AS/NZS IEC/IEEE 62209.1528:2021
Measurement procedure for the assessment of specific absorption rate of human exposure to radio frequency fields from hand-held and body-mounted wireless communication devices, Part 1528: Human models, instrumentation, and procedures (Frequency range of 4
AS/NZS IEC/IEEE 62209.1528:2021 identically adopts IEC/IEEE 62209-1528:2020 for Australia and New Zealand, which specifies protocols and test procedures for the reproducible and repeatable measurement of the conservative exposure peak spatial average SAR (psSAR) induced inside a simplified model of the head and the body by radio-frequency (RF) transmitting devices, with a defined measurement uncertainty. This document does not apply to implanted medical devices.
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AS/NZS IEC/IEEE 62209.1528:2021 Measurement procedure for the assessment of specific absorption rate of human exposure to radio frequency fields from hand-held and body-mounted wireless communication devices Human models, instrumentation, and procedures (
CONTENTS
FOREWORD
INTRODUCTION
1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms and definitions
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms
4.1 Physical quantities
4.2 Constants
4.3 Abbreviated terms
5 Quick start guide and evaluation plan checklist
6 Measurement system specifications
6.1 General requirements for full SAR testing
6.2 Phantom specifications
6.2.1 General
6.2.2 Basic phantom parameters
6.2.3 Head phantom
6.2.4 Flat phantom
6.2.5 Device-specific phantoms
6.3 Influence of hand on SAR in head
6.4 Scanning system requirements
6.5 Device holder specifications
6.6 Characteristics of the readout electronics
7 Protocol for SAR assessment
7.1 General
7.2 Measurement preparation
7.2.1 Preparation of tissue-equivalent medium and system check
7.2.2 Preparation of the wireless communication DUT
7.2.3 DUT operating mode requirements
7.2.4 Positioning of the DUT relative to the phantom
7.2.5 Antenna configurations
7.2.6 Options and accessories
7.2.7 DUTs with alternative form factor
7.2.8 Test frequencies for DUTs
7.3 Tests to be performed for DUTs
7.3.1 General
7.3.2 Basic approach for DUT testing
7.4 Measurement procedure
7.4.1 General
7.4.2 Full SAR testing procedure
7.4.3 Drift
7.4.4 SAR measurements of DUTs with multiple antennas or multiple transmitters
7.5 Post-processing of SAR measurement data
7.5.1 Interpolation
7.5.2 Extrapolation
7.5.3 Definition of the averaging volume
7.5.4 Searching for the maxima
7.6 Time-period averaged SAR considerations
7.6.1 General
7.6.2 RF conducted power
7.6.3 Time-period averaged SAR measurement settings for SAR measurement methods
7.6.4 Exposure condition and test position considerations
7.6.5 Time-period averaged SAR for simultaneous transmission
7.6.6 TX factor assessment
7.6.7 SAR measurements
7.6.8 Uncertainty in TPAS evaluations
7.7 Proximity sensors considerations
7.7.1 General
7.7.2 Procedures for determining proximity sensor triggering distances
7.7.3 Procedure for determining proximity sensor coverage area
7.7.4 SAR measurement procedure involving proximity sensors
7.8 SAR correction for deviations of complex permittivity from targets
7.8.1 General
7.8.2 SAR correction formula
7.8.3 Uncertainty of the correction formula
7.9 Minimization of testing time
7.9.1 General
7.9.2 Fast SAR testing
7.9.3 SAR test reductions
8 Measurement uncertainty estimation
8.1 General
8.2 Requirements on the uncertainty evaluation
8.3 Description of uncertainty models
8.3.1 General
8.3.2 SAR measurement of a DUT
8.3.3 System validation and system check measurement
8.3.4 System check repeatability and reproducibility
8.3.5 Fast SAR testing (relative measurement)
8.4 Parameters contributing to uncertainty
8.4.1 Measurement system errors
8.4.2 Phantom and device (DUT or validation antenna) errors
8.4.3 Corrections to the SAR result (if applied)
9 Measurement report
Tables
Table 1 – Evaluation plan checklist
Table€2 – Dielectric properties of the tissue-equivalent medium
Table€3 – Area scan parameters
Table€4 – Zoom scan parameters
Table 5 – Example method to determine the combined SAR value using Alternative€1
Table 6 – Root-mean-squared error SAR correction formula as afunction of the maximum change in permittivity or conductivity [28]
Table 7 – Threshold values TH(f) used in this proposed test reduction protocol
Table 8 – Divisors for common probability density functions (PDFs)
Table 9 – Uncertainty budget template for evaluating the uncertaintyin the measured value of 1 g or 10 g psSAR from a DUT or validationantenna (N = normal, R = rectangular)
Table€10 – Uncertainty of Formula (8) (see 7.8.2) as a function ofthe maximum change in permittivity or conductivity
Table B.1 – The number of DUTs used for the statistical study
Table B.2 – Statistical analysis results ofP(Tilt/Cheek >€x) for various x values
Table B.3 – Statistical analysis results ofP(Tilt/Cheek >€x) for 1 g and 10€g psSAR
Table B.4 – Statistical analysis results ofP(Tilt/Cheek >€x) for various antenna locations
Table B.5 – Statistical analysis results ofP(Tilt/Cheek >€x) for various frequency bands
Table B.6 – Statistical analysis results ofP(Tilt/Cheek >€x) for various device types
Table B.7 – Distance for various “iso-level” values
Table B.8 – Experimental thresholds to have a 95 % probability that themaximum measured SAR value from the area scan will also have a psSAR
Table B.9 – SAR values from the area scan (GSM 900 band): Example 1
Table B.10 – SAR values from the area scan (GSM 900 band): Example 2
Table C.1 – Measurement uncertainty budget for relativeSAR measurements using Class 2 fast SAR testing,for tests performed within one frequency band and modulation
Table C.2 – Measurement uncertainty budget forsystem check using Class 2 fast SAR testing
Table D.1 – Mechanical dimensions of the reference dipoles
Table€D.2 – Numerical target SAR values (W/kg) for standard dipole and flat phantom
Table D.3 – Mechanical dimensions of the standard waveguide
Table D.4 – Numerical target SAR values for waveguides
Table€D.5 – Numerical target SAR values for CLAs
Table D.6 – Mechanical dimensions of the reference meander dipole
Table D.7 – Numerical target SAR value (W/kg) for meander dipole
Table D.8 – Dimensions for VPIFA antennas at different frequencies
Table D.9 – Electric properties for the dielectric layers for VPIFA antennas
Table D.10 – Numerical target SAR values for VPIFAs on the flat phantom
Table E.1 – Uncertainty analysis for transfer calibration using temperature probes
Table E.2 – Guidelines for designing calibration waveguides
Table E.3 – Uncertainty analysis of the probe calibration in waveguide
Table E.4 – Uncertainty template for evaluation of reference antenna gain
Table E.5 – Uncertainty template for calibration using reference antenna
Table E.6 – Uncertainty components for probe calibration using thermal methods
Table F.1 – Suggested recipes for achievingtarget dielectric properties, 30 MHz to 900 MHz
Table F.2 – Suggested recipes for achieving targetdielectric properties, 1 800 MHz to 10 000 MHz
Table G.1 – Dimensions used in deriving SAM phantom fromthe ARMY 90th percentile male head data (Gordon et al. [61])
Table G.2 – Additional SAM dimensions compared with selecteddimensions from the ARMY 90th percentile male head data(Gordon et al. [61])—specialist head measurement section
Table€G.3 – Parameters used for calculation of reference SAR values in Table€D.2
Table H.1 – Parameters for calculating thedielectric properties of various reference liquids
Table H.2 – Dielectric properties of reference liquids at 20 °C
Table J.1 –psSAR correction factors
Table N.1 – SAR results tables for example test results in GSM 850 band
Table N.2 – SAR results tables for example test results in GSM 900 band
Table N.3 – SAR results tables for example test results in GSM 1800 band
Table N.4 – SAR results tables for example test results in GSM 1900 band
Table O.1 – Parameters for the reference function f1 in Formula (O.12)
Table O.2 – Reference SAR values from the distribution functions f1, f2, and f3
Table O.3 – Example uncertainty template and example numericalvalues for permittivity () and conductivity (σ) measurement
Table S.1 – Uncertainties relating to the deviations ofthe parameters of the standard waveguide from theory
Table S.2 – Other uncertainty contributions relatingto the dipole antennas specified in Annex€D.
Table S.3 – Other uncertainty contributions relating tothe standard waveguides specified in Annex€D
Table U.1 – Summary of information to determine the margin for handsetswith straight form factors positioned at the flat bottom of the Uniphantom
Table U.2 – Summary of information to determine the margin for handsetswith straight form factors, including slide-type and bar handsets (exceptsmart phones), positioned at the flat bottom of the Uniphantom
Table U.3 – Summary of information to determine the margin for thesmart phones positioned at the flat bottom of the Uniphantom
Table U.4 – Summary of information to determine the marginfor smart phones positioned at the corner of the Uniphantom
Table U.5 – Statistical analysis results of P(Tilt/Cheek >€x) for various device types
Table U.6 – Summary of information to determine the margin for handsets with clamshell form factors positioned at the corner of the Uniphantom
Table W.1 – Relative standard deviation of α found in Study 1 (without MPR)
Table W.2 – Maximum relative standard deviation of α found in Study 2 (with MPR)
9.1 General
9.2 Items to be recorded in the measurement report
Annexes
Annex€A (normative)SAR measurement system verification
A.1 Overview
A.2 System check
A.2.1 Purpose
A.2.2 Phantom set-up
A.2.3 System check antenna
A.2.4 System check antenna input power measurement
A.2.5 System check procedure
A.2.6 System check acceptance criteria
A.3 System validation
A.3.1 Purpose
A.3.2 Phantom set-up
A.3.3 System validation antennas
A.3.4 Input power measurement
A.3.5 System validation procedure
A.4 Fast SAR testing system validation and system check
A.4.1 General
A.4.2 Fast SAR testing system validation
A.4.3 Fast SAR testing system check
Annex€B (informative)SAR test reduction supporting information
B.1 General
B.2 Test reduction based on characteristics of DUT design
B.2.1 General
B.2.2 Statistical analysis overview
B.2.3 Analysis results
B.2.4 Conclusions
B.2.5 Expansion to multi-transmission antennas
B.3 Test reduction based on analysis of SAR results on other signal modulations
B.3.1 General
B.3.2 Analysis results
B.4 Test reduction based on SAR level analysis
B.4.1 General
B.4.2 Statistical analysis
B.4.3 Test reduction applicability example
B.5 Other statistical approaches to search for the high SAR test configurations
B.5.1 General
B.5.2 Test reductions based on a DOE
B.5.3 One factor at a time (OFAT) search
B.5.4 Analysis of unstructured data
Annex€C (informative)Measurement uncertainty of results obtained fromspecific fast SAR testing methods
C.1 General
C.2 Measurement uncertainty evaluation – contributing parameters
C.2.1 General
C.2.2 Probe calibration and system calibration drift
C.2.3 Isotropy
C.2.4 Probe positioning
C.2.5 Mutual sensor coupling
C.2.6 Scattering within the probe array
C.2.7 Sampling error
C.2.8 Array boundaries
C.2.9 Probe or probe array coupling with the DUT
C.2.10 Measurement system immunity / secondary reception
C.2.11 Deviations in phantom shape
C.2.12 Spatial variation in dielectric properties
C.2.13 Reconstruction
C.3 Uncertainty budget
Annex€D (normative)SAR system validation antennas
D.1 General antenna requirements
D.2 Standard dipole antenna
D.2.1 Mechanical description
D.2.2 Numerical target SAR values
D.3 Standard waveguide
D.3.1 Mechanical description
D.3.2 Numerical target SAR values
D.4 System validation antennas for below 150€MHz
D.4.1 General
D.4.2 Confined loop antenna
D.4.3 Meander dipole antenna
D.5 Orthogonal E-field source – VPIFA
D.5.1 Mechanical description
D.5.2 Numerical target SAR values
Annex€E (normative)Calibration and characterization of dosimetric (SAR) probes
E.1 Introductory remarks
E.2 Linearity
E.3 Assessment of the sensitivity of the dipole sensors
E.3.1 General
E.3.2 Two-step calibration procedures
E.3.3 One-step calibration procedure – reference antenna method
E.3.4 One-step calibration procedure – coaxial calorimeter method
E.4 Isotropy
E.4.1 Axial isotropy
E.4.2 Hemispherical isotropy
E.5 Lower detection limit
E.6 Boundary effect
E.7 Response time
Annex€F (informative)Example recipes for phantom tissue-equivalent media
F.1 General
F.2 Ingredients
F.3 Tissue-equivalent medium liquid formulas (permittivity/conductivity)
Annex€G (normative)Phantom specifications
G.1 Rationale for the phantom characteristics
G.1.1 General
G.1.2 Rationale for the SAM phantom
G.1.3 Rationale for the flat phantom
G.2 SAM phantom specifications
G.2.1 General SAM phantom specifications
G.2.2 SAM phantom shell specification
G.3 Flat phantom specifications
G.4 Justification of flat phantom dimensions
G.5 Rationale for tissue-equivalent media
G.6 Definition of a phantom coordinate system and a DUT coordinate system
Annex€H (informative)Measurement of the dielectric properties of tissue-equivalent media and uncertainty estimation
H.1 Overview
H.2 Measurement techniques
H.2.1 General
H.2.2 Instrumentation
H.2.3 General principles
H.3 Slotted coaxial transmission line
H.3.1 General
H.3.2 Equipment set-up
H.3.3 Measurement procedure
H.4 Contact coaxial probe
H.4.1 General
H.4.2 Equipment set-up
H.4.3 Measurement procedure
H.5 TEM transmission line
H.5.1 General
H.5.2 Equipment set-up
H.5.3 Measurement procedure
H.6 Dielectric properties of reference liquids
Annex€I (informative)Studies for potential hand effects on head SAR
I.1 Overview
I.2 Background
I.2.1 General
I.2.2 Hand phantoms
I.3 Summary of experimental studies
I.3.1 Experimental studies using fully compliant SAR measurement systems
I.3.2 Experimental studies using other SAR measurement systems
I.4 Summary of computational studies
I.5 Conclusions
Annex€J (informative)Skin enhancement factor
J.1 Background
J.2 Rationale
J.3 Simulations
J.4 Recommendation
Annex€K (normative)Application-specific phantoms
K.1 General
K.2 Phantom basic requirements
K.3 Examples of specific alternative phantoms
K.3.1 Face-down SAM phantom
K.3.2 Head-stand SAM phantom
K.3.3 Wrist phantom
K.4 Scanning and evaluation requirements
K.5 Uncertainty assessment
K.6 Reporting
Annex€L (normative)Fast compliance evaluations using a flat-bottomphantom with a curved corner (Uniphantom)
L.1 General
L.2 Uniphantom
L.3 Device positions for compliance testing and definitions of handset shapes
L.3.1 General
L.3.2 Handsets with a straight form factor
L.3.3 Handsets with a clamshell form factor
L.4 Testing procedure
L.4.1 General
L.4.2 Handsets with straight form factors
L.4.3 Handsets with clamshell form factors
L.5 Uncertainty of SAR measurement results using Uniphantom
Annex€M (informative)Wired hands-free headset testing
M.1 Concept
M.2 Example results
M.3 Discussion
Annex€N (informative)Applying the head SAR test procedures
Annex€O (normative)Uncertainty analysis for measurement systemmanufacturers and calibration laboratories
O.1 Probe linearity and detection limits
O.2 Broadband signal uncertainty
O.3 Boundary effect
O.4 Field-probe readout electronics uncertainty
O.5 Signal step-response time uncertainty
O.6 Probe integration-time uncertainty
O.6.1 General
O.6.2 Probe integration-time uncertainty for periodic pulsed signals
O.6.3 Probe integration-time uncertainty for non-periodic signals
O.7 Contribution of mechanical constraints
O.7.1 Mechanical tolerances of the probe positioner (directions parallel to phantom surface)
O.7.2 Probe positioning with respect to phantom shell surface
O.7.3 First-order approximation of exponential decay
O.8 Contribution of post-processing
O.8.1 General
O.8.2 Evaluation test functions
O.8.3 Data-processing algorithm uncertainty evaluations
O.9 Tissue-equivalent medium properties uncertainty
O.9.1 General
O.9.2 Medium density
O.9.3 Medium conductivity uncertainty
O.9.4 Medium permittivity uncertainty
O.9.5 Assessment of dielectric properties measurement uncertainties
O.9.6 Medium temperature uncertainty
Annex€P (normative)Post-processing techniques
P.1 Extrapolation and interpolation schemes
P.1.1 General
P.1.2 Extrapolation schemes
P.1.3 Interpolation schemes
P.2 Averaging scheme and maximum finding
P.2.1 Volume average schemes
P.2.2 Finding the psSAR and estimating the uncertainty
Annex€Q (informative)Rationale for time-period averaged SAR test procedure
Annex€R (normative)Measurement uncertainty analysis for testing laboratories
R.1 RF ambient conditions
R.2 Device positioning and holder uncertainties
R.2.1 General
R.2.2 Device holder perturbation uncertainty
R.2.3 DUT positioning uncertainty with a specific test device holder: Type A
R.3 Probe modulation response
R.4 Time-period averaged SAR
R.4.1 General
R.4.2 TX factor uncertainty
R.5 Measured SAR drift
R.5.1 General
R.5.2 Accounting for drift
R.6 SAR scaling uncertainty
Annex€S (normative)Validation antenna SAR measurement uncertainty
S.1 Deviation of experimental antennas
S.2 Other uncertainty contributions when using system validation antennas
Annex€T (normative)Interlaboratory comparisons
T.1 Purpose
T.2 Phantom set-up
T.3 Reference devices
T.4 Power set-up
T.5 Interlaboratory comparison – procedure
Annex€U (informative)Determination of the margin forcompliance evaluation using the Uniphantom
U.1 General
U.2 Deviation of the psSAR measured using the Uniphantom from the psSAR measured using the SAM phantom
U.3 Determination of margin based on 95 % confidence interval
U.4 Examples of the determination of the margin factor
U.4.1 Margin for handsets with straight form factors at flat-bottom position
U.4.2 Margin for handsets with straight form factors (except smart phones at flat-bottom position)
U.4.3 Margin for smart phones at flat-bottom position
U.4.4 Margin for smart phones at corner position
U.4.5 Margin for handsets with clamshell form factors at corner position
Annex€V (informative)Automatic input power levelcontrol for system validation
V.1 General
V.2 Operational mechanism of AIPLC
Annex€W (informative)LTE test configurations supporting information
W.1 General
W.2 Study 1
W.3 Study 2
W.4 Justifications of relative standard deviations
Bibliography
Figures
Figure 1 – Quick start guide
Figure 2 – Dimensions of the elliptical phantom
Figure 3 – Mounting of the DUT in the device holder using low-permittivity andlow-loss foam to avoid changes of DUT performance by the holder material
Figure 4 – Designation of DUT reference points
Figure 5 – Measurements performed by shifting a large deviceover the efficient measurement area of the system includingoverlapping areas – in this case: six tests performed
Figure 6 – Test positions for body-worn devices
Figure 7 – Device with swivel antenna
Figure 8 – Test positions for body supported devices
Figure 9 – Test positions for desktop devices
Figure 10 – Test positions for front-of-face devices
Figure 11 – Test position for hand-held devices, not used at the head or torso
Figure 12 – Test position for limb-worn devices
Figure 13 – Test position for clothing-integrated wireless communication devices
Figure 14 – Possible test positions for a generic device
Figure€15 – Vertical and horizontal reference lines and referencepoints A and B on two example device types: a full touch-screensmart phone (left) and a DUT with a keypad (right)
Figure€16 – Cheek position of the DUT on the left side of SAM wherethe device position shall be maintained for the phantom test set-up
Figure 17 – Tilt position of the DUT on the left side of SAM
Figure 18 – An alternative form factor DUT with reference points and reference lines
Figure 19 – Block diagram of the tests to be performed
Figure 20 – Orientation of the probe with respect to the line normal to the phantom surface, for head and flat phantoms, shown at two different locations
Figure 21 – Measurement procedure for different types of correlated signals
Figure 22 – Positioning of the surfaces and edges of the DUTfor determining the proximity sensor triggering distance
Figure 23 – Positioning of the edges of the DUT to determineproximity sensor triggering distance variations with the edgepositioned at different angles from the perpendicular position
Figure 24 – Fast SAR Procedure A
Figure 25 – Fast SAR Procedure B
Figure€26 – Modified chart of Figure 19
Figure 27 – Use of conducted power for LTE mode selection,for Band 1 (1€920 MHz to 1€980 MHz) (MPR values are in dB)
Figure 28 – Use of conducted power for LTE modeselection, for Band 17 (704 MHz to 716 MHz) (MPR values are in dB)
Figure A.1 – Test set-up for the system check
Figure B.1 – Distribution of Tilt/Cheek
Figure B.2 – SAR relative to SAR in position with maximum SAR in GSM mode
Figure B.3 – Two points identifying the minimum distance between theposition of the interpolated maximum SAR and the points at 0,6 ×€SARmax
Figure B.4 – Histogram for Dmin in the case of GSM 900 and iso-level at 0,6€×€SARmax
Figure€B.5 – Histogram for random variable Factor1g,1800
Figure D.1 – Mechanical details of the standard dipoles
Figure D.2 – Standard waveguide (dimensions are according to Table D.3)
Figure D.3 – Drawing of the CLA that corresponds to a resonant loop integratedin a metallic structure to isolate the resonant structure from the environment
Figure D.4 – Mechanical details of the meander dipoles for 150 MHz
Figure D.5 – VPIFA validation antenna
Figure D.6 – Mask for positioning VPIFAs
Figure E.1 – Experimental set-up for assessment of the sensitivity(conversion factor) using a vertically-oriented rectangular waveguide
Figure E.2 – Illustration of the antenna gain evaluation set-up
Figure E.3 – Schematic of the coaxial calorimeter system
Figure E.4 – Set-up to assess hemisphericalisotropy deviation in tissue-equivalent medium
Figure E.5 – Alternative set-up to assess hemisphericalisotropy deviation in tissue-equivalent medium
Figure E.6 – Experimental set-up for thehemispherical isotropy assessment
Figure E.7 – Conventions for dipole position (ξ) and polarization (θ)
Figure E.8 – Measurement of hemispherical isotropy with reference antenna
Figure G.1 – Illustration of dimensions in Table G.1 and Table G.2
Figure G.2 – Close up side view of phantom showing the ear region
Figure G.3 – Side view of the phantom showing relevant markings
Figure€G.4 – Sagittally bisected phantom with extended perimeter(shown placed on its side as used for device SAR tests)
Figure€G.5 – Picture of the phantom showing the central strip
Figure€G.6 – Cross-sectional view of SAM at the reference plane
Figure€G.7 – Dimensions of the flat phantom set-up used for deriving theminimal phantom dimensions for W and L for a given phantom depth D
Figure€G.8 – FDTD predicted error in the 10€g psSAR as a function of the dimensions of the flat phantom compared with an infinite flat phantom at 800€MHz
Figure G.9 – Complex permittivity of human tissuescompared to the phantom target properties
Figure G.10 – Example reference coordinate systemfor the left-ear ERP of the SAM phantom
Figure G.11 – Example coordinate system on a DUT
Figure H.1 – Slotted line set-up
Figure H.2 – An open-ended coaxial probe with inner and outer radii a and b, respectively
Figure H.3 – TEM line dielectric properties test set-up [85]
Figure J.1 – SAR and temperature increase (ΔT) distributionssimulated for a three-layer (skin, fat, muscle) planar torso model
Figure J.2 – Statistical approach to protect 90€% of the population
Figure J.3 – psSAR skin enhancement factors
Figure K.1 – SAM face-down phantom
Figure K.2 – SAM head-stand phantom
Figure K.3 – Wrist phantom
Figure L.1 – Cross section of the unified phantom (Uniphantom) with its dimensions
Figure L.2 – Measurement positions of handsets withstraight and clamshell form factors
Figure L.3 – Flow chart of testing procedure for handsets with straight form factors
Figure M.1 – Configuration of a personal wired hands-free headset
Figure M.2 – Configuration without a personal wired hands-free headset
Figure O.1 – Orientation and surface of averaging volume relative to phantom surface
Figure U.1 – Categories (classes) for comparison of the measured psSAR between the Uniphantom (SARuni) and the SAM phantom (SARSAM)
Figure U.2 – Histogram of the deviation of the 10 g psSAR of 45 handsetswith straight form factors positioned at the flat bottom of the Uniphantom
Figure U.3 – Histogram of the deviation of the 1 g psSAR of 40 handsetswith straight form factors positioned at the flat bottom of the Uniphantom
Figure U.4 – Histogram of the deviation of the 10 g psSAR of 25 handsets withstraight form factors positioned at the flat bottom of the Uniphantom
Figure U.5 – Histogram of the deviation of the 1 g psSAR from 20 handsets withstraight form factors positioned at the flat bottom of the Uniphantom
Figure U.6 – Histogram of the deviation of the 10 g psSAR of 20 handsets with straight form factors or smart phones positioned at the flat bottom of the Uniphantom
Figure U.7 – Histogram of the deviation of the 1 g psSAR of 20 handsets with straight form factors or smart phones positioned at the flat bottom of the Uniphantom
Figure U.8 – Histogram of the deviation of the 10 g psSAR of 20 handsets with straight form factors or smart phones positioned at the corner of the Uniphantom
Figure U.9 – Histogram of the deviation of the 1 g psSAR of 19 handsets with straight form factors or smart phones positioned at the corner of the Uniphantom
Figure U.10 – Histogram of the deviation of the 10 g psSAR of 20 handsetswith clamshell form factors at the corner of the Uniphantom
Figure U.11 – Histogram of the deviation of the 1 g psSAR of 19 handsetswith clamshell form factors at the corner of the Uniphantom
Figure V.1 – Generated RF input power variations tooperation time without and with application of AIPLC
Figure V.2 – The system block diagram of the AIPLC
Figure V.3 – Power variation characteristics byadjusting the amplifier or signal generator outputs
Figure W.1 – Low, middle, and high channels at 2 GHz band (Band 1)
Figure W.2 – RF conducted power versus 10 g psSAR
Figure W.3 – 1 g SAR as a function of RF conducted power in various test conditions
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AS/NZS IEC/IEEE 62209.1528:2021 Measurement procedure for the assessment of specific absorption rate of human exposure to radio frequency fields from hand-held and body-mounted wireless communication devices Human models, instrumentation, and procedures (
CONTENTS
FOREWORD
INTRODUCTION
1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms and definitions
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms
4.1 Physical quantities
4.2 Constants
4.3 Abbreviated terms
5 Quick start guide and evaluation plan checklist
6 Measurement system specifications
6.1 General requirements for full SAR testing
6.2 Phantom specifications
6.2.1 General
6.2.2 Basic phantom parameters
6.2.3 Head phantom
6.2.4 Flat phantom
6.2.5 Device-specific phantoms
6.3 Influence of hand on SAR in head
6.4 Scanning system requirements
6.5 Device holder specifications
6.6 Characteristics of the readout electronics
7 Protocol for SAR assessment
7.1 General
7.2 Measurement preparation
7.2.1 Preparation of tissue-equivalent medium and system check
7.2.2 Preparation of the wireless communication DUT
7.2.3 DUT operating mode requirements
7.2.4 Positioning of the DUT relative to the phantom
7.2.5 Antenna configurations
7.2.6 Options and accessories
7.2.7 DUTs with alternative form factor
7.2.8 Test frequencies for DUTs
7.3 Tests to be performed for DUTs
7.3.1 General
7.3.2 Basic approach for DUT testing
7.4 Measurement procedure
7.4.1 General
7.4.2 Full SAR testing procedure
7.4.3 Drift
7.4.4 SAR measurements of DUTs with multiple antennas or multiple transmitters
7.5 Post-processing of SAR measurement data
7.5.1 Interpolation
7.5.2 Extrapolation
7.5.3 Definition of the averaging volume
7.5.4 Searching for the maxima
7.6 Time-period averaged SAR considerations
7.6.1 General
7.6.2 RF conducted power
7.6.3 Time-period averaged SAR measurement settings for SAR measurement methods
7.6.4 Exposure condition and test position considerations
7.6.5 Time-period averaged SAR for simultaneous transmission
7.6.6 TX factor assessment
7.6.7 SAR measurements
7.6.8 Uncertainty in TPAS evaluations
7.7 Proximity sensors considerations
7.7.1 General
7.7.2 Procedures for determining proximity sensor triggering distances
7.7.3 Procedure for determining proximity sensor coverage area
7.7.4 SAR measurement procedure involving proximity sensors
7.8 SAR correction for deviations of complex permittivity from targets
7.8.1 General
7.8.2 SAR correction formula
7.8.3 Uncertainty of the correction formula
7.9 Minimization of testing time
7.9.1 General
7.9.2 Fast SAR testing
7.9.3 SAR test reductions
8 Measurement uncertainty estimation
8.1 General
8.2 Requirements on the uncertainty evaluation
8.3 Description of uncertainty models
8.3.1 General
8.3.2 SAR measurement of a DUT
8.3.3 System validation and system check measurement
8.3.4 System check repeatability and reproducibility
8.3.5 Fast SAR testing (relative measurement)
8.4 Parameters contributing to uncertainty
8.4.1 Measurement system errors
8.4.2 Phantom and device (DUT or validation antenna) errors
8.4.3 Corrections to the SAR result (if applied)
9 Measurement report
Tables
Table 1 – Evaluation plan checklist
Table€2 – Dielectric properties of the tissue-equivalent medium
Table€3 – Area scan parameters
Table€4 – Zoom scan parameters
Table 5 – Example method to determine the combined SAR value using Alternative€1
Table 6 – Root-mean-squared error SAR correction formula as afunction of the maximum change in permittivity or conductivity [28]
Table 7 – Threshold values TH(f) used in this proposed test reduction protocol
Table 8 – Divisors for common probability density functions (PDFs)
Table 9 – Uncertainty budget template for evaluating the uncertaintyin the measured value of 1 g or 10 g psSAR from a DUT or validationantenna (N = normal, R = rectangular)
Table€10 – Uncertainty of Formula (8) (see 7.8.2) as a function ofthe maximum change in permittivity or conductivity
Table B.1 – The number of DUTs used for the statistical study
Table B.2 – Statistical analysis results ofP(Tilt/Cheek >€x) for various x values
Table B.3 – Statistical analysis results ofP(Tilt/Cheek >€x) for 1 g and 10€g psSAR
Table B.4 – Statistical analysis results ofP(Tilt/Cheek >€x) for various antenna locations
Table B.5 – Statistical analysis results ofP(Tilt/Cheek >€x) for various frequency bands
Table B.6 – Statistical analysis results ofP(Tilt/Cheek >€x) for various device types
Table B.7 – Distance for various “iso-level” values
Table B.8 – Experimental thresholds to have a 95 % probability that themaximum measured SAR value from the area scan will also have a psSAR
Table B.9 – SAR values from the area scan (GSM 900 band): Example 1
Table B.10 – SAR values from the area scan (GSM 900 band): Example 2
Table C.1 – Measurement uncertainty budget for relativeSAR measurements using Class 2 fast SAR testing,for tests performed within one frequency band and modulation
Table C.2 – Measurement uncertainty budget forsystem check using Class 2 fast SAR testing
Table D.1 – Mechanical dimensions of the reference dipoles
Table€D.2 – Numerical target SAR values (W/kg) for standard dipole and flat phantom
Table D.3 – Mechanical dimensions of the standard waveguide
Table D.4 – Numerical target SAR values for waveguides
Table€D.5 – Numerical target SAR values for CLAs
Table D.6 – Mechanical dimensions of the reference meander dipole
Table D.7 – Numerical target SAR value (W/kg) for meander dipole
Table D.8 – Dimensions for VPIFA antennas at different frequencies
Table D.9 – Electric properties for the dielectric layers for VPIFA antennas
Table D.10 – Numerical target SAR values for VPIFAs on the flat phantom
Table E.1 – Uncertainty analysis for transfer calibration using temperature probes
Table E.2 – Guidelines for designing calibration waveguides
Table E.3 – Uncertainty analysis of the probe calibration in waveguide
Table E.4 – Uncertainty template for evaluation of reference antenna gain
Table E.5 – Uncertainty template for calibration using reference antenna
Table E.6 – Uncertainty components for probe calibration using thermal methods
Table F.1 – Suggested recipes for achievingtarget dielectric properties, 30 MHz to 900 MHz
Table F.2 – Suggested recipes for achieving targetdielectric properties, 1 800 MHz to 10 000 MHz
Table G.1 – Dimensions used in deriving SAM phantom fromthe ARMY 90th percentile male head data (Gordon et al. [61])
Table G.2 – Additional SAM dimensions compared with selecteddimensions from the ARMY 90th percentile male head data(Gordon et al. [61])—specialist head measurement section
Table€G.3 – Parameters used for calculation of reference SAR values in Table€D.2
Table H.1 – Parameters for calculating thedielectric properties of various reference liquids
Table H.2 – Dielectric properties of reference liquids at 20 °C
Table J.1 –psSAR correction factors
Table N.1 – SAR results tables for example test results in GSM 850 band
Table N.2 – SAR results tables for example test results in GSM 900 band
Table N.3 – SAR results tables for example test results in GSM 1800 band
Table N.4 – SAR results tables for example test results in GSM 1900 band
Table O.1 – Parameters for the reference function f1 in Formula (O.12)
Table O.2 – Reference SAR values from the distribution functions f1, f2, and f3
Table O.3 – Example uncertainty template and example numericalvalues for permittivity () and conductivity (σ) measurement
Table S.1 – Uncertainties relating to the deviations ofthe parameters of the standard waveguide from theory
Table S.2 – Other uncertainty contributions relatingto the dipole antennas specified in Annex€D.
Table S.3 – Other uncertainty contributions relating tothe standard waveguides specified in Annex€D
Table U.1 – Summary of information to determine the margin for handsetswith straight form factors positioned at the flat bottom of the Uniphantom
Table U.2 – Summary of information to determine the margin for handsetswith straight form factors, including slide-type and bar handsets (exceptsmart phones), positioned at the flat bottom of the Uniphantom
Table U.3 – Summary of information to determine the margin for thesmart phones positioned at the flat bottom of the Uniphantom
Table U.4 – Summary of information to determine the marginfor smart phones positioned at the corner of the Uniphantom
Table U.5 – Statistical analysis results of P(Tilt/Cheek >€x) for various device types
Table U.6 – Summary of information to determine the margin for handsets with clamshell form factors positioned at the corner of the Uniphantom
Table W.1 – Relative standard deviation of α found in Study 1 (without MPR)
Table W.2 – Maximum relative standard deviation of α found in Study 2 (with MPR)
9.1 General
9.2 Items to be recorded in the measurement report
Annexes
Annex€A (normative)SAR measurement system verification
A.1 Overview
A.2 System check
A.2.1 Purpose
A.2.2 Phantom set-up
A.2.3 System check antenna
A.2.4 System check antenna input power measurement
A.2.5 System check procedure
A.2.6 System check acceptance criteria
A.3 System validation
A.3.1 Purpose
A.3.2 Phantom set-up
A.3.3 System validation antennas
A.3.4 Input power measurement
A.3.5 System validation procedure
A.4 Fast SAR testing system validation and system check
A.4.1 General
A.4.2 Fast SAR testing system validation
A.4.3 Fast SAR testing system check
Annex€B (informative)SAR test reduction supporting information
B.1 General
B.2 Test reduction based on characteristics of DUT design
B.2.1 General
B.2.2 Statistical analysis overview
B.2.3 Analysis results
B.2.4 Conclusions
B.2.5 Expansion to multi-transmission antennas
B.3 Test reduction based on analysis of SAR results on other signal modulations
B.3.1 General
B.3.2 Analysis results
B.4 Test reduction based on SAR level analysis
B.4.1 General
B.4.2 Statistical analysis
B.4.3 Test reduction applicability example
B.5 Other statistical approaches to search for the high SAR test configurations
B.5.1 General
B.5.2 Test reductions based on a DOE
B.5.3 One factor at a time (OFAT) search
B.5.4 Analysis of unstructured data
Annex€C (informative)Measurement uncertainty of results obtained fromspecific fast SAR testing methods
C.1 General
C.2 Measurement uncertainty evaluation – contributing parameters
C.2.1 General
C.2.2 Probe calibration and system calibration drift
C.2.3 Isotropy
C.2.4 Probe positioning
C.2.5 Mutual sensor coupling
C.2.6 Scattering within the probe array
C.2.7 Sampling error
C.2.8 Array boundaries
C.2.9 Probe or probe array coupling with the DUT
C.2.10 Measurement system immunity / secondary reception
C.2.11 Deviations in phantom shape
C.2.12 Spatial variation in dielectric properties
C.2.13 Reconstruction
C.3 Uncertainty budget
Annex€D (normative)SAR system validation antennas
D.1 General antenna requirements
D.2 Standard dipole antenna
D.2.1 Mechanical description
D.2.2 Numerical target SAR values
D.3 Standard waveguide
D.3.1 Mechanical description
D.3.2 Numerical target SAR values
D.4 System validation antennas for below 150€MHz
D.4.1 General
D.4.2 Confined loop antenna
D.4.3 Meander dipole antenna
D.5 Orthogonal E-field source – VPIFA
D.5.1 Mechanical description
D.5.2 Numerical target SAR values
Annex€E (normative)Calibration and characterization of dosimetric (SAR) probes
E.1 Introductory remarks
E.2 Linearity
E.3 Assessment of the sensitivity of the dipole sensors
E.3.1 General
E.3.2 Two-step calibration procedures
E.3.3 One-step calibration procedure – reference antenna method
E.3.4 One-step calibration procedure – coaxial calorimeter method
E.4 Isotropy
E.4.1 Axial isotropy
E.4.2 Hemispherical isotropy
E.5 Lower detection limit
E.6 Boundary effect
E.7 Response time
Annex€F (informative)Example recipes for phantom tissue-equivalent media
F.1 General
F.2 Ingredients
F.3 Tissue-equivalent medium liquid formulas (permittivity/conductivity)
Annex€G (normative)Phantom specifications
G.1 Rationale for the phantom characteristics
G.1.1 General
G.1.2 Rationale for the SAM phantom
G.1.3 Rationale for the flat phantom
G.2 SAM phantom specifications
G.2.1 General SAM phantom specifications
G.2.2 SAM phantom shell specification
G.3 Flat phantom specifications
G.4 Justification of flat phantom dimensions
G.5 Rationale for tissue-equivalent media
G.6 Definition of a phantom coordinate system and a DUT coordinate system
Annex€H (informative)Measurement of the dielectric properties of tissue-equivalent media and uncertainty estimation
H.1 Overview
H.2 Measurement techniques
H.2.1 General
H.2.2 Instrumentation
H.2.3 General principles
H.3 Slotted coaxial transmission line
H.3.1 General
H.3.2 Equipment set-up
H.3.3 Measurement procedure
H.4 Contact coaxial probe
H.4.1 General
H.4.2 Equipment set-up
H.4.3 Measurement procedure
H.5 TEM transmission line
H.5.1 General
H.5.2 Equipment set-up
H.5.3 Measurement procedure
H.6 Dielectric properties of reference liquids
Annex€I (informative)Studies for potential hand effects on head SAR
I.1 Overview
I.2 Background
I.2.1 General
I.2.2 Hand phantoms
I.3 Summary of experimental studies
I.3.1 Experimental studies using fully compliant SAR measurement systems
I.3.2 Experimental studies using other SAR measurement systems
I.4 Summary of computational studies
I.5 Conclusions
Annex€J (informative)Skin enhancement factor
J.1 Background
J.2 Rationale
J.3 Simulations
J.4 Recommendation
Annex€K (normative)Application-specific phantoms
K.1 General
K.2 Phantom basic requirements
K.3 Examples of specific alternative phantoms
K.3.1 Face-down SAM phantom
K.3.2 Head-stand SAM phantom
K.3.3 Wrist phantom
K.4 Scanning and evaluation requirements
K.5 Uncertainty assessment
K.6 Reporting
Annex€L (normative)Fast compliance evaluations using a flat-bottomphantom with a curved corner (Uniphantom)
L.1 General
L.2 Uniphantom
L.3 Device positions for compliance testing and definitions of handset shapes
L.3.1 General
L.3.2 Handsets with a straight form factor
L.3.3 Handsets with a clamshell form factor
L.4 Testing procedure
L.4.1 General
L.4.2 Handsets with straight form factors
L.4.3 Handsets with clamshell form factors
L.5 Uncertainty of SAR measurement results using Uniphantom
Annex€M (informative)Wired hands-free headset testing
M.1 Concept
M.2 Example results
M.3 Discussion
Annex€N (informative)Applying the head SAR test procedures
Annex€O (normative)Uncertainty analysis for measurement systemmanufacturers and calibration laboratories
O.1 Probe linearity and detection limits
O.2 Broadband signal uncertainty
O.3 Boundary effect
O.4 Field-probe readout electronics uncertainty
O.5 Signal step-response time uncertainty
O.6 Probe integration-time uncertainty
O.6.1 General
O.6.2 Probe integration-time uncertainty for periodic pulsed signals
O.6.3 Probe integration-time uncertainty for non-periodic signals
O.7 Contribution of mechanical constraints
O.7.1 Mechanical tolerances of the probe positioner (directions parallel to phantom surface)
O.7.2 Probe positioning with respect to phantom shell surface
O.7.3 First-order approximation of exponential decay
O.8 Contribution of post-processing
O.8.1 General
O.8.2 Evaluation test functions
O.8.3 Data-processing algorithm uncertainty evaluations
O.9 Tissue-equivalent medium properties uncertainty
O.9.1 General
O.9.2 Medium density
O.9.3 Medium conductivity uncertainty
O.9.4 Medium permittivity uncertainty
O.9.5 Assessment of dielectric properties measurement uncertainties
O.9.6 Medium temperature uncertainty
Annex€P (normative)Post-processing techniques
P.1 Extrapolation and interpolation schemes
P.1.1 General
P.1.2 Extrapolation schemes
P.1.3 Interpolation schemes
P.2 Averaging scheme and maximum finding
P.2.1 Volume average schemes
P.2.2 Finding the psSAR and estimating the uncertainty
Annex€Q (informative)Rationale for time-period averaged SAR test procedure
Annex€R (normative)Measurement uncertainty analysis for testing laboratories
R.1 RF ambient conditions
R.2 Device positioning and holder uncertainties
R.2.1 General
R.2.2 Device holder perturbation uncertainty
R.2.3 DUT positioning uncertainty with a specific test device holder: Type A
R.3 Probe modulation response
R.4 Time-period averaged SAR
R.4.1 General
R.4.2 TX factor uncertainty
R.5 Measured SAR drift
R.5.1 General
R.5.2 Accounting for drift
R.6 SAR scaling uncertainty
Annex€S (normative)Validation antenna SAR measurement uncertainty
S.1 Deviation of experimental antennas
S.2 Other uncertainty contributions when using system validation antennas
Annex€T (normative)Interlaboratory comparisons
T.1 Purpose
T.2 Phantom set-up
T.3 Reference devices
T.4 Power set-up
T.5 Interlaboratory comparison – procedure
Annex€U (informative)Determination of the margin forcompliance evaluation using the Uniphantom
U.1 General
U.2 Deviation of the psSAR measured using the Uniphantom from the psSAR measured using the SAM phantom
U.3 Determination of margin based on 95 % confidence interval
U.4 Examples of the determination of the margin factor
U.4.1 Margin for handsets with straight form factors at flat-bottom position
U.4.2 Margin for handsets with straight form factors (except smart phones at flat-bottom position)
U.4.3 Margin for smart phones at flat-bottom position
U.4.4 Margin for smart phones at corner position
U.4.5 Margin for handsets with clamshell form factors at corner position
Annex€V (informative)Automatic input power levelcontrol for system validation
V.1 General
V.2 Operational mechanism of AIPLC
Annex€W (informative)LTE test configurations supporting information
W.1 General
W.2 Study 1
W.3 Study 2
W.4 Justifications of relative standard deviations
Bibliography
Figures
Figure 1 – Quick start guide
Figure 2 – Dimensions of the elliptical phantom
Figure 3 – Mounting of the DUT in the device holder using low-permittivity andlow-loss foam to avoid changes of DUT performance by the holder material
Figure 4 – Designation of DUT reference points
Figure 5 – Measurements performed by shifting a large deviceover the efficient measurement area of the system includingoverlapping areas – in this case: six tests performed
Figure 6 – Test positions for body-worn devices
Figure 7 – Device with swivel antenna
Figure 8 – Test positions for body supported devices
Figure 9 – Test positions for desktop devices
Figure 10 – Test positions for front-of-face devices
Figure 11 – Test position for hand-held devices, not used at the head or torso
Figure 12 – Test position for limb-worn devices
Figure 13 – Test position for clothing-integrated wireless communication devices
Figure 14 – Possible test positions for a generic device
Figure€15 – Vertical and horizontal reference lines and referencepoints A and B on two example device types: a full touch-screensmart phone (left) and a DUT with a keypad (right)
Figure€16 – Cheek position of the DUT on the left side of SAM wherethe device position shall be maintained for the phantom test set-up
Figure 17 – Tilt position of the DUT on the left side of SAM
Figure 18 – An alternative form factor DUT with reference points and reference lines
Figure 19 – Block diagram of the tests to be performed
Figure 20 – Orientation of the probe with respect to the line normal to the phantom surface, for head and flat phantoms, shown at two different locations
Figure 21 – Measurement procedure for different types of correlated signals
Figure 22 – Positioning of the surfaces and edges of the DUTfor determining the proximity sensor triggering distance
Figure 23 – Positioning of the edges of the DUT to determineproximity sensor triggering distance variations with the edgepositioned at different angles from the perpendicular position
Figure 24 – Fast SAR Procedure A
Figure 25 – Fast SAR Procedure B
Figure€26 – Modified chart of Figure 19
Figure 27 – Use of conducted power for LTE mode selection,for Band 1 (1€920 MHz to 1€980 MHz) (MPR values are in dB)
Figure 28 – Use of conducted power for LTE modeselection, for Band 17 (704 MHz to 716 MHz) (MPR values are in dB)
Figure A.1 – Test set-up for the system check
Figure B.1 – Distribution of Tilt/Cheek
Figure B.2 – SAR relative to SAR in position with maximum SAR in GSM mode
Figure B.3 – Two points identifying the minimum distance between theposition of the interpolated maximum SAR and the points at 0,6 ×€SARmax
Figure B.4 – Histogram for Dmin in the case of GSM 900 and iso-level at 0,6€×€SARmax
Figure€B.5 – Histogram for random variable Factor1g,1800
Figure D.1 – Mechanical details of the standard dipoles
Figure D.2 – Standard waveguide (dimensions are according to Table D.3)
Figure D.3 – Drawing of the CLA that corresponds to a resonant loop integratedin a metallic structure to isolate the resonant structure from the environment
Figure D.4 – Mechanical details of the meander dipoles for 150 MHz
Figure D.5 – VPIFA validation antenna
Figure D.6 – Mask for positioning VPIFAs
Figure E.1 – Experimental set-up for assessment of the sensitivity(conversion factor) using a vertically-oriented rectangular waveguide
Figure E.2 – Illustration of the antenna gain evaluation set-up
Figure E.3 – Schematic of the coaxial calorimeter system
Figure E.4 – Set-up to assess hemisphericalisotropy deviation in tissue-equivalent medium
Figure E.5 – Alternative set-up to assess hemisphericalisotropy deviation in tissue-equivalent medium
Figure E.6 – Experimental set-up for thehemispherical isotropy assessment
Figure E.7 – Conventions for dipole position (ξ) and polarization (θ)
Figure E.8 – Measurement of hemispherical isotropy with reference antenna
Figure G.1 – Illustration of dimensions in Table G.1 and Table G.2
Figure G.2 – Close up side view of phantom showing the ear region
Figure G.3 – Side view of the phantom showing relevant markings
Figure€G.4 – Sagittally bisected phantom with extended perimeter(shown placed on its side as used for device SAR tests)
Figure€G.5 – Picture of the phantom showing the central strip
Figure€G.6 – Cross-sectional view of SAM at the reference plane
Figure€G.7 – Dimensions of the flat phantom set-up used for deriving theminimal phantom dimensions for W and L for a given phantom depth D
Figure€G.8 – FDTD predicted error in the 10€g psSAR as a function of the dimensions of the flat phantom compared with an infinite flat phantom at 800€MHz
Figure G.9 – Complex permittivity of human tissuescompared to the phantom target properties
Figure G.10 – Example reference coordinate systemfor the left-ear ERP of the SAM phantom
Figure G.11 – Example coordinate system on a DUT
Figure H.1 – Slotted line set-up
Figure H.2 – An open-ended coaxial probe with inner and outer radii a and b, respectively
Figure H.3 – TEM line dielectric properties test set-up [85]
Figure J.1 – SAR and temperature increase (ΔT) distributionssimulated for a three-layer (skin, fat, muscle) planar torso model
Figure J.2 – Statistical approach to protect 90€% of the population
Figure J.3 – psSAR skin enhancement factors
Figure K.1 – SAM face-down phantom
Figure K.2 – SAM head-stand phantom
Figure K.3 – Wrist phantom
Figure L.1 – Cross section of the unified phantom (Uniphantom) with its dimensions
Figure L.2 – Measurement positions of handsets withstraight and clamshell form factors
Figure L.3 – Flow chart of testing procedure for handsets with straight form factors
Figure M.1 – Configuration of a personal wired hands-free headset
Figure M.2 – Configuration without a personal wired hands-free headset
Figure O.1 – Orientation and surface of averaging volume relative to phantom surface
Figure U.1 – Categories (classes) for comparison of the measured psSAR between the Uniphantom (SARuni) and the SAM phantom (SARSAM)
Figure U.2 – Histogram of the deviation of the 10 g psSAR of 45 handsetswith straight form factors positioned at the flat bottom of the Uniphantom
Figure U.3 – Histogram of the deviation of the 1 g psSAR of 40 handsetswith straight form factors positioned at the flat bottom of the Uniphantom
Figure U.4 – Histogram of the deviation of the 10 g psSAR of 25 handsets withstraight form factors positioned at the flat bottom of the Uniphantom
Figure U.5 – Histogram of the deviation of the 1 g psSAR from 20 handsets withstraight form factors positioned at the flat bottom of the Uniphantom
Figure U.6 – Histogram of the deviation of the 10 g psSAR of 20 handsets with straight form factors or smart phones positioned at the flat bottom of the Uniphantom
Figure U.7 – Histogram of the deviation of the 1 g psSAR of 20 handsets with straight form factors or smart phones positioned at the flat bottom of the Uniphantom
Figure U.8 – Histogram of the deviation of the 10 g psSAR of 20 handsets with straight form factors or smart phones positioned at the corner of the Uniphantom
Figure U.9 – Histogram of the deviation of the 1 g psSAR of 19 handsets with straight form factors or smart phones positioned at the corner of the Uniphantom
Figure U.10 – Histogram of the deviation of the 10 g psSAR of 20 handsetswith clamshell form factors at the corner of the Uniphantom
Figure U.11 – Histogram of the deviation of the 1 g psSAR of 19 handsetswith clamshell form factors at the corner of the Uniphantom
Figure V.1 – Generated RF input power variations tooperation time without and with application of AIPLC
Figure V.2 – The system block diagram of the AIPLC
Figure V.3 – Power variation characteristics byadjusting the amplifier or signal generator outputs
Figure W.1 – Low, middle, and high channels at 2 GHz band (Band 1)
Figure W.2 – RF conducted power versus 10 g psSAR
Figure W.3 – 1 g SAR as a function of RF conducted power in various test conditions
AS/NZS IEC/IEEE 62209.1528:2021
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