulators
23.5.3 Data acquisition requirements
23.6 Test period
23.6.1 Steady-state testing
23.6.2 Quasi dynamic testing
24 Computation of the collector parameters
24.1 Liquid heating collectors
24.1.1 General
24.1.2 Steady-state test method for liquid heating collectors
24.1.3 Quasi dynamic test method for liquid heating collectors
24.1.4 Data analysis
24.2 Air heating collectors
24.2.1 General
24.2.2 Steady-state test method for closed loop air heating collectors
24.2.3 Steady-state test method for open to ambient air heating collectors
24.2.4 Steady-state test method for open to ambient air heating WISC collectors
24.3 Standard reporting conditions (SRC)
24.4 Standard uncertainties
24.5 Reference area conversion
25 Determination of the effective thermal capacity and the time constant
25.1 General
25.2 Measurement of the effective thermal capacity with irradiance
25.3 Measurement of the effective thermal capacity using the quasi dynamic method
25.4 Calculation method for the determination of the effective thermal capacity
25.5 Determination of collector time constant
26 Determination of the incident angle modifier (IAM)
26.1 General
26.2 Modelling
26.2.1 Steady-state
26.2.2 Quasi dynamic
26.3 Test procedures
26.3.1 Steady-state liquid heating collectors
26.3.2 Air collectors
26.4 Calculation of the collector incidence angle modifier
26.5 Reporting
27 Determination of the pressure drop
27.1 General
27.2 Liquid heating collectors
27.2.1 Apparatus and procedure
27.2.2 Pressure drop caused by fittings
27.2.3 Test conditions
27.3 Air heating collectors
27.3.1 Apparatus and procedure
27.4 Calculation and presentation of results
Annex A (normative) Test reports
Annex B (normative) Steady-state and quasi dynamic model
Annex C (normative) Density and heat capacity of water
Annex D (informative) Assessment of the standard uncertainty in solar collector testing
Annex E (informative) Measurement of the velocity weighted mean temperature
Annex F (informative) Material efficiency aspects
Annex G (informative) Area conversion of thermal performance parameters
Bibliography
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Foreword
Introduction
1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms and definitions
4 Symbols
5 General
5.1 Test overview — Sequence of the tests
5.2 Testing of collectors with specific attributes
5.2.1 General
5.2.2 Collectors using external power sources and collectors with active or passive measures for normal operation and self-protection
5.2.3 Collectors co-generating thermal and electrical power
5.2.4 Wind and/or infrared sensitive collectors (WISC)
5.2.5 Façade collectors
5.2.6 Air and liquid heating collectors
6 Internal pressure tests for fluid channels
6.1 Objective
6.2 Fluid channels made of non-polymeric materials
6.2.1 Apparatus and procedure
6.2.2 Test conditions
6.3 Fluid channels made of polymeric materials
6.3.1 Apparatus and procedure
6.3.2 Test conditions
6.4 Results and reporting
7 Air leakage rate test (air heating collectors only)
7.1 Objective
7.2 Apparatus and procedure
7.3 Test conditions
7.4 Results and reporting
8 Rupture or collapse test (air heating collectors only)
8.1 Objective
8.2 Apparatus and procedure
8.2.1 General
8.2.2 Closed-loop collectors
8.2.3 Open to ambient collectors
8.3 Results and reporting
9 Standard stagnation temperature
9.1 Objective
9.2 Testing under stagnation conditions
9.3 Measurement and extrapolation of standard stagnation temperature
9.4 Determining standard stagnation temperature using efficiency parameters
9.5 Results and reporting
10 Exposure and half-exposure test
10.1 Objective
10.2 Initial outdoor exposure
10.3 Method 1
10.4 Method 2
10.5 Method 3
10.6 Test conditions
10.7 Results and reporting
11 External thermal shock
11.1 Objective
11.2 Apparatus and procedure
11.3 Test conditions
11.4 Results and reporting
12 Internal thermal shock test (Liquid heating collectors only)
12.1 Objective
12.2 Apparatus and procedure
12.3 Test conditions
12.4 Results and reporting
13 Rain penetration test
13.1 Objective
13.2 Apparatus and procedure
13.3 Test conditions
13.4 Results and reporting
14 Freeze resistance test
14.1 Objective
14.2 Freeze resistant collectors
14.2.1 General
14.2.2 Test conditions
14.3 Heatpipe collectors
14.3.1 General
14.3.2 Test conditions
14.3.3 Results and reporting
15 Mechanical load test with positive or negative pressure
15.1 Objective
15.2 Apparatus and procedure
15.2.1 Mounting
15.2.2 Methods for the application of the loads
15.2.3 Particular specifications for tracking collectors or other specific collector types
15.3 Test conditions
15.4 Results and reporting
16 Impact resistance test
16.1 Objective
16.2 Test procedure
16.3 Impact location
16.4 Method 1: Impact resistance test using ice balls
16.4.1 Apparatus
16.4.2 Ice balls
16.4.3 Specific aspects of the test procedure using ice balls
16.5 Method 2: Impact resistance test using steel balls
16.6 Results and reporting
17 Final inspection
17.1 Objective
17.2 Test procedure
17.3 Results and reporting
18 Test report
19 Thermal performance testing
19.1 General
19.2 Performance test using a solar irradiance simulator
19.2.1 General
19.2.2 Solar irradiance simulator for performance testing
19.2.3 Solar irradiance simulator for the measurement of incidence angle modifiers
20 Collector mounting and location
20.1 General
20.2 Collector orientation outdoors
20.3 Shading from direct solar irradiance
20.4 Diffuse and reflected solar irradiance
20.5 Thermal irradiance
20.6 Surrounding air speed
21 Instrumentation
21.1 Solar radiation measurement
21.1.1 Pyranometer
21.2 Thermal radiation measurement
21.2.1 General
21.2.2 Measurement of thermal irradiance outdoors
21.2.3 Measurement of thermal irradiance indoors
21.3 Temperature measurements
21.3.1 General
21.3.2 Heat transfer fluid temperatures (Liquid heating collectors)
21.3.3 Volume flow weighted mean temperature ϑm,th (Air heating collectors)
21.3.4 Measurement of ambient air temperature
21.4 Flow rate measurement
21.4.1 Measurement of mass flow rate (liquid)
21.4.2 Measurement of collector fluid flow rate (Air heating collectors)
21.5 Measurement of air speed over the collector
21.5.1 General
21.5.2 Required accuracy
21.6 Elapsed time measurement
21.7 Humidity measurement (Air collectors)
21.8 Collector dimensions
22 Test installation
22.1 Liquid heating collectors
22.1.1 General
22.1.2 Heat transfer fluid
22.1.3 Pipe work and fittings
22.1.4 Pump and flow control devices
22.2 Air heating collectors
22.2.1 General
22.2.2 Closed loop test circuit
22.2.3 Open to ambient test circuit
22.2.4 Heat transfer fluid
22.2.5 Test ducts
22.2.6 Fan and flow control devices
22.2.7 Air preconditioning apparatus
22.2.8 Humidity ratio
23 Thermal performance test procedures
23.1 General
23.2 Preconditioning of the collector
23.3 Test conditions
23.3.1 General
23.3.2 Flow rates
23.3.3 Steady-state method
23.3.4 Quasi dynamic test
23.4 Test procedure
23.4.1 General
23.4.2 Steady-state testing of liquid heating collector
23.4.3 Steady-state testing of air heating collectors
23.4.4 Steady-state testing of WISC collectors
23.4.5 Quasi dynamic testing
23.5 Measurements
23.5.1 General
23.5.2 Additional measurements during tests in solar irradiance simulators
23.5.3 Data acquisition requirements
23.6 Test period
23.6.1 Steady-state testing
23.6.2 Quasi dynamic testing
24 Computation of the collector parameters
24.1 Liquid heating collectors
24.1.1 General
24.1.2 Steady-state test method for liquid heating collectors
24.1.3 Quasi dynamic test method for liquid heating collectors
24.1.4 Data analysis
24.2 Air heating collectors
24.2.1 General
24.2.2 Steady-state test method for closed loop air heating collectors
24.2.3 Steady-state test method for open to ambient air heating collectors
24.2.4 Steady-state test method for open to ambient air heating WISC collectors
24.3 Standard reporting conditions (SRC)
24.4 Standard uncertainties
24.5 Reference area conversion
25 Determination of the effective thermal capacity and the time constant
25.1 General
25.2 Measurement of the effective thermal capacity with irradiance
25.3 Measurement of the effective thermal capacity using the quasi dynamic method
25.4 Calculation method for the determination of the effective thermal capacity
25.5 Determination of collector time constant
26 Determination of the incident angle modifier (IAM)
26.1 General
26.2 Modelling
26.2.1 Steady-state
26.2.2 Quasi dynamic
26.3 Test procedures
26.3.1 Steady-state liquid heating collectors
26.3.2 Air collectors
26.4 Calculation of the collector incidence angle modifier
26.5 Reporting
27 Determination of the pressure drop
27.1 General
27.2 Liquid heating collectors
27.2.1 Apparatus and procedure
27.2.2 Pressure drop caused by fittings
27.2.3 Test conditions
27.3 Air heating collectors
27.3.1 Apparatus and procedure
27.4 Calculation and presentation of results
Annex A (normative) Test reports
Annex B (normative) Steady-state and quasi dynamic model
Annex C (normative) Density and heat capacity of water
Annex D (informative) Assessment of the standard uncertainty in solar collector testing
Annex E (informative) Measurement of the velocity weighted mean temperature
Annex F (informative) Material efficiency aspects
Annex G (informative) Area conversion of thermal performance parameters
Bibliography